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VisuaLint: Sketchy In Situ Annotations of Chart Construction Errors

COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM 2020年第3期39卷 219-228页

作者： Hopkins, Aspen K. Correll, Michael Satyanarayan, Arvind MIT CSAIL Cambridge MA 02139 USA Tableau Res Seattle WA USA

Chart construction errors, such as truncated axes or inexpressive visual encodings, can hinder reading a visualization, or worse, imply misleading facts about the underlying data. These errors can be caught by critical readings of visualizations, but readers must have a high level of data and design literacy and must be paying close attention. To address this issue, we introduce VisuaLint: a technique for surfacing chart construction errors in situ. Inspired by the ubiquitous red wavy underline that indicates spelling mistakes, visualization elements that contain errors (e.g., axes and legends) are sketchily rendered and accompanied by a concise annotation. VisuaLint is unobtrusive-it does not interfere with reading a visualization- and its direct display establishes a close mapping between erroneous elements and the expression of error. We demonstrate five examples of VisualLint and present the results of a crowdsourced evaluation (N = 62) of its efficacy. These results contribute an empirical baseline proficiency for recognizing chart construction errors, and indicate near-universal difficulty in error identification. We find that people more reliably identify chart construction errors after being shown examples of VisuaLint, and prefer more verbose explanations for unfamiliar or less obvious flaws.

关键词： CCS Concepts • human‐centered computing → visualization techniques

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External Labeling techniques: A Taxonomy and Survey

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM 2019年第3期38卷 833-860页

作者： Bekos, Michael A. Niedermann, Benjamin Noellenburg, Martin Univ Tubingen Inst Informat Tubingen Germany Univ Bonn Inst Geodesy & Geoinformat Bonn Germany TU Wien Algorithms & Complex Grp Vienna Austria

External labeling is frequently used for annotating features in graphical displays and visualizations, such as technical illustrations, anatomical drawings, or maps, with textual information. Such a labeling connects features within an illustration by thin leader lines with their labels, which are placed in the empty space surrounding the image. Over the last twenty years, a large body of literature in diverse areas of computer science has been published that investigates many different aspects, models, and algorithms for automatically placing external labels for a given set of features. This state-of-the-art report introduces a first unified taxonomy for categorizing the different results in the literature and then presents a comprehensive survey of the state of the art, a sketch of the most relevant algorithmic techniques for external labeling algorithms, as well as a list of open research challenges in this multidisciplinary research field.

关键词： • CCS Concepts • human‐centered computing → visualization techniques Information visualization Theory of computation → Computational geometry

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The Dependent Vectors Operator

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM 2019年第3期38卷 261-272页

作者： Hofmann, Lutz Sadlo, Filip Heidelberg Univ Heidelberg Germany

In this paper, we generalize the parallel vectors operator due to Peikert and Roth to arbitrary dimension, i.e., to four-dimensional fields and beyond. Whereas the original operator tested for parallelism of two (derived) 2D or 3D vector fields, we reformulate the concept in terms of linear dependency of sets of vector fields, and propose a generic technique to extract and filter the solution manifolds. We exemplify our approach for vortex cores, bifurcations, and ridges as well as valleys in higher dimensions.

关键词： CCS Concepts • human‐centered computing → visualization techniques • Applied computing → Mathematics and statistics

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Sunspot Plots: Model-based Structure Enhancement for Dense Scatter Plots

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM 2020年第3期39卷 551-563页

作者： Trautner, T. Bolte, F. Stoppel, S. Bruckner, S. Univ Bergen Bergen Norway

Scatter plots are a powerful and well-established technique for visualizing the relationships between two variables as a collection of discrete points. However, especially when dealing with large and dense data, scatter plots often exhibit problems such as overplotting, making the data interpretation arduous. Density plots are able to overcome these limitations in highly populated regions, but fail to provide accurate information of individual data points. This is particularly problematic in sparse regions where the density estimate may not provide a good representation of the underlying data. In this paper, we present sunspot plots, a visualization technique that communicates dense data as a continuous data distribution, while preserving the discrete nature of data samples in sparsely populated areas. We furthermore demonstrate the advantages of our approach on typical failure cases of scatter plots within synthetic and real-world data sets and validate its effectiveness in a user study.

关键词： CCS Concepts • human‐centered computing → visualization techniques Information visualization Empirical studies in visualization

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Extraction of Distinguished Hyperbolic Trajectories for 2D Time-Dependent Vector Field Topology

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM 2020年第3期39卷 303-315页

作者： Hofmann, Lutz Sadlo, Filip Heidelberg Univ Heidelberg Germany

This paper does two main contributions to 2D time-dependent vector field topology. First, we present a technique for robust, accurate, and efficient extraction of distinguished hyperbolic trajectories (DHT), the generative structures of 2D time-dependent vector field topology. It is based on refinement of initial candidate curves. In contrast to previous approaches, it is robust because the refinement converges for reasonably close initial candidates, it is accurate due to its adaptive scheme, and it is efficient due to its high convergence speed. Second, we provide a detailed evaluation and discussion of previous approaches for the extraction of DHTs and time-dependent vector field topology in general. We demonstrate the utility of our approach using analytical flows, as well as data from computational fluid dynamics.

