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HyperNP: Interactive Visual Exploration of Multidimensional Projection Hyperparameters

COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM 2022年第3期41卷 169-181页

作者： Appleby, G. Espadoto, M. Chen, R. Goree, S. Telea, A. C. Anderson, E. W. Chang, R. Tufts Univ Dept Comp Sci Medford MA 02155 USA Univ Sao Paulo Inst Math & Stat Sao Paulo Brazil Univ Utrecht Dept Informat & Comp Sci Utrecht Netherlands Indiana Univ Luddy Sch Informat Comp & Engn Bloomington IN 47405 USA Novartis Novartis AI Innovat Ctr Cambridge MA USA

Projection algorithms such as t-SNE or UMAP are useful for the visualization of high dimensional data, but depend on hyperparameters which must be tuned carefully. Unfortunately, iteratively recomputing projections to find the optimal hyperparameter values is computationally intensive and unintuitive due to the stochastic nature of such methods. In this paper we propose HyperNP, a scalable method that allows for real-time interactive hyperparameter exploration of projection methods by training neural network approximations. A HyperNP model can be trained on a fraction of the total data instances and hyperparameter configurations that one would like to investigate and can compute projections for new data and hyperparameters at interactive speeds. HyperNP models are compact in size and fast to compute, thus allowing them to be embedded in lightweight visualization systems. We evaluate the performance of HyperNP across three datasets in terms of performance and speed. The results suggest that HyperNP models are accurate, scalable, interactive, and appropriate for use in real-world settings.

关键词： CCS Concepts • human-centered computing → visualization techniques

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Vessel Maps: A Survey of Map-Like visualizations of the Cardiovascular System

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM 2022年第3期41卷 645-673页

作者： Eulzer, P. Meuschke, M. Mistelbauer, G. Lawonn, K. Univ Jena Fac Math & Comp Sci Jena Germany Univ Magdeburg Dept Simulat & Graph Magdeburg Germany Stanford Univ Sch Med Dept Radiol Stanford CA 94305 USA

Map-like visualizations of patient-specific cardiovascular structures have been applied in numerous medical application contexts. The term map-like alludes to the characteristics these depictions share with cartographic maps: they show the spatial relations of data attributes from a single perspective, they abstract the underlying data to increase legibility, and they facilitate tasks centered around overview, navigation, and comparison. A vast landscape of techniques exists to derive such maps from heterogeneous data spaces. Yet, they all target similar purposes within disease diagnostics, treatment, or research and they face coinciding challenges in mapping the spatial component of a treelike structure to a legible layout. In this report, we present a framing to unify these approaches. On the one hand, we provide a classification of the existing literature according to the data spaces such maps can be derived from. On the other hand, we view the approaches in light of the manifold requirements medical practitioners and researchers have in their efforts to combat the ever-growing burden of cardiovascular disease. Based on these two perspectives, we offer recommendations for the design of map-like visualizations of the cardiovascular system.

关键词： CCS Concepts • human-centered computing → visualization techniques visualization application domains

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Nested Papercrafts for Anatomical and Biological Edutainment

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM 2022年第3期41卷 541-553页

作者： Schindler, M. Korpitsch, T. Raidou, R. G. Wu, H-Y TU Wien Vienna Austria St Polten Univ Appl Sci St Polten Austria

In this paper, we present a new workflow for the computer-aided generation of physicalizations, addressing Nested configurations in anatomical and biological structures. Physicalizations are an important component of anatomical and biological education and edutainment. However, existing approaches have mainly revolved around creating data sculptures through digital fabrication. Only a few recent works proposed computer-aided pipelines for generating sculptures, such as papercrafts, with affordable and readily available materials. Papercraft generation remains a Challenging topic by itself. Yet, anatomical and biological applications pose additional Challenges, such as reconstruction complexity and insufficiency to account for multiple, Nested structures-often present in anatomical and biological structures. Our workflow comprises the following steps: (i) define the Nested configuration of the model and detect its levels, (ii) calculate the viewpoint that provides optimal, unobstructed views on inner levels, (iii) perform cuts on the outer levels to reveal the inner ones based on the viewpoint selection, (iv) estimate the stability of the cut papercraft to ensure a reliable outcome, (v) generate textures at each level, as a smart visibility mechanism that provides additional information on the inner structures, and (vi) unfold each textured mesh guaranteeing reconstruction. Our novel approach exploits the interactivity of Nested papercraft models for edutainment purposes.

