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The Negotiation, Diffusion, and Legacy of NAFTA Chapter 11: An empirical Eulogy

CANADIAN YEARBOOK OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 2023年 60卷 137-176页

作者： Alschner, Wolfgang Univ Ottawa Common Law Sect Business & Trade Law Ottawa ON Canada

Following a three-year post-termination transition period to bring investor-state arbitration disputes, the investment protections afforded by Chapter 11 of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) finally expired in June 2023. Chapter 11 was one of the most litigated, cited, commented, and copied investment treaties. An important, but largely ignored, part of its legacy is how the making of NAFTA Chapter 11 shaped its subsequent successful diffusion. Combining traditional legal assessment with computational text-as-data analysis, this article shows how the give and take during the negotiations generated buy-in on the part of Mexico and Canada and emulation by Latin American countries who helped to spread NAFTA Chapter 11 language globally. The link between the making and diffusion of NAFTA Chapter 11 highlights the power of negotiated compromise: sharing the pen with others may sometimes be the most effective way to write the rules that come to shape the world.

关键词： arbitration Chapter 11 computational legal analysis dataset diffusion empirical investment ISDS negotiation

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Defining a clinical prediction rule to diagnose bacterial gastroenteritis requiring empirical antibiotics in an emergency department setting: A retrospective review

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INDIAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2023年第1期42卷 79-87页

作者： Sajeed, Shanaz Matthew De Dios, Michael P. P. Dan, Ong Wei Jun Punyadasa, Amila Clarence Ng Teng Fong Gen Hosp Dept Intens Care Med Singapore City Singapore Ng Teng Fong Gen Hosp Dept Emergency Med 1 Jurong East St 21 Singapore City 609606 Singapore Ng Teng Fong Gen Hosp Dept Resp Therapy 1 Jurong East St 21 Singapore City 609606 Singapore

Background Gastroenteritis (GE) is a non-specific term for various pathologic states of the gastrointestinal tract. Infectious agents usually cause acute GE. At present, there are no robust decision-making rules that predict bacterial GE and dictate when to start antibiotics for patients suffering from acute GE to the emergency department (ED). We aim to define a clinical prediction rule to aid in the diagnosis of bacterial GE, requiring empirical antibiotics in adult patients presenting to the emergency department with acute GE. Methods A two- year retrospective case review was performed on all cases from July 2015 to June 2017 that included patients with acute GE symptoms referred to the ED, after which their stool cultures were performed. The clinical parameters analyzed included patient with comorbid conditions, physical examination findings, historical markers, point-of-care and radiographic tests and other laboratory work. We then used multi-variate logistic regression analysis on each group (bacterial culture-positive GE and bacterial culture-negative GE) to elucidate clinical criteria with the highest yield for predicting bacterial gastroenteritis (BGE). Results A total of 756 patients with a mean age of 52 years, 52% female and 48% male, respectively, were included in the study. On the basis of the data of these patients, we suggested using a scoring system to delineate the need for empirical antibiotics in patients with suspected bacterial GE based on six clinical and laboratory variables. We termed this the BGE score. A score 0 - 2 points suggests low risk (0.9%) of bacterial GE. A score of 3 - 4 points confers an intermediate risk of 12.0% and a score of 5 - 8 points confers a high risk of 85.7%. A cut- off of >= 5 points may be used to predict culturepositive BGE with a 75% sensitivity and 75% specificity. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) for the scoring system (range 0 - 8) was 0.812 (95% CI: 0.780-0.843) p-value < 0.001. Co

关键词： Antibiotics Bacterial Clinical decision rule Emergency department empirical Gastroenteritis Prediction rule Scoring

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empirical Analysis of the ESG and Financial Performance:Evidence from Chinese Technology Enterprises

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Proceedings of Business and Economic Studies 2024年第5期7卷 49-54页

作者： King San Cheung The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited Hong Kong Special Administrative Region 999077China

To date,the concept of sustainable development has gained global attention from companies and *** important reason for this is the increasing interest of investors in incorporating environmental,social,and governance(ESG)elements into their *** purpose of this dissertation is to analyze the correlation between ESG factor performance and corporate financial performance in Chinese technology ***,the study focuses on Internet and medical technology companies to ensure *** findings of the study provide guidance on ESG investment and sustainability for both companies and individual investors.

