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BODYPLETHYSMOGRAPHY IN HEALTHY CHILDREN - MEASUREMENT OF INTRATHORACIC GAS VOLUME AND AIRWAY-RESISTANCE

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 1976年第1期124卷 13-21页

作者： HARDT, HVD LEBEN, M MED HSCH HANOVER CHILDRENS HOSP DIV PEDIAT PULM D-3000 HANOVER 61 FED REP GER

In 94 healthy children, 6-15 years of age, the intrathoracic gas volume at resting expiratory level (TVG) was measured by means of a pressure corrected flow body plethysmograph and compared to functional residual capacity (FRC), measured simultaneously to TGV by means of the Helium dilution technique. TGV is 1.9% (+/- 11.7% SD) smaller than FRC, this difference being not significant (P greater than 0.05). A predicted equation for TGV (in ml) in correlation to standing height (in cm) is published in boys and girls. In 82 healthy children, 6-15 years of age, airway resistance (Raw) was measured plethysmographically. Raw(in cmH2O/1/s) is smaller, the larger is the child (r = -0.57; P less than 0.01), the residual standard deviation around the regression line is considerable (29%) and corresponding to the value, published previously for total pulmonary flow resistance. Difficulties in the evaluation of recorded resistance curves as well as calculation and lung volume correction of the Raw-value are discussed.

关键词：年龄因素气道阻力功能残气量肺容量测定体积描记术全身参考值性别因素青少年儿童女(雌)性人类男(雄)性

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EVALUATION OF IMPEDANCE CARDIOGRAPHY AS A NON-INVASIVE MEANS OF MEASURING SYSTOLIC-TIME INTERVALS AND CARDIAC-OUTPUT

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ACTA ANAESTHESIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 1975年第3期19卷 210-218页

作者： RASMUSSEN, JP SORENSEN, B KANN, T GENTOFTE HOSP DEPT ANESTHESIA 22900 HELLERUPDENMARK

Impedance cardiography was used for non-invasive determinations of systolic time intervals (STI) and cardiac output. The results were compared with simultaneously obtained invasive measurements of STI from central aortic pressure curves and of cardiac output using the dye-dilution technique. The study was performed on eight dogs during increasing halothane concentration. A close correlation was found between non-invasively and invasively measured left ventricular ejection time = LVET (r = 0.986) and pre-ejection period - PEP (r - 0.948). Measurements of cardiac output derived from changes in thoracic impedance were determined 1) using a fixed value of p (p - the resistivity of blood) and 2) using an individual value of p based on the actual hematocrits. When compared to cardiac outputs obtained by dye-dilution the correlation coefficients were r = 0.806 and r = 0.816, respectively. Impedance cardiography is a useful method of evaluating changes in cardiac output. The method permits simultaneous observations of changes in STI and cardiac output as an index of cardiac function.

关键词：主动脉血压/药物作用二氧化碳/血液心排血量/药物作用抑制化学性染料稀释技术氟烷/药理学心率/药物作用氧/血液分压体积描记术阻抗/方法刺激化学性时间因素动物狗

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CURRENT VIEWS AND FUTURE PROGRAMS IN CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY IN SPACE

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ACTA ASTRONAUTICA 1981年第9-10期8卷 939-950页

作者： KIRSCH, KA VONAMELN, H DepartmentofPhysiology FreeUniversityofBerlinFRG.

The volume shift of 2000 cm3 from the lower to the upper part of the human body during weightlessness gave rise to theoretical and practical questions which are addressed in this communication. The analysis revealed that the mobilized fluid reduced the interstitial fluid of the lower extremities by 40%. Applying the current ideas in the field of interstitial tissue physiology to these problems, one must conclude that the fluid displacement can only be brought about by a change of the interstitial tissue compliance. Based on the observations made by the astronauts and on our working hypothesis, a method was proposed to follow the fluid migration and to measure the tissue compliance in man. Results are reported from experiments under terrestrial conditions. They show that the tissue compliance indeed can be modulated. Applying the method in space can eventually help to clarify several concepts in terrestrial physiology.

关键词：适应生理学/生理学航天医学心血管生理学细胞外隙体液转移/生理学下身负压体积描记术宇宙飞行倾斜台试验失重人类

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A comparative respiratory sensitization study of 2,4-and 2,6-toluene diisocyanate using guinea pigs

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INHALATION TOXICOLOGY 2000年第7期12卷 605-615页

作者： Shiotsuka, RN Warren, DL Halliburton, AT Sturdivant, DW Bayer Corp Div Agr Stilwell KS USA Bayer Corp Div Agr Shawnee KS USA Bayer Corp Div Agr Kansas City KS USA

