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Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction affects proprioception in the cat's knee

ACTA ORTHOPAEDICA SCANDINAVICA 1999年第2期70卷 185-193页

作者： Gómez-Barrena, E Nuñez, A Ballesteros, R Martinez-Moreno, E Munuera, L Autonomous Univ Madrid Dept Orthopaed Surg E-28049 Madrid Spain Autonomous Univ Madrid Dept Morphol E-28049 Madrid Spain

To study the cat's knee after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, we compared its neural and muscular activity with that in the normal and the unstable knee. We recorded the electric activity in the articular nerves (posterior -PAN and medial -MAN) and periarticular muscles (quadriceps and hamstring) while performing passive flexion, extension, external and internal rotation, and also anterior translation of the tibia at 30 degrees and 90 degrees of flexion. The same series of maneuvers was performed in the same knees after surgical section of the anterior cruciate ligament and then after anterior cruciate reconstruction. The electric activity recorded in the reconstructed knee was compared to that in the same knee before surgery and in the same unstable knee after anterior cruciate section. We observed that the reconstructed knee, compared to the injured knee, showed a decrease in articular nerves and quadriceps activity while it regained stability. This decrease converged to the recordings in the normal knee. However, differences in MAN, PAN and hamstring activity were still present in the reconstructed knee. This suggests that, although anterior cruciate reconstruction seems beneficial for restoring articular nerve and periarticular muscle activities to a certain degree, proprioception in the reconstructed knee does not match that in the normal knee.

关键词：动作电位传入通路/病理生理学前交叉韧带/病理生理学前交叉韧带/外科学疾病模型动物肌电描记术膝关节/病理生理学膝关节/外科学肌肉骨骼系统/病理生理学神经系统生理学本体感觉活动范围关节旋转外科皮瓣动物猫

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Functional changes at periphery and cortex following dorsal root lesions in adult monkeys

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NATURE NEUROSCIENCE 2000年第5期3卷 476-481页

作者： Darian-Smith, C Brown, S Univ Melbourne Dept Anat & Cell Biol Parkville Vic 3010 Australia

Chronic peripheral nerve injuries produce neural changes at different levers of the somatosensory pathway, but these responses remain poorly defined. We selectively removed cutaneous input from the index finger and thumb in young adult macaque monkeys by lesioning dorsal rootlets to examine both immediate and long-term systemic responses to this deficit. Corresponding digit representations within somatosensory cortex (SI) were initially silenced, but two to seven months later again responded to cutaneous stimulation of the 'deafferented' digits. We remapped cutaneous receptive fields (RFs) within adjacent intact dorsal rootlets two to four months after lesioning. RF distributions had greatly expanded, so that rootlets previously innervating adjacent hand regions now responded to stimulation of the index finger and/or thumb. Thus our results demonstrate peripherally mediated central reorganization.

关键词：传入通路/细胞学传入通路/损伤传入通路/病理生理学轴突/生理学脑图电生理学反馈指/神经支配指/病理生理学神经节脊/细胞学神经节脊/病理生理学成束猴神经元可塑性/生理学神经元传入/细胞学神经元传入/生理学物理刺激感觉阈/生理学躯体感觉皮质/细胞学躯体感觉皮质/病理生理学脊神经根/细胞学脊神经根/损伤脊神经根/病理生理学拇指/神经支配拇指/病理生理学时间因素动物

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Effects of acute and chronic midthoracic spinal cord injury on neural circuits for male sexual function. I. Ascending pathways

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JOURNAL OF NEUROPHYSIOLOGY 1999年第3期82卷 1381-1389页

作者： Hubscher, CH Johnson, RD Univ Florida Coll Vet Med Dept Physiol Sci Gainesville FL 32610 USA Univ Florida Inst Brain Gainesville FL 32610 USA

Normal male reproductive function, particularly ejaculation, requires the integrity of urogenital sensory input and its ascending spinal projections. After midthoracic chronic spinal cord injury, sexual dysfunction occurs in both rats and humans. Neurons in the medullary reticular formation (MRF) are involved in the processing of bilaterally convergent sensory inputs from multiple cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral regions of the body, including the penis and male urogenital tract. A variety of acute and chronic lesions were used to determine the midthoracic location of ascending spinal pathways conveying sensory input from the penis and male urogenital tract to MRF. A total of 371 single neurons were recorded in the MRF of 34 urethan-anesthetized mature male rats. Twenty-seven rats received a chronic T-8 dorsal (DHx) or lateral (LHx) hemisection or contusion (Cx) injury 30 days before the terminal electrophysiological experiments. In addition, nine dorsal nerve of the penis (DNP)responsive MRF neurons in seven intact control animals were tested completely both before and after various select acute spinal cord lesions. The chronic lesion data indicate that low and high threshold input from the penis (mucocutaneous) and male urogenital tract (visceral) ascend bilaterally within the dorsal quadrant at T-8 as opposed to high threshold input from the hindpaws (cutaneous), which ascends unilaterally in the ventrolateral quadrant (VLQ). The acute lesion data indicate that the low-threshold information conveyed from the penis and male urogenital tract ascends in the dorsal columns, as opposed to the high-threshold nociceptive inputs that ascend bilaterally in the dorsolateral quadrant (DLQ). These results, as well as previous data on ascending projections from female reproductive organs within the dorsal columns and DLQ to other caudal brain stem nuclei, provide evidence for ascending pathways conveying nociceptive information centrally via the DLQ. This spinal gray-DL