关键词： CCS Concepts • human‐centered computing → visualization techniques • Applied computing → Mathematics and statistics

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Feature Driven Combination of Animated Vector Field visualizations

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM 2020年第3期39卷 429-441页

作者： Lobo, M-J. Telea, A. C. Hurter, C. Ecole Natl Aviat Civile Toulouse France Univ Utrecht Utrecht Netherlands

Animated visualizations are one of the methods for finding and understanding complex structures of time-dependent vector fields. Many visualization designs can be used to this end, such as streamlines, vector glyphs, and image-based techniques. While all such designs can depict any vector field, their effectiveness in highlighting particular field aspects has not been fully explored. To fill this gap, we compare three animated vector field visualization techniques, OLIC, IBFV, and particles, for a critical point detection-and-classification task through a user study. Our results show that the effectiveness of the studied techniques depends on the nature of the critical points. We use these results to design a new flow visualization technique that combines all studied techniques in a single view by locally using the most effective technique for the patterns present in the flow data at that location. A second user study shows that our technique is more efficient and less error prone than the three other techniques used individually for the critical point detection task.

关键词： CCS Concepts • human‐centered computing → visualization techniques visualization design and evaluation methods

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A Survey on Transit Map Layout from Design, Machine, and human Perspectives

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM 2020年第3期39卷 618-646页

作者： Wu, Hsiang-Yun Niedermann, Benjamin Takahashi, Shigeo Roberts, Maxwell J. Noellenburg, Martin TU Wien Vienna Austria Univ Bonn Bonn Germany Univ Aizu Aizu Wakamatsu Fukushima Japan Univ Essex Colchester Essex England

Transit maps are designed to present information for using public transportation systems, such as urban railways. Creating a transit map is a time-consuming process, which requires iterative information selection, layout design, and usability validation, and thus maps cannot easily be customised or updated frequently. To improve this, scientists investigate fully- or semi-automatic techniques in order to produce high quality transit maps using computers and further examine their corresponding usability. Nonetheless, the quality gap between manually-drawn maps and machine-generated maps is still large. To elaborate the current research status, this state-of-the-art report provides an overview of the transit map generation process, primarily from Design, Machine, and human perspectives. A systematic categorisation is introduced to describe the design pipeline, and an extensive analysis of perspectives is conducted to support the proposed taxonomy. We conclude this survey with a discussion on the current research status, open challenges, and future directions.

关键词： CCS Concepts • human‐centered computing → visualization techniques visualization design and evaluation methods

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Phase Space Projection of Dynamical Systems

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM 2020年第3期39卷 253-264页

作者： Bartolovic, Nemanja Gross, Markus Gunther, Tobias Swiss Fed Inst Technol Dept Comp Sci Zurich Switzerland

Dynamical systems are commonly used to describe the state of time-dependent systems. In many engineering and control problems, the state space is high-dimensional making it difficult to analyze and visualize the behavior of the system for varying input conditions. We present a novel dimensionality reduction technique that is tailored to high-dimensional dynamical systems. In contrast to standard general purpose dimensionality reduction algorithms, we use energy minimization to preserve properties of the flow in the high-dimensional space. Once the projection operator is optimized, further high-dimensional trajectories are projected easily. Our 3D projection maintains a number of useful flow properties, such as critical points and flow maps, and is optimized to match geometric characteristics of the high-dimensional input, as well as optional user constraints. We apply our method to trajectories traced in the phase spaces of second-order dynamical systems, including finite-sized objects in fluids, the circular restricted three-body problem and a damped double pendulum. We compare the projections with standard visualization techniques, such as PCA, t-SNE and UMAP, and visualize the dynamical systems with multiple coordinated views interactively, featuring a spatial embedding, projection to subspaces, our dimensionality reduction and a seed point exploration tool.

关键词： CCS Concepts • human‐centered computing → visualization techniques Scientific visualization

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Short-Contact Touch-Manipulation of Scatterplot Matrices on Wall Displays

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM 2020年第3期39卷 265-276页

作者： Riehmann, P. Leon, G. Molina Reibert, J. Echtler, F. Froehlich, B. Bauhaus Univ Weimar Weimar Germany German Aerosp Ctr DLR Inst Data Sci Jena Germany Univ Bremen Bremen Germany

This paper presents a short-contact multitouch vocabulary for interacting with scatterplot matrices (SPLOMs) on wall-sized displays. Fling-based gestures overcome central interaction challenges of such large displays by avoiding long swipes on the typically blunt surfaces, frequent physical navigation by walking for accessing screen areas beyond arm's reach in the horizontal direction and uncomfortable postures for accessing screen areas in the vertical direction. Furthermore, we make use of the display's high resolution and large size by supporting the efficient specification of two-tiered focus + context regions which are consistently propagated across the SPLOM. These techniques are complemented by axis-centered and lasso-based selection techniques for specifying subsets of the data. An expert review as well as a user study confirmed the potential and general usability of our seamlessly integrated multitouch interaction techniques for SPLOMs on large vertical displays.

关键词： CCS Concepts • human‐centered computing → visualization techniques Information visualization visualization theory concepts and paradigms

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visualization of Equivalence in 2D Bivariate Fields

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM 2019年第3期38卷 311-323页

作者： Zheng, Boyan Rieck, Bastian Leitte, Heike Sadlo, Filip Heidelberg Univ Heidelberg Germany TU Kaiserslautern Kaiserslautern Germany

In this paper, we show how the equivalence property leads to the novel concept of equivalent regions in mappings from (n) to (n). We present a technique for obtaining these regions both in the domain and the codomain of such a mapping, and determine their correspondence. This enables effective investigation of variation equivalence within mappings, and between mappings in terms of comparative visualization. We implement our approach for n = 2, and demonstrate its utility using different examples.

关键词： CCS Concepts • human‐centered computing → visualization techniques • Applied computing → Mathematics and statistics

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