关键词： empirical Financial Chinese technology

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TESTING THE GENERALIZE empirical COEFFICIENT FROM MULTISPECTRAL SATELLITE-DERIVED BATHYMETRY OVER INDONESIA SHALLOW WATER

TESTING THE GENERALIZE EMPIRICAL COEFFICIENT FROM MULTISPECT...

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IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS)

作者： Manessa, Masita Dwi Mandini Univ Indonesia Dept Geog Depok Indonesia

ISBN: (纸本)9798350320107

Satellite-derived bathymetry (SDB) is an efficient alternative to conventional techniques. Several past studies have proposed the use of multispectral imagery and extracted empirical coefficient from different datasets. This study used a large dataset of six sites across Indonesia coastal to evaluate the performance of those empirical generalized coefficients. The methodology involves seven steps: atmosphere-correcting TOA reflectance, calculating transformed reflectance, combining bathymetry survey, separating datasets, building least-square models, applying models, and testing accuracy tests. The best performance is achieved at shallow depths, with a median RMSE of 0.7-1.7 meters. The accuracy is low at shallow depths, improving at depths 7-9 meters.

关键词： SDB empirical Multispectral Indonesia Shallow Water

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A systematic review of empirical evidence for landscape-level fuel treatment effectiveness

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FIRE ECOLOGY 2022年第1期18卷 1-16页

作者： McKinney, Shawn T. Abrahamson, Ilana Jain, Theresa Anderson, Nathaniel US Forest Serv USDA Rocky Mt Res Stn Fire Sci Lab 5775 West Highway 10 Missoula MT 59808 USA US Forest Serv USDA Rocky Mt Res Stn Forestry Sci Lab 1221 S Main St Moscow ID 83843 USA US Forest Serv USDA Rocky Mt Res Stn Forestry Sci Lab 800 East Beckwith Ave Missoula MT 59801 USA

Background Adverse effects of wildfires can be mitigated within fuel treatments, but empirical evidence of their effectiveness across large areas is needed to guide design and implementation at the landscape level. We conducted a systematic literature review of empirically based studies that tested the influence of landscape-level fuel treatments on subsequent wildfires in North America over the past 30 years to evaluate how treatment type and configuration affect subsequent wildfire behavior or enable more effective wildfire response. Results We identified 2240 papers, but only 26 met our inclusion criteria. Wildfire sizes ranged from 96 to 186,874 ha and total treated area ranged from 8 to 53,423 ha. Total treated area within a wildfire perimeter was highly correlated with wildfire area (r = 0.89, n = 93 wildfires), and the average proportion of wildfire area that was treated was 22%. All studies demonstrated wildfire behavior changes within treatment boundaries (i.e., site-level effect), but only 12 studies provided evidence that treatments influence wildfires outside of treatment boundaries (i.e., landscape-level effect). These 12 landscape-level papers showed effects on fire severity, fire progression, and fire extent, but were dissimilar in design and analysis approaches, constraining the ability to generalize about the type and configuration of fuel treatments to maximize effectiveness. Conclusions It is clear that the state of knowledge based on empirical evidence is at its infancy. This is likely because of the vast challenges associated with designing and implementing sampling designs that account for combinations of spatial and temporal configurations prior to wildfire occurrence. We also suspect part of the reason empirical evidence is lacking is because the distinction between site-level and landscape-level effects is not well recognized in the literature. All papers used the term landscape, but rarely defined the landscape, and some specified identifyi

关键词： empirical Fire behavior Fire extent Fire management Fire severity Fuel treatment Landscape Spatial

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An empirical Study on Workflows and Security Policies in Popular GitHub Repositories 1

An Empirical Study on Workflows and Security Policies in Pop...

