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Data Stories of Water: Studying the Communicative Role of Data visualizations within Long-form Journalism

COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM 2023年第3期42卷 99-110页

作者： Garreton, M. Morini, F. Paz Moyano, D. Gruen, G. -C Parra, D. Doerk, M. Pontificia Univ Catolica Chile Santiago Chile Univ Appl Sci Potsdam UCLAB Potsdam Germany Sodertorn Univ Stockholm Sweden TU Dortmund Univ Dortmund Germany

We present a methodology for making sense of the communicative role of data visualizations in journalistic storytelling and share findings from surveying water-related data stories. Data stories are a genre of long-form journalism that integrate text, data visualization, and other visual expressions (e.g., photographs, illustrations, videos) for the purpose of data-driven storytelling. In the last decade, a considerable number of data stories about a wide range of topics have been published worldwide. Authors use a variety of techniques to make complex phenomena comprehensible and use visualizations as communicative devices that shape the understanding of a given topic. Despite the popularity of data stories, we, as scholars, still lack a methodological framework for assessing the communicative role of visualizations in data stories. To this extent, we draw from data journalism, visual culture, and multimodality studies to propose an interpretative framework in six stages. The process begins with the analysis of content blocks and framing elements and ends with the identification of dimensions, patterns, and relationships between textual and visual elements. The framework is put to the test by analyzing 17 data stories about water-related issues. Our observations from the survey illustrate how data visualizations can shape the framing of complex topics.

关键词： CCS Concepts • human-centered computing → visualization design and evaluation methods Empirical studies in visualization

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A Comparative evaluation of Visual Summarization Techniques for Event Sequences

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM 2023年第3期42卷 173-185页

作者： Zinat, Kazi Tasnim Yang, Jinhua Gandhi, Arjun Mitra, Nistha Liu, Zhicheng Univ Maryland College Pk MD 20742 USA

Real-world event sequences are often complex and heterogeneous, making it difficult to create meaningful visualizations using simple data aggregation and visual encoding techniques. Consequently, visualization researchers have developed numerous visual summarization techniques to generate concise overviews of sequential data. These techniques vary widely in terms of summary structures and contents, and currently there is a knowledge gap in understanding the effectiveness of these techniques. In this work, we present the design and results of an insight-based crowdsourcing experiment evaluating three existing visual summarization techniques: CoreFlow, SentenTree, and Sequence Synopsis. We compare the visual summaries generated by these techniques across three tasks, on six datasets, at six levels of granularity. We analyze the effects of these variables on summary quality as rated by participants and completion time of the experiment tasks. Our analysis shows that Sequence Synopsis produces the highest-quality visual summaries for all three tasks, but understanding Sequence Synopsis results also takes the longest time. We also find that the participants evaluate visual summary quality based on two aspects: content and interpretability. We discuss the implications of our findings on developing and evaluating new visual summarization techniques.

关键词： CCS Concepts • human-centered computing → visualization design and evaluation methods Empirical studies in visualization

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Visual Analytics of Contact Tracing Policy Simulations During an Emergency Response

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM 2022年第3期41卷 29-41页

作者： Sondag, M. Turkay, C. Xu, K. Matthews, L. Mohr, S. Archambault, D. Swansea Univ Swansea W Glam Wales Univ Warwick Coventry W Midlands England Middlesex Univ London England Univ Glasgow Glasgow Lanark Scotland Univ Cologne Cologne Germany

Epidemiologists use individual-based models to (a) simulate disease spread over dynamic contact networks and (b) to investigate strategies to control the outbreak. These model simulations generate complex 'infection maps' of time-varying transmission trees and patterns of spread. Conventional statistical analysis of outputs offers only limited interpretation. This paper presents a novel visual analytics approach for the inspection of infection maps along with their associated metadata, developed collaboratively over 16 months in an evolving emergency response situation. We introduce the concept of representative trees that summarize the many components of a time-varying infection map while preserving the epidemiological characteristics of each individual transmission tree. We also present interactive visualization techniques for the quick assessment of different control policies. Through a series of case studies and a qualitative evaluation by epidemiologists, we demonstrate how our visualizations can help improve the development of epidemiological models and help interpret complex transmission patterns.

