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Seeing Through Sounds: Mapping Auditory Dimensions to Data and Charts for People with Visual Impairments

COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM 2022年第3期41卷 71-83页

作者： Wang, R. Jung, C. Kim, Y. Univ Wisconsin Madison Madison WI 53715 USA

Sonification can be an effective medium for people with visual impairments to understand data in visualizations. However, there are no universal design principles that apply to various charts that encode different data types. Towards generalizable principles, we conducted an exploratory experiment to assess how different auditory channels (e.g., pitch, volume) impact the data and visualization perception among people with visual impairments. In our experiment, participants evaluated the intuitiveness and accuracy of the mapping of auditory channels on different data and chart types. We found that participants rated pitch to be the most intuitive, while the number of tappings and the length of sounds yielded the most accurate perception in decoding data. We study how audio channels can intuitively represent different charts and demonstrate that data-level perception might not directly transfer to chart-level perception as participants reflect on visual aspects of the charts while listening to audio. We conclude by how future experiments can be designed to establish a robust ranking for creating audio charts.

关键词： CCS Concepts • human-centered computing → empirical studies in visualization empirical studies in accessibility

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Belief Decay or Persistence? A Mixed-method Study on Belief Movement Over Time

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM 2023年第3期42卷 111-122页

作者： Gupta, Shrey Karduni, Alireza Wall, Emily Emory Univ Atlanta GA 30322 USA IDEO Chicago IL USA

When individuals encounter new information (data), that information is incorporated with their existing beliefs (prior) to form a new belief (posterior) in a process referred to as belief updating. While most studies on rational belief updating in visual data analysis elicit beliefs immediately after data is shown, we posit that there may be critical movement in an individual's beliefs when elicited immediately after data is shown v. after a temporal delay (e.g., due to forgetfulness or weak incorporation of the data). Our paper investigates the hypothesis that posterior beliefs elicited after a time interval will "decay" back towards the prior beliefs compared to the posterior beliefs elicited immediately after new data is presented. In this study, we recruit 101 participants to complete three tasks where beliefs are elicited immediately after seeing new data and again after a brief distractor task. We conduct (1) a quantitative analysis of the results to understand if there are any systematic differences in beliefs elicited immediately after seeing new data or after a distractor task and (2) a qualitative analysis of participants' reflections on the reasons for their belief update. While we find no statistically significant global trends across the participants beliefs elicited immediately v. after the delay, the qualitative analysis provides rich insight into the reasons for an individual's belief movement across 9 prototypical scenarios, which includes (i) decay of beliefs as a result of either forgetting the information shown or strongly held prior beliefs, (ii) strengthening of confidence in updated beliefs by positively integrating the new data and (iii) maintaining a consistently updated belief over time, among others. These results can guide subsequent experiments to disambiguate when and by what mechanism new data is truly incorporated into one's belief system.

关键词： CCS Concepts • human-centered computing → empirical studies in visualization visualization theory concepts and paradigms

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Design Patterns and Trade-Offs in Responsive visualization for Communication

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM 2021年第3期40卷 459-470页

作者： Kim, Hyeok Moritz, Dominik Hullman, Jessica Northwestern Univ Evanston IL 60208 USA Carnegie Mellon Univ Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA

Increased access to mobile devices motivates the need to design communicative visualizations that are responsive to varying screen sizes. However, relatively little design guidance or tooling is currently available to authors. We contribute a detailed characterization of responsive visualization strategies in communication-oriented visualizations, identifying 76 total strategies by analyzing 378 pairs of large screen (LS) and small screen (SS) visualizations from online articles and reports. Our analysis distinguishes between the Targets of responsive visualization, referring to what elements of a design are changed and Actions representing how targets are changed. We identify key trade-offs related to authors' need to maintain graphical density, referring to the amount of information per pixel, while also maintaining the "message" or intended takeaways for users of a visualization. We discuss implications of our findings for future visualization tool design to support responsive transformation of visualization designs, including requirements for automated recommenders for communication-oriented responsive visualizations.