The potential exposure of workers to both 2,4-toluene diisocyanate (2,4-TDI) and 2,6-TDI led to an investigation of the comparative respiratory sensitization potential of these two isomer. Separate groups of guinea pigs were either sham exposed or exposed to one of the isomers 3 h/day for 5 consecutive days (sensitization phase). The mean concentration during the sensitization phase ranged from 1.29 to 1.40 ppm. The animals were then conventionally housed for 2 wk and challenged for 1 h on 3 subsequent weeks with either the same isomer or the alternate isomer. The first 2 wk of the challenge phase involved exposure to TDI vapor (18 to 46 ppb), whereas the third challenge was to an aerosol of TDI-guinea pig serum albumin (GPSA) conjugate (18 to 32 mg/m(3)). The endpoint used to detect both immediate-onset and delayed-onset hypersensitivity responses was respiratory rare. Body weights and clinical signs were also recorded. There were clear decrements in iz eight gain in response to the wk I exposure to either isomer of TDI. bur no isomer-specific differences were observed. Clinical signs revealed irritation to the respiratory tract only during the sensitization phase. A single animal challenged with TDI-GPSA may have experienced a severe anaphylactic response during the challenge phase. The incidence of immediate-onset hypersensitivity responses resulting from challenge with TDI vapor was less robust and less consistent than that resulting from challenge with the TDI-GPSA conjugate. All groups sensitized with either isomer showed an increased incidence of responders. Tl,ere was no apparent difference between the two isomers. The delayed-onset phase produced more spontaneous variability in spontaneous respiratory rates and was not amenable to analysis for response to TDI challenge. Thus, no isomer dependent differences were observed.

关键词：投药吸入气雾剂过敏反应/病因学体重/药物作用药物过敏/病因学药物过敏/病理生理学半抗原/投药和剂量半抗原/免疫学吸入暴露体积描记术全身呼吸/药物作用呼吸超敏反应/化学诱导呼吸超敏反应/病理生理学血清白蛋白/免疫学动物豚鼠男(雄)性

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Repeated pulmonary function measurements in rats after intratracheal instillation of a polyamine textile pigment component

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INHALATION TOXICOLOGY 2000年第7期12卷 591-604页

作者： Pauluhn, J Bayer AG Inst Toxicol D-42096 Wuppertal Germany

The pulmonary response of Wistar rats to a cumulative dose of 1 mg/kg body weight of a polymeric alpha,omega-diamine was examined using the intratracheal route of administration. instillation of the test substance was on days 0 and 7 followed by a 3-month postobservation period. Static and dynamic pulmonary function tests, including arterial blood gas determinations, were performed during wk 5, 9, and 13. At all time points, significantly depressed flow-volume corves, reduced quasistatic compliance, and reduced vital capacity were observed. These tl cre associated with increases of residual volume and functional residual capacity in the presence of unremarkable changes of total lung capacity (TLC). One of the most predominant dysfunctions of the lung war a severe maldistribution of ventilation, indicated by the single-breath nitrogen washout lest. The carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (DLCO), in turn, was only mildly decreased, and differences between treatment and control groups did not reach statistical significance. Assessment of arterial blood gases demonstrated a statistically significantly increased venous admixture with subsequent slight hypoxemia. In summary, the predominant dysfunction appeared to be consistent with an obstructive rather than restrictive lung disease. The functional changes observed may account for the effect on arterial blood gases, suggesting a mismatch of the ventilation-perfusion relationship. Either measurement appear to demonstrate a relative stable dysfunction during the 3-mo postinstillation observation period. Collectively, this study supports the view held that polymeric alpha,omega-diamines appear to be potent pneumotoxicants.

关键词：血气分析着色剂/投药和剂量着色剂/毒性插管法气管内肺/药物作用肺/病理生理学肺疾病阻塞性/血液肺疾病阻塞性/化学诱导肺疾病阻塞性/病理生理学尼龙/毒性体积描记术全身聚氨基甲酸酯类/投药和剂量聚氨基甲酸酯类/毒性随机分配大鼠 Wistar 呼吸功能试验无特异性病原体有机物动物男(雄)性大鼠

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Effects of hard metal on nitric oxide pathways and airway reactivity to methacholine in rat lungs

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TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY 1999年第3期157卷 178-191页

作者： Rengasamy, A Kommineni, C Jones, JA Fedan, JS NIOSH Hlth Effects Lab Div Pathol & Physiol Res Branch Morgantown WV 26505 USA

To examine whether the development of hard metal (HM)-induced occupational asthma and interstitial lung disease involves alterations in nitric oxide (NO) pathways, we examined the effects of an industrial HM mixture on NO production, interactions between HM and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on NO pathways, and alterations in airway reactivity to methacholine in rat lungs. HM (2.5 to 5 mg/100 g intratracheal) increased NO synthase (NOS;EC 1.14.23) activity of rat lungs at 24 h without increasing inducible NOS (iNOS) or endothelial NOS (eNOS) mRNA abundance or iNOS, eNOS, or brain NOS (bNOS) proteins. The increase in NOS activity correlated with the appearance histologically of nitrotyrosine immunofluorescence in polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) and macrophages. Intraperitoneal injection of LPS (1 mg/kg) caused up-regulation of iNOS activity, mRNA, and protein at 8 h but not at 24 h. HM at 2.5 mg/100 g, but not at 5 mg/100 g, potentiated the LPS-induced increase in NOS activity, iNOS mRNA, and protein. However, HM decreased eNOS activity at 8 h and eNOS protein at 24 h. Whole body plethysmography on conscious animals revealed that HM caused basal airway obstruction and a marked hyporeactivity to inhaled methacholine by 6-8 h, which intensified over 30-32 h. HM-treatment caused protein leakage into the alveolar space, and edema, fibrin formation, and an increase in the number of inflammatory cells in the lungs and in the bronchoalveolar lavage. These results suggest that a HM-induced increase in NO production by pulmonary inflammatory cells is associated with pulmonary airflow abnormalities in rat lungs.