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IEEE/ACM 1st International Workshop on Software Vulnerability (SVM)

作者： Ayala, Jessy Garcia, Joshua Univ Calif Irvine Donald Bren Sch Informat & Comp Sci Irvine CA 92697 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9798350301908

In open-source projects, anyone can contribute, so it is important to have an active continuous integration and continuous delivery (CI/CD) pipeline in addition to a protocol for reporting security concerns, especially in projects that are widely used and belong to the software supply chain. Many of these projects are hosted on GitHub, where maintainers can create automated workflows using GitHub Actions, introduced in 2019, for inspecting proposed changes to source code and defining a security policy for reporting vulnerabilities. We conduct an empirical study to measure the usage of GitHub workflows and security policies in thousands of popular repositories based on the number of stars. After querying the top one-hundred and top one-thousand repositories from all 181 trending GitHub topics, and the top 4,900 overall repositories, totaling just over 173 thousand projects, we find that 37% of projects have workflows enabled and 7% have a security policy in place. Using the top 60 repositories from each of the 34 most popular programming languages on GitHub, 2,040 projects total, we find that 57% of projects have workflows enabled and 17% have a security policy in place. Furthermore, from those top repositories that have support for GitHub CodeQL static analysis, which performs bug and vulnerability checks, only 13.5% have it enabled;in fact, we find that only 1.7% of the top repositories using Kotlin have an active CodeQL scanning workflow. These results highlight that open-source project maintainers should prioritize configuring workflows, enabling automated static analysis whenever possible, and defining a security policy to prevent vulnerabilities from being introduced or remaining in source code.

关键词： empirical GitHub open-source security software supply chain

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An updated empirical model for ground control in *** coal mines

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International Journal of Mining Science and Technology 2021年第2期31卷 163-174页

作者： Christopher Mark Mine Safety and Health Administration PittsburghPA 15217USA

Multiple seam interactions are a major source of ground instability in several *** methods are well suited for this problem,because while the mechanics multiple seam interactions are very complex and poorly understood,many mining case histories are available for *** study makes use of an updated database that includes 356 multiseam case histories,including 67 unsuccessful *** paper describes in detail the process used to design the study,collect the data,conduct the statistical analysis,and develop the quantitative *** model can be used for mine planning in multiple seam situations,and has been made available as a module within the Analysis of Coal Pillar Stability(ACPS)computer program.

关键词： Underground Coal Multiseam Ground control Pillar design empirical

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SHALLOW WATERS DEPTH ESTIMATION USING empirical SATELLITE DERIVED BATHYMETRY AND SENTINEL-2 DATA, CASE STUDY: EAST COASTAL WATERS OF JAVA ISLAND 24

SHALLOW WATERS DEPTH ESTIMATION USING EMPIRICAL SATELLITE DE...

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24th ISPRS Congress on Imaging Today, Foreseeing Tomorrow

作者： Gasica, T. A. Pratomo, D. G. Inst Teknol Sepuluh Nopember Dept Geomat Engn Surabaya Indonesia

Hydrographic survey is an activity to provide spatial information in the marine sector. To produce accurate data, hydrographic surveys require very large costs. With the vast sea area in Indonesia, this becomes a very big challenge. In addition, there are some areas that cannot be reached by survey vessels (limited to a depth of > 25 m). Therefore, an alternative method is needed to provide bathymetry data in Indonesia. There is a new technique that is being developed and does not require high costs to obtain water depth data, by using remote sensing technology, especially by using passive sensor image technology. This technique or method is known as Satellite Derived Bathymetry (SDB) which can estimate depths of up to 30 meters. The SDB technique which is often used is empirical SDB. The empirical SDB has the principle of connecting the spectral value of the image with the measured depth. With the use of Sentinel-2 satellite imagery which has high temporal and spatial resolution, the SDB capability is expected to be improved. East coastal waters of Java Island are in the Bali Strait. This strait separates the island of Java from the island of Bali. In the Bali Strait there is a busy ferry shipping lane and there are also underwater cables used to supply electricity to Bali Island from Java Island. On the Java side, there are also many beaches and underwater tourism that must be preserved. Therefore, it is very important to be able to know the hydrographic data such as bathymetry data in the east coastal waters of Java Island. The objective of this work is thus to estimate shallow water depths using empirical SDB and Sentinel-2 images in the east coastal waters of Java Island. With two band combinations applied in the algorithm, best combination to produce the best depth map for the study area can be obtained. Comparing with reference data, the results show Band 1&3 combination give the better correlation and RMSE (0.76 and 0.026) than Band 2&3 combination (0.64 and