关键词：急性病传入通路/病理生理学慢性病挫伤/病理生理学电刺激后肢/病理生理学阴茎/病理生理学物理刺激大鼠 Wistar 性行为动物/生理学脊髓损伤/病理生理学胸部泌尿生殖系统/病理生理学动物男(雄)性大鼠

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Cardiac afferents and neurohormonal activation in congestive heart failure

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MEDICAL HYPOTHESES 2000年第2期54卷 242-253页

作者： Davila, DF Donis, JH Bellabarba, G Torres, A Casado, J de Davila, CM Univ Los Andes Ctr Invest Cardiovasc Dept Pediat Merida Venezuela

Cardiac chambers have afferent connections to the brainstem and to the spinal cord, Vagal afferents mediate depressor responses and become activated by volume expansion, increased myocardial contractility and atrial natriuretic factor. Sympathetic afferents, on the contrary, are activated by metabolic mediators, myocardial ischemia and cardiac enlargement. These opposite behaviors may lead to activation or suppression of the sympathetic nervous system and of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. As cardiac diseases progress, the heart dilates, plasma norepinephrine increases, atrial natriuretic factor is released and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is suppressed to maintain water and sodium excretion. This dissociation of the neurohormonal profile of cardiac patients, may be explained by coactivation of sympathetic afferents, by cardiac dilatation, and of vagal afferents by atrial natriuretic factor. in more advanced stages, atrial natriuretic factor suppression of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is overridden by overt sympathetic activation and sodium and water retention ensues. Digitalis, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and beta-blockers selectively decrease cardiac adrenergic drive. A common mechanism of action, to all three groups of drugs, would be attenuation of sympathetic afferents and partial normalization of vagal afferents. Consequently, heart size and cardiac afferents emerge as the key factors to understand the pathophysiology and treatment of the syndrome of congestive heart failure. (C) 2000 Harcourt Publishers Ltd.

关键词：传入通路/生理学传入通路/病理生理学心钠素/生理学脑干/生理学脑干/病理生理学模型心血管模型神经学心肌收缩去甲肾上腺素/生理学肾素-血管紧张素系统脊髓/生理学脊髓/病理生理学迷走神经/生理学迷走神经/病理生理学动物人类

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Reduction in renal haemodynamics by exaggerated vesicovascular reflex in rats with acute urinary retention

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JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LONDON 2000年第2期526卷 397-408页

作者： Chien, CT Yu, HJ Cheng, YJ Wu, MS Chen, CF Hsu, SM Natl Taiwan Univ Coll Med Dept Physiol Taipei 10018 Taiwan Natl Taiwan Univ Coll Med Dept Urol Taipei 10018 Taiwan Natl Taiwan Univ Coll Med Dept Internal Med Taipei 10018 Taiwan Natl Taiwan Univ Coll Med Dept Pathol Taipei 10018 Taiwan Natl Taiwan Univ Hosp Off Clin Res Taipei Taiwan

1. We examined the possibility that a vesicovascular reflex is exaggerated by acute urinary retention, and that the increase in renal vascular resistance caused by this reflex may lead to renal dysfunction. We evaluated the vesicovascular responses to normal micturition (NM, transcystometric condition) and acute urinary retention (isovolumetric condition mimicking complete bladder-outlet obstruction (CBOO) and partial urethral ligation mimicking partial bladder-outlet obstruction (PBOO)) in anaesthetized female Wistar rats. 2. Acute urinary retention due to CBOO or PBOO provoked a prolonged or increased intravesical pressure, an enhancement in both bladder pelvic afferent and bladder pelvic efferent nervous activity, and an elevation in mean arterial blood pressure. 3. Single-unit analysis showed that these vesicovascular reflexes were triggered by activation of low-threshold and high-threshold bladder mechanoreceptors, but not by renal uretropelvic mechanoreceptors. 4. Bladder contraction in CBOO and PBOO conditions and graded increases in bladder volume significantly reduced renal blood flow and cortical microvascular blood flow. The acute urinary retention-induced renal vasoconstriction was mediated by the renal nerve. Renal denervation, but not bilateral ureteral resection, abolished the renal vasoconstriction associated with the vesicovascular reflexes. 5. These findings indicate that exaggerated activation of bladder afferents exerts a positive feedback effect to increase sympathetic outflow to the kidney further, thereby contributing to significant renal vasoconstriction via a renal nerve-dependent mechanism.