关键词：空气污染物/毒性印迹法蛋白质支气管肺泡灌洗液/化学支气管肺泡灌洗液/细胞学支气管收缩药/投药和剂量支气管收缩药/诊断应用细胞计数铬/毒性钴/毒性铁/毒性肺/药物作用肺/代谢肺/病理学肺/病理生理学金属/毒性氯醋甲胆碱/投药和剂量氯醋甲胆碱/诊断应用一氧化氮/代谢一氧化氮合酶/生物合成一氧化氮合酶/代谢体积描记术全身 RNA 信使/生物合成大鼠 Sprague-Dawley 呼吸功能试验逆转录聚合酶链反应悬液钨/毒性酪氨酸/类似物和衍生物酪氨酸/代谢动物男(雄)性大鼠

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REACTIONS IN GLASS-IONOMER CEMENTS .4. EFFECT OF CHELATING COMONOMERS ON SETTING BEHAVIOR

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JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH 1976年第3期55卷 489-495页

作者： WILSON, AD CRISP, S FERNER, AJ LAB GOVT CHEM DEPT INDLONDON SE1 9NQENGLAND

The effect of the addition of chelating comonomers, to the polyacid liquids, on the setting characteristics of the glass-ionomer cement system is described. Certain acid chelating agents significantly improve the sett... 详细信息

关键词：丙烯酸树脂类螯合剂化学物理牙科黏固剂玻璃硬度体积描记术阻抗时间因素

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OBSERVATIONS ON BLOOD-FLOW RELATED ELECTRICAL-IMPEDANCE CHANGES IN RIGID TUBES

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PFLUGERS ARCHIV-EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1976年第2-3期366卷 289-291页

作者： VISSER, KR LAMBERTS, R KORSTEN, HHM ZIJLSTRA, WG STATE UNIV GRONINGEN DEPT ANAESTHESIOL GRONINGEN NETHERLANDS STATE UNIV GRONINGEN CHEM PHYSIOL LAB GRONINGEN NETHERLANDS

Mammalian blood in pulsatile flow through a rigid tube was anisotropic with regard to its electrical conductivity. When flow increased there was a rise in conductivity in the longitudinal and a fall in the radial dire... 详细信息

关键词：血流速度血液生理学现象心排血量导电性红细胞哺乳动物体积描记术阻抗流变学动物人类

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PULSATILE CHANGES OF ELECTRICAL-IMPEDANCE IN LOWER-LIMB

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BRITISH JOURNAL OF SURGERY 1976年第12期63卷 907-909页

作者： SCHRAIBMAN, IG NAYLOR, GP SMITH, K PATEL, P CHARLESWORTH, DD UNIV HOSP S MANCHESTER DEPT SURGMANCHESTER M20 8LRENGLAND UNIV HOSP S MANCHESTER DEPT MED PHYSMANCHESTER M20 8LRENGLAND

The ratio of the pulsatile and the mean value of the volume of blood flowing through the calves of normal subjects with each heart beat was calculated from electrical impedance changes during venous occlusion plethysmography. Measurements made concurrently by proven Doppler ultrasound techniques did not correlate with ratios derived from the impedance measurements. The pulsatile change in electrical impedance in the limbs appears to be due more to changes of resistance in the blood than to pulsatile changes in the volume of the limb.

关键词：多普勒效应导电性腿/血液供给体积描记术阻抗脉搏超声学青少年成年人老年人女(雌)性人类男(雄)性中年人

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Introduction to pulmonary function

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OTOLARYNGOLOGIC CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA 2008年第2期41卷 387-+页

作者： Chu, Michael W. Han, Joseph K. Eastern Virginia Med Sch Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg Div Rihnol & Endoscop Sinus & Skull Base Surg Norfolk VA 23507 USA

Asthma is a dynamic and complex inflammatory disease. Recent research suggests that it is a manifestation of a systemic disorder of the entire respiratory system including both upper and lower airways. The diagnosis of asthma can be made based on clinical history;physical findings, and pulmonary function tests such as spirometry. In children, spirometry may be difficult;therefore, diurnal changes in peak expiratory flow rate can be used instead to assist in the diagnosis of asthma. Increasing the use of objective pulmonary measures will help better identify and monitor treatment of lower respiratory inflammatory disease.

关键词： Asthma Humans Lung Plethysmography Spirometry 哮喘肺体积描记术肺量测定法 Lung Asthma Peak Expiratory Flow Rate Plethysmography pulmonary function Respiratory System Spirometry Inflammatory Disorder

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