关键词： CCS Concepts • human-centered computing → empirical studies in visualization visualization design and evaluation methods

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Public Data visualization: Analyzing Local Running Statistics on Situated Displays

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM 2021年第3期40卷 159-171页

作者： Coenen, J. Moere, A. Vande Katholieke Univ Leuven Res Design Leuven Belgium

Popular sports tracking applications allow athletes to share and compare their personal performance data with others. Visualizing this data in relevant public settings can be beneficial in provoking novel types of opportunistic and communal sense-making. We investigated this premise by situating an analytical visualization of running performances on two touch-enabled public displays in proximity to a local community running trail. Using a rich mixed-method evaluation protocol during a three-week-long in-the-wild deployment, we captured its social and analytical impact across 235 distinct interaction sessions. Our results show how our public analytical visualization supported passers-by to create novel insights that were rather of casual nature. Several textual features that surrounded the visualization, such as titles that were framed as provocative hypotheses and predefined attention-grabbing data queries, sparked interest and social debate, while a narrative tutorial facilitated more analytical interaction patterns. Our detailed mixed-methods evaluation approach led to a set of actionable takeaways for public visualizations that allow novice audiences to engage with data analytical insights that have local relevance.

关键词： CCS Concepts • human-centered computing → empirical studies in visualization visualization design and evaluation methods

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Exploring How visualization Design and Situatedness Evoke Compassion in the Wild

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM 2022年第3期41卷 441-452页

作者： Morais, L. Andrade, N. Sousa, D. Inria Bordeaux Sud Ouest Talence France Univ Fed Campina Grande Campina Grande Paraiba Brazil

This work explores how the design and situatedness of data representations affect people's compassion with a case study concerning harassment episodes in a public place. Results contribute to advancing the understanding of how visualizations can evoke emotions and their impact on prosocial behaviors, such as helping people in need. Recent literature examined the effect of different on-screen data representations on emotion or prosociality, but little has been done concerning visualizations shown in a public place - especially a space contextually relevant to the data - or presented through unconventional media formats such as physical marks. We conducted two in-the-wild studies to investigate how different factors affect people's self-reported compassion and intention to donate. We compared three ways of presenting data about the harassment cases: (1) communicating data only verbally;(2) using a printed poster with aggregated information;and (3) using a physicalization with detailed information about each story. We found that the physicalization influenced people to donate more than only hearing about the data, but it is unclear if the same applied to the poster visualization. Also, passers-by reported a likely small increase in compassion when they saw the physicalization instead of the poster. We also examined the role of situatedness by showing the physicalization in a site that is not contextually relevant to the data. Our results suggest that people had a similar intention to donate and levels of compassion in both places. Those findings may indicate that using specific visualization designs to support campaigns about sensitive causes (e.g., sexual harassment) can increase the emotional response of passers-by and may motivate them to help, independently of where the data representation is shown. Finally, this work also informs on the strengths and weaknesses of using research in the wild to evaluate data visualizations in public spaces.

关键词： CCS Concepts • human-centered computing → empirical studies in visualization

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Illustrative Motion Smoothing for Attention Guidance in Dynamic visualizations

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM 2023年第3期42卷 361-372页

作者： Eschner, Johannes Mindek, Peter Waldner, Manuela TU Wien Vienna Austria Nanographics GmbH Vienna Austria

3D animations are an effective method to learn about complex dynamic phenomena, such as mesoscale biological processes. The animators' goals are to convey a sense of the scene's overall complexity while, at the same time, visually guiding the user through a story of subsequent events embedded in the chaotic environment. Animators use a variety of visual emphasis techniques to guide the observers' attention through the story, such as highlighting, halos -- or by manipulating motion parameters of the scene. In this paper, we investigate the effect of smoothing the motion of contextual scene elements to attract attention to focus elements of the story exhibiting high-frequency motion. We conducted a crowdsourced study with 108 participants observing short animations with two illustrative motion smoothing strategies: geometric smoothing through noise reduction of contextual motion trajectories and visual smoothing through motion blur of rev{context} items. We investigated the observers' ability to follow the story as well as the effect of the techniques on speed perception in a molecular scene. Our results show that moderate motion blur significantly improves users' ability to follow the story. Geometric motion smoothing is less effective but increases the visual appeal of the animation. However, both techniques also slow down the perceived speed of the animation. We discuss the implications of these results and derive design guidelines for animators of complex dynamic visualizations.