关键词：传入通路/病理生理学传出通路/病理生理学血流动力学/生理学大鼠 Wistar 反射/生理学肾循环/生理学交感神经系统/病理生理学尿道梗阻/病理生理学膀胱/神经支配膀胱/病理生理学膀胱疾病/病理生理学尿潴留/病理生理学排尿/生理学动物女(雌)性大鼠

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Neural response of mechanoreceptors to acute inflammation in the rotator cuff of the shoulder joint in rabbits

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ACTA ORTHOPAEDICA SCANDINAVICA 1999年第2期70卷 137-140页

作者： Yamashita, T Minaki, Y Takebayashi, T Sakamoto, N Ishii, S Sapporo Med Univ Dept Orthopaed Surg Chuo Ku Sapporo Hokkaido 0608543 Japan

We examined with electrophysiological techniques the effects of experimentally induced inflammation on the mechanosensitive afferent units in the rotator cuff of the shoulder joint of 21 rabbits. We identified 21 mechanosensitive units belonging to group iii. 12 units had mechanical thresholds of > 7.0 g and 9 units had thresholds of < 7.0 g. After injection of inflammatory agents, kaolin and carrageenan, into the joint space, ongoing afferent discharge rates increased in all units. The average discharge rate increased significantly from 7 imp/s to 15 imp/s after injection. 5 units had a decreased mechanical threshold after the injection. Acute inflammation seems to have an excitatory and sensitizing effect on the high- and low-threshold units in the rotator cuff.

关键词：急性病传入通路/病理生理学角叉菜胶疾病模型动物电生理学炎症白陶土机械感受器/病理生理学回旋套/神经支配感觉阈肩关节/神经支配肌腱病/化学诱导肌腱病/免疫学肌腱病/病理生理学动物人类男(雄)性兔

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Visceral nociception.

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Current review of pain 2000年第6期4卷 478-487页

作者： Westlund, K.N. Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences University of Texas Medical Branch 301 University Boulevard Galveston 77555 TX United States

Visceral pain is of great concern to the medical community because it remains particularly resistant to current clinical treatments. A serendipitous and initially unexplainable clinical finding that a punctate midline dorsal column lesion is effective in eliminating visceral pain, however, has initiated a resurgence of interest in the study of the basic mechanisms of visceral nociception. Clinical and anatomic findings have determined that visceral pain either of thoracic or pelvic origin can be relieved by carefully placed lesions directed at the lateral edge or the medial edge of the gracile fasciculus, respectively. Studies are demonstrating that visceral pain is quite unique from cutaneous pain.

关键词：传入通路/病理学传入通路/病理生理学脑干/病理学脑干/病理生理学疼痛感受器/代谢疼痛/病理学疼痛/病理生理学后角细胞/代谢受体神经递质/药物作用受体神经递质/代谢丘脑/病理学丘脑/病理生理学内脏传入神经/病理学内脏传入神经/病理生理学人类

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Visceral pain.

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Current review of pain 2000年第6期4卷 499-506页

作者： Joshi, S.K. Gebhart, G.F. Department of Pharmacology The University of Iowa College of Medicine 2-302 Bowen Science Building Iowa City 52242 IA United States

Visceral pain, although different from somatic pain in several important features, is not as widely researched and consequently our knowledge of neurophysiologic mechanisms as well as clinical management of visceral pain states remains unsatisfactory. Several recent studies have employed different visceral pain animal models to provide insight into the peripheral and central nervous system mechanisms underlying pain originating from the urinary bladder, ureter, and gastrointestinal tract. The effects of opioid and nonopioid drugs in these models have also been evaluated and are reviewed in this article. The importance of anatomic pathways relaying pain sensation in the central nervous system, particularly the newly described dorsal column pathway, is also discussed. In human subjects, new techniques like positron emission tomography are now being used to better understand visceral pain perception. Such findings deriving from basic animal research and human studies summarized in the present overview lead to a better understanding of visceral pain states and may be helpful in developing better treatment strategies to combat visceral pain states in the clinical setting.

关键词：传入通路/病理学传入通路/病理生理学脑/病理学脑/病理生理学消化系统/神经支配消化系统/病理学消化系统/病理生理学疾病模型动物疼痛感受器/药物作用疼痛感受器/代谢疼痛/病理学疼痛/病理生理学受体神经肽/药物作用受体神经肽/代谢输尿管/神经支配输尿管/病理学输尿管/病理生理学膀胱/神经支配膀胱/病理学膀胱/病理生理学内脏/神经支配内脏/病理学内脏/病理生理学内脏传入神经/病理学内脏传入神经/病理生理学动物人类

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