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IEEE Visualization Conference (VIS)

作者： Lai, Chien-Hsun Kuo, Ming-Feng Lien, Yun-Hsuan Su, Kuan-An Wang, Yu-Shuen Natl Yang Ming Chiao Tung Univ Hsinchu Taiwan

ISBN: (数字)9781665488129

ISBN: (纸本)9781665488129

We extend a well-known dimension reduction method, t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE), from non-parametric to parametric by training neural networks. The main advantage of a parametric technique is the generalization of handling new data, which is beneficial for streaming data visualization. While previous parametric methods either require a network pre-training by the restricted Boltzmann machine or intermediate results obtained from the traditional non-parametric t-SNE, we found that recent network training skills can enable a direct optimization for the t-SNE objective function. Accordingly, our method achieves high embedding quality while enjoying generalization. Due to mini-batch network training, our parametric dimension reduction method is highly efficient. For evaluation, we compared our method to several baselines on a variety of datasets. Experiment results demonstrate the feasibility of our method. The source code is available at https://***/a07458666/parametric_dr.

关键词： computing methodologies Dimensionality reduction and manifold learning human-centered computing Visualization toolkits

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Revealing Factors Influencing Students' Perceived Fairness: A Case with a Predictive System for Math Learning 22

Revealing Factors Influencing Students' Perceived Fairness: ...

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9th Annual ACM Conference on Learning at Scale, L@S 2022

作者： Li, Chenglu Xing, Wanli University of Florida GainesvilleFL United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781450391580

Educational researchers have examined artificial intelligence (AI) to automatically support students' learning at a large scale. However, it has been broadly identified that AI models can suffer from algorithmic bias. A recent educational research initiative has shifted to evaluate and address algorithmic bias. Nonetheless, few studies have examined students' perceived fairness towards AI-enhanced systems in education. This study aimed to explore and understand factors that shape students' perceived fairness towards an AI system for math learning at the college level. Specifically, we have conducted a between-subjects randomized experiment with 395 participants to reveal factors that influenced participants' perceptions of fairness. The results showed that students' math anxiety levels and majors could influence participants' reported perceived fairness. In contrast, the outcome favorability of the predictive system did not affect students' perceptions of fairness. Future investigations have been planned to further understand the relationships between the designed manipulations and perceived fairness. © 2022 ACM.

关键词： fair AI math learning human-centered computing perceived fairness

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Detection of scene-irrelevant head movements via eye-head coordination information

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Virtual Reality & Intelligent Hardware 2021年第6期3卷 501-514页

作者： Xiaoxiong FAN Yun CAI Yufei YANG Tianxing XU Yike Li Songhai ZHANG Fanglue ZHANG Tsinghua University Beijing 100084China Victoria University of Wellington WellingtonNew Zealand

Background Accurate motion tracking in head-mounted displays(HMDs)has been widely used in immersive VR interaction ***,tracking the head motion of users at all times is not always *** a session of HMD usage,users may make scene-irrelevant head rotations,such as adjusting the head position to avoid neck pain or responding to distractions from the physical *** the best of our knowledge,this is the first study that addresses the problem of scene-irrelevant head *** We trained a classifier to detect scene-irrelevant motions using temporal eye head-coordinated information *** investigate the usefulness of the detection results,we propose a technique to suspend motion tracking in HMDs where scene-irrelevant motions are ***/Conclusions Experimental results demonstrate that the scene-relevancy of movements can be detected using eye-head coordination information,and that ignoring scene-irrelevant head motions in HMDs improves user continuity without increasing sickness or breaking immersion.

关键词： Virtual reality human-centered computing human-computer interaction(HCI) Interaction paradigms HCI design and evaluation methods User models

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CLERA: A Unified Model for Joint Cognitive Load and Eye Region Analysis in the Wild

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ACM TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTER-human INTERACTION 2023年第6期30卷 84-84页

作者： Ding, Li Terwilliger, Jack Parab, Aishni Wang, Meng Fridman, Lex Mehler, Bruce Reimer, Bryan Univ Massachusetts Amherst Amherst MA 01002 USA Univ Calif San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA Univ Calif Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095 USA MIT Cambridge MA 02142 USA

Non-intrusive, real-time analysis of the dynamics of the eye region allows us to monitor humans' visual attention allocation and estimate their mental state during the performance of real-world tasks, which can potentially benefit a wide range of human-computer interaction (HCI) applications. While commercial eye-tracking devices have been frequently employed, the difficulty of customizing these devices places unnecessary constraints on the exploration of more efficient, end-to-end models of eye dynamics. In this work, we propose CLERA, a unified model for Cognitive Load and Eye Region Analysis, which achieves precise keypoint detection and spatiotemporal tracking in a joint-learning framework. Our method demonstrates significant efficiency and outperforms prior work on tasks including cognitive load estimation, eye landmark detection, and blink estimation. We also introduce a large-scale dataset of 30 k human faces with joint pupil, eye-openness, and landmark annotation, which aims at supporting future HCI research on human factors and eye-related analysis.