关键词： CCS Concepts • Applied computing → Health informatics • human-centered computing → visualization design and evaluation methods Visual analytics

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Effective Use of Likert Scales in visualization evaluations: A Systematic Review

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM 2022年第3期41卷 43-55页

作者： South, Laura Saffo, David Vitek, Olga Dunne, Cody Borkin, Michelle A. Northeastern Univ Boston MA 02115 USA

Likert scales are often used in visualization evaluations to produce quantitative estimates of subjective attributes, such as ease of use or aesthetic appeal. However, the methods used to collect, analyze, and visualize data collected with Likert scales are inconsistent among evaluations in visualization papers. In this paper, we examine the use of Likert scales as a tool for measuring subjective response in a systematic review of 134 visualization evaluations published between 2009 and 2019. We find that papers with both objective and subjective measures do not hold the same reporting and analysis standards for both aspects of their evaluation, producing less rigorous work for the subjective qualities measured by Likert scales. Additionally, we demonstrate that many papers are inconsistent in their interpretations of Likert data as discrete or continuous and may even sacrifice statistical power by applying nonparametric tests unnecessarily. Finally, we identify instances where key details about Likert item construction with the potential to bias participant responses are omitted from evaluation methodology reporting, inhibiting the feasibility and reliability of future replication studies. We summarize recommendations from other fields for best practices with Likert data in visualization evaluations, based on the results of our survey. A full copy of this paper and all supplementary material are available at https://***/exbz8/.

关键词： CCS Concepts • human-centered computing → visualization design and evaluation methods Empirical studies in visualization

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How accessible is my visualization? Evaluating visualization accessibility with Chartability

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM 2022年第3期41卷 57-70页

作者： Elavsky, Frank Bennett, Cynthia Moritz, Dominik Carnegie Mellon Univ Human Comp Interact Inst Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA

Novices and experts have struggled to evaluate the accessibility of data visualizations because there are no common shared guidelines across environments, platforms, and contexts in which data visualizations are authored. Between non-specific standards bodies like WCAG, emerging research, and guidelines from specific communities of practice, it is hard to organize knowledge on how to evaluate accessible data visualizations. We present Chartability, a set of heuristics synthesized from these various sources which enables designers, developers, researchers, and auditors to evaluate data-driven visualizations and interfaces for visual, motor, vestibular, neurological, and cognitive accessibility. In this paper, we outline our process of making a set of heuristics and accessibility principles for Chartability and highlight key features in the auditing process. Working with participants on real projects, we found that data practitioners with a novice level of accessibility skills were more confident and found auditing to be easier after using Chartability. Expert accessibility practitioners were eager to integrate Chartability into their own work. Reflecting on Chartability's development and the preliminary user evaluation, we discuss tradeoffs of open projects, working with high-risk evaluations like auditing projects in the wild, and challenge future research projects at the intersection of visualization and accessibility to consider the broad intersections of disabilities.

关键词： CCS Concepts • human-centered computing → visualization design and evaluation methods Accessibility design and evaluation methods Heuristic evaluations

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Rich Screen Reader Experiences for Accessible Data visualization

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM 2022年第3期41卷 15-27页

作者： Zong, Jonathan Lee, Crystal Lundgard, Alan Jang, JiWoong Hajas, Daniel Satyanarayan, Arvind MIT Cambridge MA 02139 USA Carnegie Mellon Univ Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA UCL London England

Current web accessibility guidelines ask visualization designers to support screen readers via basic non-visual alternatives like textual descriptions and access to raw data tables. But charts do more than summarize data or reproduce tables;they afford interactive data exploration at varying levels of granularity-from fine-grained datum-by-datum reading to skimming and surfacing high-level trends. In response to the lack of comparable non-visual affordances, we present a set of rich screen reader experiences for accessible data visualization and exploration. Through an iterative co-design process, we identify three key design dimensions for expressive screen reader accessibility: structure, or how chart entities should be organized for a screen reader to traverse;navigation, or the structural, spatial, and targeted operations a user might perform to step through the structure;and, description, or the semantic content, composition, and verbosity of the screen reader's narration. We operationalize these dimensions to prototype screen-reader-accessible visualizations that cover a diverse range of chart types and combinations of our design dimensions. We evaluate a subset of these prototypes in a mixed-methods study with 13 blind and visually impaired readers. Our findings demonstrate that these designs help users conceptualize data spatially, selectively attend to data of interest at different levels of granularity, and experience control and agency over their data analysis process. An accessible HTML version of this paper is available at: http://***/pubs/rich-screen-reader-vis-experiences.