关键词： CCS Concepts • Applied computing → Life and medical sciences • human-centered computing → visualization techniques Scientific visualization Interaction paradigms

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Optimal Axes for Data Value Estimation in Star Coordinates and Radial Axes Plots

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM 2021年第3期40卷 483-494页

作者： Rubio-Sanchez, M. Lehmann, D. J. Sanchez, A. Rojo-Alvarez, J. L. Univ Rey Juan Carlos Madrid Spain Univ Magdeburg Magdeburg Germany Ostfalia Univ Appl Sci Wolfenbuttel Wolfenbuttel Germany

Radial axes plots are projection methods that represent high-dimensional data samples as points on a two-dimensional plane. These techniques define mappings through a set of axis vectors, each associated with a data variable, which users can manipulate interactively to create different plots and analyze data from multiple points of view. However, updating the direction and length of an axis vector is far from trivial. Users must consider the data analysis task, domain knowledge, the directions in which values should increase, the relative importance of each variable, or the correlations between variables, among other factors. Another issue is the difficulty to approximate high-dimensional data values in the two-dimensional visualizations, which can hamper searching for data with particular characteristics, analyzing the most common data values in clusters, inspecting outliers, etc. In this paper we present and analyze several optimization approaches for enhancing radial axes plots regarding their ability to represent high-dimensional data values. The techniques can be used not only to approximate data values with greater accuracy, but also to guide users when updating axis vectors or extending visualizations with new variables, since they can reveal poor choices of axis vectors. The optimal axes can also be included in nonlinear plots. In particular, we show how they can be used within RadViz to assess the quality of a variable ordering. The in-depth analysis carried out is useful for visualization designers developing radial axes techniques, or planning to incorporate axes into other visualization methods.

关键词： CCS Concepts • human-centered computing → visualization techniques visualization theory concepts and paradigms • Mathematics of computing → Exploratory data analysis

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Local Extraction of 3D Time-Dependent Vector Field Topology

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM 2021年第3期40卷 111-122页

作者： Hofmann, Lutz Sadlo, Filip Heidelberg Univ Heidelberg Germany

We present an approach to local extraction of 3D time-dependent vector field topology. In this concept, Lagrangian coherent structures, which represent the separating manifolds in time-dependent transport, correspond to generalized streak manifolds seeded along hyperbolic path surfaces (HPSs). Instead of expensive and numerically challenging direct computation of the HPSs by intersection of ridges in the forward and backward finite-time Lyapunov exponent (FTLE) fields, our approach employs local extraction of respective candidates in the four-dimensional space-time domain. These candidates are subsequently refined toward the hyperbolic path surfaces, which provides unsteady equivalents of saddle-type critical points, periodic orbits, and bifurcation lines from steady, traditional vector field topology. In contrast to FTLE-based methods, we obtain an explicit geometric representation of the topological skeleton of the flow, which for steady flows coincides with the hyperbolic invariant manifolds of vector field topology. We evaluate our approach on analytical flows, as well as data from computational fluid dynamics, using the FTLE as a ground truth superset, i.e., we also show that FTLE ridges exhibit several types of false positives.

关键词： CCS Concepts • human-centered computing → visualization techniques • Applied computing → Mathematics and statistics

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Egocentric Network Exploration for Immersive Analytics

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM 2021年第7期40卷 241-252页

作者： Sorger, J. Arleo, A. Kan, P. Knecht, W. Waldner, M. Complex Sci Hub Vienna Austria TU Wien Vienna Austria

To exploit the potential of immersive network analytics for engaging and effective exploration, we promote the metaphor of "Egocentrism", where data depiction and interaction are adapted to the perspective of the user within a 3D network. Egocentrism has the potential to overcome some of the inherent downsides of virtual environments, e.g., visual clutter and cyber-sickness. To investigate the effect of this metaphor on immersive network exploration, we designed and evaluated interfaces of varying degrees of Egocentrism. In a user study, we evaluated the effect of these interfaces on visual search tasks, efficiency of network traversal, spatial orientation, as well as cyber-sickness. Results show that a simple Egocentric interface considerably improves visual search efficiency and navigation performance, yet does not decrease spatial orientation or increase cyber-sickness. An occlusion-free Ego-Bubble view of the neighborhood only marginally improves the user's performance. We tie our findings together in an open online tool for Egocentric network exploration, providing actionable insights on the benefits of the Egocentric network exploration metaphor.

关键词： CCS Concepts • human-centered computing → visualization techniques Empirical studies in visualization

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CorpusVis: Visual Analysis of Digital Sheet Music Collections

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM 2022年第3期41卷 283-294页

作者： Miller, Matthias Rauscher, Julius Keim, Daniel A. El-Assady, Mennatallah Univ Konstanz Constance Germany ETH AI Ctr Zurich Switzerland

Manually investigating sheet music collections is challenging for music analysts due to the magnitude and complexity of underlying features, structures, and contextual information. However, applying sophisticated algorithmic methods would require advanced technical expertise that analysts do not necessarily have. Bridging this gap, we contribute CorpusVis, an interactive visual workspace, enabling scalable and multi-faceted analysis. Our proposed visual analytics dashboard provides access to computational methods, generating varying perspectives on the same data. The proposed application uses metadata including composers, type, epoch, and low-level features, such as pitch, melody, and rhythm. To evaluate our approach, we conducted a pair-analytics study with nine participants. The qualitative results show that CorpusVis supports users in performing exploratory and confirmatory analysis, leading them to new insights and findings. In addition, based on three exemplary workflows, we demonstrate how to apply our approach to different tasks, such as exploring musical features or comparing composers.