关键词： human-centered computing cognitive load estimation pupil detection driver monitoring systems computer vision machine learning

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Comparing the Fidelity of Contemporary Pointing with Controller Interactions on Performance of Personal Space Target Selection 21

Comparing the Fidelity of Contemporary Pointing with Control...

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21st IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR)

作者： Babu, Sabarish V. Huang, Hsiao-Chuan Teather, Robert J. Chuang, Jung-Hong Clemson Univ Clemson SC 29631 USA Natl Yang Ming Chiao Tung Univ Hsinchu Taiwan Carleton Univ Ottawa ON Canada

ISBN: (数字)9781665453257

ISBN: (纸本)9781665453257

The goal of this research is to provide much needed empirical data on how the fidelity of popular hand gesture tracked based pointing metaphors versus commodity controller based input affects the efficiency and speed-accuracy tradeoff in users' spatial selection in personal space interactions in VR. We conduct two experiments in which participants select spherical targets arranged in a circle in personal space, or near-field within their maximum arms reach distance, in VR. Both experiments required participants to select the targets with either a VR controller or with their dominant hand's index finger, which was tracked with one of two popular contemporary tracking methods. In the first experiment, the targets are arranged in a flat circle in accordance with the ISO 9241-9 Fitts' law standard, and the simulation selected random combinations of 3 target amplitudes and 3 target widths. Targets were placed centered around the users' eye level, and the arrangement was placed at either 60%, 75%, or 90% depth plane of the users' maximum arm's reach. In experiment 2, the targets varied in depth randomly from one depth plane to another within the same configuration of 13 targets within a trial set, which resembled button selection task in hierarchical menus in differing depth planes in the near-field. The study was conducted using the HTC Vive head-mounted display, and used either a VR controller (HTC Vive), low-fidelity virtual pointing (Leap Motion), or a high-fidelity virtual pointing (tracked VR glove) conditions. Our results revealed that low-fidelity pointing performed worse than both high-fidelity pointing and the VR controller. Overall, target selection performance was found to be worse in depth planes closer to the maximum arms reach, as compared to middle and nearer distances.

关键词： human-centered computing Virtual reality computing methodologies Perception

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AccessibleWeb Development: Opportunities to Improve the Education and Practice of web Development with a Screen Reader

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ACM TRANSACTIONS ON ACCESSIBLE computing 2021年第2期14卷 1–32页

作者： Kearney-Volpe, Claire Hurst, Amy NYU Dept Occupat Therapy 82 Washington Sq East6th Floor New York NY 10003 USA

There are a growing number of jobs related to web development, yet there is little formal literature about the accessibility of web development with a screen reader. This article describes research to explore (1) web development accessibility issues and their impact on blind learners and programmers;(2) tools and strategies used to address issues;and (3) opportunities for creating inclusive web development curriculum and supportive tools. We conducted a Comprehensive Literature Review (CLR) to formulate accessibility issue categories, then interviewed 12 blind programmers to validate and expand on both issues in education and practice. The CLR yielded five issue categories: (1) visual information without an accessible equivalent, (2) orienting, (3) navigating, (4) lack of support, and (5) knowledge and use of supportive technologies. Our interview findings validated the use of CLR-derived categories and revealed nuances specific to learning and practicing web development. Blind web developers grapple with the inaccessibility of demonstrations and explanations of web design concepts, wireframing software, independent verification of computed Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), and navigating browser-based developer tool interfaces. Tools and strategies include seeking out alternative education materials to learn independently, use of CSS frameworks, collaboration with sighted colleagues, and avoidance of design and front-end development. This work contributes to our understanding of accessibility issues specific to web development and the strategies that blind web developers employ in both educational and applied contexts. We identify areas in which greater awareness and application of accessibility best practices are required in Web education, a need to disseminate existing screen reader strategies and accessible tools, and to develop new tools that support Web design and validation of CSS. Finally, this research signals future directions for the development of accessible

关键词： Accessibility human-centered computing visually impaired/blind programmers screen reader accessible web development accessible design tools accessible web design

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Making the Elusive More Tangible: Remote tools & techniques for teaching web development to screen reader users 21

Making the Elusive More Tangible: Remote tools & techniques ...

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18th International Web for All Conference (W4A)

作者： Kearney-Volpe, Claire Fleet, Chancey Ohshiro, Keita Arias, Veronica Alfaro Hurst, Amy NYU New York NY 10012 USA New York Publ Lib New York NY 10018 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450382120

The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated the lack of accessible tech skills training for screen reader users. To address this gap, we developed remote tools and techniques to support screen reader users in learning web development. In this paper, we describe our design and implementation of a free, remote web development workshop, designed to introduce 12 screen reader users to HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. We taught the workshop remotely using synchronous lectures followed by 1-on-1 time with teaching assistants (TAs), and included a resource-rich website, tactile diagrams, and discussion forum. We evaluated the impact of the workshop, as well as techniques and tools using pre- and post-workshop surveys, observational field notes, exit interviews, and unit quizzes. At the end of the workshop, all students demonstrated their knowledge of web development basics by creating and publishing their own websites;showed an increase in self-efficacy;and maintained a high level of interest in the subject. Participating in this workshop benefited our TAs who reported increased confidence in understanding accessibility concepts, increased interest in pursuing work related to accessibility, and plans to apply what they learned. Based on these findings, we recommend techniques and tools to support remote screen reader users learning web development;and suggestions for engaging with post-secondary institutions to pair service learning with tech skills training. We close with recommendations for implementing and adapting the workshop using our open-educational materials.