关键词： CCS Concepts • human-centered computing → visualization design and evaluation methods Accessibility design and evaluation methods

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ParSetgnostics: Quality Metrics for Parallel Sets

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM 2021年第3期40卷 375-386页

作者： Dennig, Frederik L. Fischer, Maximilian T. Blumenschein, Michael Fuchs, Johannes Keim, Daniel A. Dimara, Evanthia Univ Konstanz Constance Germany Univ Utrecht Utrecht Netherlands

While there are many visualization techniques for exploring numeric data, only a few work with categorical data. One prominent example is Parallel Sets, showing data frequencies instead of data points - analogous to parallel coordinates for numerical data. As nominal data does not have an intrinsic order, the design of Parallel Sets is sensitive to visual clutter due to overlaps, crossings, and subdivision of ribbons hindering readability and pattern detection. In this paper, we propose a set of quality metrics, called ParSetgnostics (Parallel Sets diagnostics), which aim to improve Parallel Sets by reducing clutter. These quality metrics quantify important properties of Parallel Sets such as overlap, orthogonality, ribbon width variance, and mutual information to optimize the category and dimension ordering. By conducting a systematic correlation analysis between the individual metrics, we ensure their distinctiveness. Further, we evaluate the clutter reduction effect of ParSetgnostics by reconstructing six datasets from previous publications using Parallel Sets measuring and comparing their respective properties. Our results show that ParSetgostics facilitates multi-dimensional analysis of categorical data by automatically providing optimized Parallel Set designs with a clutter reduction of up to 81% compared to the originally proposed Parallel Sets visualizations.

关键词： CCS Concepts • human-centered computing → visualization design and evaluation methods

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What are Table Cartograms Good for Anyway? An Algebraic Analysis

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM 2021年第3期40卷 61-73页

作者： McNutt, A. Univ Chicago Dept Comp Sci Chicago IL 60637 USA

Unfamiliar or esoteric visual forms arise in many areas of visualization. While such forms can be intriguing, it can be unclear how to make effective use of them without long periods of practice or costly user studies. In this work we analyze the table cartogram-a graphic which visualizes tabular data by bringing the areas of a grid of quadrilaterals into correspondence with the input data, like a heat map that has been "area-ed" rather than colored. Despite having existed for several years, little is known about its appropriate usage. We mend this gap by using Algebraic visualization design to show that they are best suited to relatively small tables with ordinal axes for some comparison and outlier identification tasks. In doing so we demonstrate a discount theory-based analysis that can be used to cheaply determine best practices for unknown visualizations.

关键词： CCS Concepts • human-centered computing → visualization design and evaluation methods visualization theory concepts and paradigms

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Animated Presentation of Static Infographics with InfoMotion

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM 2021年第3期40卷 507-518页

作者： Wang, Yun Gao, Yi Huang, Ray Cui, Weiwei Zhang, Haidong Zhang, Dongmei Microsoft Res Asia Beijing Peoples R China Nanjing Univ Nanjing Peoples R China

By displaying visual elements logically in temporal order, animated infographics can help readers better understand layers of information expressed in an infographic. While many techniques and tools target the quick generation of static infographics, few support animation designs. We propose InfoMotion that automatically generates animated presentations of static infographics. We first conduct a survey to explore the design space of animated infographics. Based on this survey, InfoMotion extracts graphical properties of an infographic to analyze the underlying information structures;then, animation effects are applied to the visual elements in the infographic in temporal order to present the infographic. The generated animations can be used in data videos or presentations. We demonstrate the utility of InfoMotion with two example applications, including mixed-initiative animation authoring and animation recommendation. To further understand the quality of the generated animations, we conduct a user study to gather subjective feedback on the animations generated by InfoMotion.

关键词： CCS Concepts • human-centered computing → visualization design and evaluation methods

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