关键词： CCS Concepts • human-centered computing → visualization techniques Visual analytics visualization systems and tools • Information systems → Content analysis and feature selection Document structure

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Visual Parameter Selection for Spatial Blind Source Separation

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM 2022年第3期41卷 157-168页

作者： Piccolotto, N. Boegl, M. Muehlmann, C. Nordhausen, K. Filzmoser, P. Miksch, S. TU Wien Inst Visual Comp & Human Ctr Technol Vienna Austria TU Wien Inst Stat & Math Methods Econ Vienna Austria Univ Jyvaskyla Jyvaskyla Finland

Analysis of spatial multivariate data, i.e., measurements at irregularly-spaced locations, is a challenging topic in visualization and statistics alike. Such data are inteGral to many domains, e.g., indicators of valuable minerals are measured for mine prospecting. Popular analysis methods, like PCA, often by design do not account for the spatial nature of the data. Thus they, together with their spatial variants, must be employed very carefully. Clearly, it is preferable to use methods that were specifically designed for such data, like spatial blind source separation (SBSS). However, SBSS requires two tuning parameters, which are themselves complex spatial objects. Setting these parameters involves navigating two large and interdependent parameter spaces, while also taking into account prior knowledge of the physical reality represented by the data. To support analysts in this process, we developed a visual analytics prototype. We evaluated it with experts in visualization, SBSS, and geochemistry. Our evaluations show that our interactive prototype allows to define complex and realistic parameter settings efficiently, which was so far impractical. Settings identified by a non-expert led to remarkable and surprising insights for a domain expert. Therefore, this paper presents important first steps to enable the use of a promising analysis method for spatial multivariate data.

关键词： CCS Concepts • human-centered computing → visualization techniques GeoGraphic visualization

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Data to Physicalization: A Survey of the Physical Rendering Process

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM 2021年第3期40卷 569-598页

作者： Djavaherpour, H. Samavati, F. Mahdavi-Amiri, A. Yazdanbakhsh, F. Huron, S. Levy, R. Jansen, Y. Oehlberg, L. Univ Calgary Calgary AB Canada Simon Fraser Univ Burnaby BC Canada Inst Polytech Paris CNRS Paris France Sorbonne Univ CNRS ISIR Paris France

Physical representations of data offer physical and spatial ways of looking at, navigating, and interacting with data. While digital fabrication has facilitated the creation of objects with data-driven geometry, rendering data as a physically fabricated object is still a daunting leap for many physicalization designers. Rendering in the scope of this research refers to the back-and-forth process from digital design to digital fabrication and its specific challenges. We developed a corpus of example data physicalizations from research literature and physicalization practice. This survey then unpacks the "rendering" phase of the extended InfoVis pipeline in greater detail through these examples, with the aim of identifying ways that researchers, artists, and industry practitioners "render" physicalizations using digital design and fabrication tools.

关键词： CCS Concepts • human-centered computing → visualization techniques

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Shape-Guided Mixed Metro Map Layout

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM 2022年第7期41卷 495-506页

作者： Batik, T. Terziadis, S. Wang, Y. -S. Noellenburg, M. Wu, H. -Y. TU Wien Vienna Austria Natl Yang Ming Chiao Tung Univ Hsinchu Taiwan St Polten Univ Appl Sci St Polten Austria

Metro or transit maps, are schematic representations of transit networks to facilitate effective route-finding. These maps are often advertised on a web page or pamphlet highlighting routes from source to destination stations. To visually support such route-finding, designers often distort the layout by embedding symbolic shapes (e.g., circular routes) in order to guide readers' attention (e.g., Moscow map and Japan railway map). However, manually producing such maps is labor-intensive and the effect of shapes remains unclear. In this paper, we propose an approach to generalize such mixed metro maps that take user-defined shapes as an input. In this mixed design, lines that are used to approximate the shapes are arranged symbolically, while the remaining lines follow classical layout convention. A three-step algorithm, including (1) detecting and selecting routes for shape approximation, (2) shape and layout deformation, and (3) aligning lines on a grid, is integrated to guarantee good visual quality. Our contribution lies in the definition of the mixed metro map problem and the formulation of design criteria so that the problem can be resolved systematically using the optimization paradigm. Finally, we evaluate the performance of our approach and perform a user study to test if the embedded shapes are recognizable or reduce the map quality.

关键词： CCS Concepts • human-centered computing → visualization techniques Interactive systems and tools

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