关键词： Accessibility human-centered computing Blind Programmers Screen reader Accessible web development Accessible web design

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Social computing Unhinged

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Journal of Social computing 2020年第1期1卷 1-13页

作者： James Evans University of Chicago ChicagoIL 60637and Santa Fe InstituteSanta FeNM 87501USA.

Social computing is ubiquitous and intensifying in the 21st *** used to reference computational augmentation of social interaction through collaborative filtering,social media,wikis,and crowdsourcing,here I propose to expand the concept to cover the complete dynamic interface between social interaction and computation,including computationally enhanced sociality and social science,socially enhanced computing and computer science,and their increasingly complex combination for mutual *** recommends that we reimagine Computational Social Science as Social computing,not merely using computational tools to make sense of the contemporary explosion of social data,but also recognizing societies as emergent computers of more or less collective intelligence,innovation and *** further proposes we imagine a socially inspired computer science that takes these insights into account as we build machines not merely to substitute for human cognition,but radically complement *** leads to a vision of social computing as an extreme form of human computer interaction,whereby machines and persons recursively combine to augment one another in generating collective intelligence,enhanced knowledge,and other social goods unattainable without each *** the example of science and technology,I illustrate how progress in each of these areas unleash advances in the others and the beneficial relationship between the technology and science of social computing,which reveals limits of sociality and computation,and stimulates our imagination about how they can reach past those limits together.

关键词： social computing complex systems computer supported cooperative work computational social science artificial intelligence human computer interaction human-centered computing

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Chronic Pain Protective Behavior Detection with Deep Learning

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ACM TRANSACTIONS ON computing FOR HEALTHCARE 2021年第3期2卷 1–24页

作者： Wang, Chongyang Olugbade, Temitayo a. Mathur, Akhil Williams, Amanda c. de c. Lane, Nicholas d. Bianchi-berthouze, Nadia UCL London WC1E 6EA England Nokia Bell Labs Cambridge CB3 0FA England UCL London WC1E 6BT England Univ Cambridge Cambridge CB3 0FD England

In chronic pain rehabilitation, physiotherapists adapt physical activity to patients' performance based on their expression of protective behavior, gradually exposing them to feared but harmless and essential everyday activities. As rehabilitation moves outside the clinic, technology should automatically detect such behavior to provide similar support. Previous works have shown the feasibility of automatic protective behavior detection (PBD) within a specific activity. In this article, we investigate the use of deep learning for PBD across activity types, using wearable motion capture and surface electromyography data collected from healthy participants and people with chronic pain. We approach the problem by continuously detecting protective behavior within an activity rather than estimating its overall presence. The best performance reaches mean F1 score of 0.82 with leave-one-subject-out cross validation. When protective behavior is modeled per activity type, performance achieves a mean F1 score of 0.77 for bend-down, 0.81 for one-leg-stand, 0.72 for sit-to-stand, 0.83 for stand- to-sit, and 0.67 for reach-forward. This performance reaches excellent level of agreement with the average experts' rating performance suggesting potential for personalized chronic pain management at home. We analyze various parameters characterizing our approach to understand how the results could generalize to other PBD datasets and different levels of ground truth granularity.

关键词： Applied computing Life and medical sciences human-centered computing Empirical studies in ubiquitous and mobile computing

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Design and User Research in AR/VR/MR

Design and User Research in AR/VR/MR

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21st IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR)

作者： Ryskeldiev, Bektur Zimmermann, Joelle Billinghurst, Mark Kai Kunze Li, Jie Williamson, Julie Mercari R4D Tokyo Japan Mag Leap Plantation FL USA Univ Southern Australia Adelaide SA Australia Keio Univ Tokyo Japan EPAM Syst Newtown PA USA Univ Glasgow Glasgow Lanark Scotland

ISBN: (数字)9781665453653

ISBN: (纸本)9781665453653

The workshop will explore new techniques and processes for design, prototyping and testing in AR/VR/MR. How do we design and test useful and usable AR/VR/MR applications? How can we modify known design and research techniques and establish new techniques to suit immersive mediums? How might these processes vary based on the industry use case of the AR/VR/MR application? What are the metrics of success? We are interested in evaluation techniques that are qualitative, quantitative, computational/sensor-based, as well as rooted in ergonomics and human factors, and others! The workshop is of interest to conference participants and timely for ISMAR 2022, because as AR/VR/MR becomes more ubiquitous in industry, designers and researchers will need new methods to evaluate the usability and usefulness of immersive applications.

关键词： human-centered computing Visualization Visualization design and evaluation methods

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