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Evaluating Reordering Strategies for Cluster Identification in Parallel Coordinates

COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM 2020年第3期39卷 537-549页

作者： Blumenschein, Michael Zhang, Xuan Pomerenke, David Keim, Daniel A. Fuchs, Johannes Univ Konstanz Constance Germany Rhein Westfal TH Aachen Aachen Germany

The ability to perceive patterns in parallel coordinates plots (PCPs) is heavily influenced by the ordering of the dimensions. While the community has proposed over 30 automatic ordering strategies, we still lack empirical guidance for choosing an appropriate strategy for a given task. In this paper, we first propose a classification of tasks and patterns and analyze which PCP reordering strategies help in detecting them. Based on our classification, we then conduct an empirical user study with 31 participants to evaluate reordering strategies for cluster identification tasks. We particularly measure time, identification quality, and the users' confidence for two different strategies using both synthetic and real-world datasets. Our results show that, somewhat unexpectedly, participants tend to focus on dissimilar rather than similar dimension pairs when detecting clusters, and are more confident in their answers. This is especially true when increasing the amount of clutter in the data. As a result of these findings, we propose a new reordering strategy based on the dissimilarity of neighboring dimension pairs.

关键词： CCS Concepts • human-centered computing → empirical studies in visualization

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Seeing Through Sounds: Mapping Auditory Dimensions to Data and Charts for People with Visual Impairments

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM 2022年第3期41卷 71-83页

作者： Wang, R. Jung, C. Kim, Y. Univ Wisconsin Madison Madison WI 53715 USA

Sonification can be an effective medium for people with visual impairments to understand data in visualizations. However, there are no universal design principles that apply to various charts that encode different data types. Towards generalizable principles, we conducted an exploratory experiment to assess how different auditory channels (e.g., pitch, volume) impact the data and visualization perception among people with visual impairments. In our experiment, participants evaluated the intuitiveness and accuracy of the mapping of auditory channels on different data and chart types. We found that participants rated pitch to be the most intuitive, while the number of tappings and the length of sounds yielded the most accurate perception in decoding data. We study how audio channels can intuitively represent different charts and demonstrate that data-level perception might not directly transfer to chart-level perception as participants reflect on visual aspects of the charts while listening to audio. We conclude by how future experiments can be designed to establish a robust ranking for creating audio charts.

关键词： CCS Concepts • human-centered computing → empirical studies in visualization empirical studies in accessibility

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Belief Decay or Persistence? A Mixed-method Study on Belief Movement Over Time

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM 2023年第3期42卷 111-122页

作者： Gupta, Shrey Karduni, Alireza Wall, Emily Emory Univ Atlanta GA 30322 USA IDEO Chicago IL USA

When individuals encounter new information (data), that information is incorporated with their existing beliefs (prior) to form a new belief (posterior) in a process referred to as belief updating. While most studies on rational belief updating in visual data analysis elicit beliefs immediately after data is shown, we posit that there may be critical movement in an individual's beliefs when elicited immediately after data is shown v. after a temporal delay (e.g., due to forgetfulness or weak incorporation of the data). Our paper investigates the hypothesis that posterior beliefs elicited after a time interval will "decay" back towards the prior beliefs compared to the posterior beliefs elicited immediately after new data is presented. In this study, we recruit 101 participants to complete three tasks where beliefs are elicited immediately after seeing new data and again after a brief distractor task. We conduct (1) a quantitative analysis of the results to understand if there are any systematic differences in beliefs elicited immediately after seeing new data or after a distractor task and (2) a qualitative analysis of participants' reflections on the reasons for their belief update. While we find no statistically significant global trends across the participants beliefs elicited immediately v. after the delay, the qualitative analysis provides rich insight into the reasons for an individual's belief movement across 9 prototypical scenarios, which includes (i) decay of beliefs as a result of either forgetting the information shown or strongly held prior beliefs, (ii) strengthening of confidence in updated beliefs by positively integrating the new data and (iii) maintaining a consistently updated belief over time, among others. These results can guide subsequent experiments to disambiguate when and by what mechanism new data is truly incorporated into one's belief system.