关键词： Depth Satellite Derived Bathymetry empirical Sentinel-2 Bali Strait

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empirical evidence for a global atmospheric temperature control system: physical structure

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TELLUS SERIES A-DYNAMIC METEOROLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY 2021年第1期73卷 1-24页

作者： Leggett, L. Mark W. Ball, David A. Global Risk Policy Grp Pty Ltd Townsville Qld Australia

There is evidence that a natural control system influences global atmospheric surface temperature (Leggett and Ball 2020). The present paper sets up and tests a hypothesis concerning the physical makeup of the sequential elements of the control system and its outcomes. The final outcome that the control system influences is defined as global atmospheric surface temperature. The terms used for the control system element types in the hypothesis are, in sequence: leading element, controller and actuator. Actuators are hypothesised to affect, in turn, the final outcome - either directly, or via penultimate outcomes. The existence of the control system is evidenced by demonstration of statistically significant one-way Granger causality across each step of the hypothesised control system sequence. Evidence is presented that the leading element of the control system, represented by the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, is the global biosphere. The biosphere as a control system has previously been referred to as Gaia (Lovelock and Margulis 1974). A fourth, second-derivative, term is found to enhance the Proportional, Integral and Derivative process terms of the control system shown in Leggett and Ball (2020). The main actuators of the control system found are shown to be wind speed and cloud cover. Cloud cover is shown to influence the final outcome, global surface temperature, directly. It and wind speed also influence the penultimate outcomes found, those of enhanced ocean heat uptake and enhanced outgoing longwave radiation. These together lead to control system output to the final outcome, global atmospheric temperature. Overall, evidence for the activity of the control system is shown to be present across many major physical dimensions of the Earth's atmosphere.

关键词： global surface temperature control system Granger causality time series analysis empirical

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An empirical Study on Performance Bugs in Deep Learning Frameworks 39

An Empirical Study on Performance Bugs in Deep Learning Fram...

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39th IEEE International Conference on Software Maintenance and Evolution (ICSME)

作者： Makkouk, Tarek Kim, Dong Jae Chen, Tse-Hsun Concordia Univ Software PEformance Anal & Reliabil SPEAR Lab Montreal PQ Canada

ISBN: (数字)9781665479561

ISBN: (纸本)9781665479561

Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) applications are becoming more popular due to the availability of DL frameworks such as TensorFlow and PyTorch. Therefore, the quality of DL frameworks is essential to ensure DL/ML application quality. Given the computationally expensive nature of DL tasks (e.g., training), performance is a critical aspect of DL frameworks. However, optimizing DL frameworks may have its own unique challenges due to the peculiarities of DL (e.g., hardware integration and the nature of the computation). In this paper, we conduct an empirical study on the performance bugs in DL frameworks. We conduct our study on TensorFlow and PyTorch by identifying the performance and non-performance bugs by mining the GitHub repositories. We find that 1) the proportion of newly reported performance bugs increases faster than fixed performance bugs, and the ratio of performance bugs among all bugs increases over time;2) performance bugs take more time to fix, have larger fix sizes, and more community engagement (e.g., discussion) compared to non-performance bugs;and 3) we manually derived a taxonomy of 12 categories and 19 sub-categories of the root causes of performance bugs by studying all performance bug fixes. Finally, we present some actionable implications for researchers and developers.

关键词： empirical software engineering machine learning deep learning performance bugs

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