关键词： CCS Concepts • human-centered computing → empirical studies in visualization • computing methodologies → Animation

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Mobile and Multimodal? A Comparative Evaluation of Interactive Workplaces for Visual Data Exploration

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM 2022年第3期41卷 417-428页

作者： Leon, G. Molina Lischka, M. Luo, W. Breiter, A. Univ Bremen Bremen Germany Inst Informat Management Bremen Germany

Mobile devices are increasingly being used in the workplace. The combination of touch, pen, and speech interaction with mobile devices is considered particularly promising for a more natural experience. However, we do not yet know how everyday work with multimodal data visualizations on a mobile device differs from working in the standard WIMP workplace setup. To address this gap, we created a visualization system for social scientists, with a WIMP interface for desktop PCs, and a multimodal interface for tablets. The system provides visualizations to explore spatio-temporal data with consistent WIMP and multimodal interaction techniques. To investigate how the different combinations of devices and interaction modalities affect the performance and experience of domain experts in a work setting, we conducted an experiment with 16 social scientists where they carried out a series of tasks with both interfaces. Participants were significantly faster and slightly more accurate on the WIMP interface. They solved the tasks with different strategies according to the interaction modalities available. The pen was the most used and appreciated input modality. Most participants preferred the multimodal setup and could imagine using it at work. We present our findings, together with their implications for the interaction design of data visualizations.

关键词： CCS Concepts • human-centered computing → empirical studies in visualization Interaction design • Applied computing → Law social and behavioral sciences

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Color Nameability Predicts Inference Accuracy in Spatial visualizations

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM 2021年第3期40卷 49-60页

作者： Reda, Khairi Salvi, Amey A. Gray, Jack Papka, Michael E. Indiana Univ Purdue Univ Indianapolis IN 46202 USA Argonne Natl Lab Argonne IL 60439 USA Northern Illinois Univ De Kalb IL 60115 USA

Color encoding is foundational to visualizing quantitative data. Guidelines for colormap design have traditionally emphasized perceptual principles, such as order and uniformity. However, colors also evoke cognitive and linguistic associations whose role in data interpretation remains underexplored. We study how two linguistic factors, name salience and name variation, affect people's ability to draw inferences from spatial visualizations. In two experiments, we found that participants are better at interpreting visualizations when viewing colors with more salient names (e.g., prototypical 'blue', 'yellow', and 'red' over 'teal', 'beige', and 'maroon'). The effect was robust across four visualization types, but was more pronounced in continuous (e.g., smooth geographical maps) than in similar discrete representations (e.g., choropleths). Participants' accuracy also improved as the number of nameable colors increased, although the latter had a less robust effect. Our findings suggest that color nameability is an important design consideration for quantitative colormaps, and may even outweigh traditional perceptual metrics. In particular, we found that the linguistic associations of color are a better predictor of performance than the perceptual properties of those colors. We discuss the implications and outline research opportunities.

关键词： CCS Concepts • human-centered computing → empirical studies in visualization

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Beyond Alternative Text and tables: Comparative Analysis of visualization Tools and Accessibility Methods

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM 2023年第3期42卷 323-335页

作者： Kim, N. W. Ataguba, G. Joyner, S. C. Zhao, Chuangdian Im, Hyejin Boston Coll Chestnut Hill MA 02467 USA MathWorks Natick MA USA

Modern visualization software and programming libraries have made data visualization construction easier for everyone. However, the extent of accessibility design they support for blind and low-vision people is relatively unknown. It is also unclear how they can improve chart content accessibility beyond conventional alternative text and data tables. To address these issues, we examined the current accessibility features in popular visualization tools, revealing limited support for the standard accessibility methods and scarce support for chart content exploration. Next, we investigate two promising accessibility approaches that provide off-the-shelf solutions for chart content accessibility: structured navigation and conversational interaction. We present a comparative evaluation study and discuss what to consider when incorporating them into visualization tools.

关键词： CCS Concepts • human-centered computing → empirical studies in visualization visualization systems and tools

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