关键词： CCS Concepts • human-centered computing → empirical studies in visualization visualization theory concepts and paradigms

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Investigating Effects of Visual Anchors on Decision-Making about Misinformation

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM 2019年第3期38卷 161-171页

作者： Wesslen, R. Santhanam, S. Karduni, A. Choi, I Shaikh, S. Dou, W. Univ North Carolina Charlotte Charlotte NC 28223 USA

Cognitive biases are systematic errors in judgment due to an over-reliance on rule-of-thumb heuristics. Recent research suggests that cognitive biases, like numerical anchoring, transfers to visual analytics in the form of visual anchoring. However, it is unclear how visualization users can be visually anchored and how the anchors affect decision-making. To investigate, we performed a between-subjects laboratory experiment with 94 participants to analyze the effects of visual anchors and strategy cues using a visual analytics system. The decision-making task was to identify misinformation from Twitter news accounts. Participants were randomly assigned to conditions that modified the scenario video (visual anchor) and/or strategy cues provided. Our findings suggest that such interventions affect user activity, speed, confidence, and, under certain circumstances, accuracy. We discuss implications of our results on the forking paths problem and raise concerns on how visualization researchers train users to avoid unintentionally anchoring users and affecting the end result.

关键词： CCS Concepts • human-centered computing → empirical studies in visualization

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Design Patterns and Trade-Offs in Responsive visualization for Communication

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM 2021年第3期40卷 459-470页

作者： Kim, Hyeok Moritz, Dominik Hullman, Jessica Northwestern Univ Evanston IL 60208 USA Carnegie Mellon Univ Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA

Increased access to mobile devices motivates the need to design communicative visualizations that are responsive to varying screen sizes. However, relatively little design guidance or tooling is currently available to authors. We contribute a detailed characterization of responsive visualization strategies in communication-oriented visualizations, identifying 76 total strategies by analyzing 378 pairs of large screen (LS) and small screen (SS) visualizations from online articles and reports. Our analysis distinguishes between the Targets of responsive visualization, referring to what elements of a design are changed and Actions representing how targets are changed. We identify key trade-offs related to authors' need to maintain graphical density, referring to the amount of information per pixel, while also maintaining the "message" or intended takeaways for users of a visualization. We discuss implications of our findings for future visualization tool design to support responsive transformation of visualization designs, including requirements for automated recommenders for communication-oriented responsive visualizations.

关键词： CCS Concepts • human-centered computing → empirical studies in visualization visualization design and evaluation methods

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Structure and Empathy in Visual Data Storytelling: Evaluating their Influence on Attitude

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM 2020年第3期39卷 277-289页

作者： Liem, J. Perin, C. Wood, J. City Univ London London England Univ Victoria Victoria BC Canada

In the visualization community, it is often assumed that visual data storytelling increases memorability and engagement, making it more effective at communicating information. However, many assumptions about the efficacy of storytelling in visualization lack empirical evaluation. Contributing to an emerging body of work, we study whether selected techniques commonly used in visual data storytelling influence people's attitudes towards immigration. We compare (a) personal visual narratives designed to generate empathy;(b) structured visual narratives of aggregates of people;and (c) an exploratory visualization without narrative acting as a control condition. We conducted two crowdsourced between-subject studies comparing the three conditions, each with 300 participants. To assess the differences in attitudes between conditions, we adopted established scales from the social sciences used in the European Social Survey (ESS). Although we found some differences between conditions, the effects on people's attitudes are smaller than we expected. Our findings suggest that we need to be more careful when it comes to our expectations about the effects visual data storytelling can have on attitudes. Additional material: https://***/attitudes/.

关键词： CCS Concepts • human-centered computing → empirical studies in visualization

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Public Data visualization: Analyzing Local Running Statistics on Situated Displays

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM 2021年第3期40卷 159-171页

作者： Coenen, J. Moere, A. Vande Katholieke Univ Leuven Res Design Leuven Belgium

Popular sports tracking applications allow athletes to share and compare their personal performance data with others. Visualizing this data in relevant public settings can be beneficial in provoking novel types of opportunistic and communal sense-making. We investigated this premise by situating an analytical visualization of running performances on two touch-enabled public displays in proximity to a local community running trail. Using a rich mixed-method evaluation protocol during a three-week-long in-the-wild deployment, we captured its social and analytical impact across 235 distinct interaction sessions. Our results show how our public analytical visualization supported passers-by to create novel insights that were rather of casual nature. Several textual features that surrounded the visualization, such as titles that were framed as provocative hypotheses and predefined attention-grabbing data queries, sparked interest and social debate, while a narrative tutorial facilitated more analytical interaction patterns. Our detailed mixed-methods evaluation approach led to a set of actionable takeaways for public visualizations that allow novice audiences to engage with data analytical insights that have local relevance.

关键词： CCS Concepts • human-centered computing → empirical studies in visualization visualization design and evaluation methods

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Hairy Slices II: Depth Cues for Visualizing 3D Streamlines Through Cutting Planes

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM 2020年第3期39卷 25-35页

作者： Stevens, Andrew H. Ware, Colin Butkiewicz, Thomas Rogers, David Abram, Greg Univ New Hampshire Ctr Coastal & Ocean Mapping Durham NH 03824 USA Los Alamos Natl Lab Los Alamos NM USA Univ Texas Austin Texas Adv Comp Ctr Austin TX 78712 USA

Visualizing 3D vector fields is challenging because of occlusion problems and the difficulty of providing depth cues that adequately support the perception of direction of flow lines in 3D space. One of the depth cues that has proven most valuable for the perception of other kinds of 3D data, notably 3D networks and 3D point clouds, is structure-from-motion (also called the Kinetic Depth Effect);another powerful depth cue is stereoscopic viewing. We carried out an experiment of the perception of direction for short streamlines passing through a cutting plane. The conditions included viewing with and without structure-from-motion and with and without stereoscopic depth. Conditions also include comparing streamtubes to lines. The results show that for this particular task, stereo provided an effective depth cue, but structure-from-motion did not. Ringed streamtubes and streamcones provided good 3D direction information, even without stereoscopic viewing. We conclude with guidelines for viewing slices through vector fields.

关键词： CCS Concepts • human-centered computing → empirical studies in visualization Scientific visualization • computing methodologies → Perception

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Many At Once: Capturing Intentions to Create And Use Many Views At Once In Large Display Environments

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM 2020年第3期39卷 229-240页

作者： Aurisano, Jillian Kumar, Abhinav Alsaiari, Abeer Di Eugenio, Barbara Johnson, Andrew Univ Illinois Dept Comp Sci Chicago IL 60607 USA Elect Visualizat Lab Chicago IL 60607 USA

This paper describes results from an observational, exploratory study of visual data exploration in a large, multi-view, flexible canvas environment. Participants were provided with a set of data exploration sub-tasks associated with a local crime dataset and were instructed to pose questions to a remote mediator who would respond by generating and organizing visualizations on the large display. We observed that participants frequently posed requests to cast a net around one or several subsets of the data or a set of data attributes. They accomplished this directly and by utilizing existing views in unique ways, including by requesting to copy and pivot a group of views collectively and posing a set of parallel requests on target views expressed in one command. These observed actions depart from multi-view flexible canvas environments that typically provide interfaces in support of generating one view at a time or actions that operate on one view at a time. We describe how participants used these 'cast-a-net' requests for tasks that spanned more than one view and describe design considerations for multi-view environments that would support the observed multi-view generation actions.

关键词： CCS Concepts • human-centered computing → empirical studies in visualization

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Exploring How visualization Design and Situatedness Evoke Compassion in the Wild

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM 2022年第3期41卷 441-452页

作者： Morais, L. Andrade, N. Sousa, D. Inria Bordeaux Sud Ouest Talence France Univ Fed Campina Grande Campina Grande Paraiba Brazil

This work explores how the design and situatedness of data representations affect people's compassion with a case study concerning harassment episodes in a public place. Results contribute to advancing the understanding of how visualizations can evoke emotions and their impact on prosocial behaviors, such as helping people in need. Recent literature examined the effect of different on-screen data representations on emotion or prosociality, but little has been done concerning visualizations shown in a public place - especially a space contextually relevant to the data - or presented through unconventional media formats such as physical marks. We conducted two in-the-wild studies to investigate how different factors affect people's self-reported compassion and intention to donate. We compared three ways of presenting data about the harassment cases: (1) communicating data only verbally;(2) using a printed poster with aggregated information;and (3) using a physicalization with detailed information about each story. We found that the physicalization influenced people to donate more than only hearing about the data, but it is unclear if the same applied to the poster visualization. Also, passers-by reported a likely small increase in compassion when they saw the physicalization instead of the poster. We also examined the role of situatedness by showing the physicalization in a site that is not contextually relevant to the data. Our results suggest that people had a similar intention to donate and levels of compassion in both places. Those findings may indicate that using specific visualization designs to support campaigns about sensitive causes (e.g., sexual harassment) can increase the emotional response of passers-by and may motivate them to help, independently of where the data representation is shown. Finally, this work also informs on the strengths and weaknesses of using research in the wild to evaluate data visualizations in public spaces.

关键词： CCS Concepts • human-centered computing → empirical studies in visualization

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