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MOMENTS APPLIED IN THE MANUAL ASSEMBLY OF SPACE STRUCTURES - EASE BIOMECHANICS RESULTS FROM STS-61B

ACTA ASTRONAUTICA 1989年第12期19卷 973-979页

作者： COUSINS, D AKIN, DL Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge USA.

Measurements of the level and pattern of moments applied in the manual assembly of a space structure were made in extravehicular activity (EVA) and neutral buoyancy simulation (NBS). The Experimental Assembly of Structures in EVA program included the repeated assembly of a 3.6 m tetrahedral truss structure in EVA on STS-61B after extensive neutral buoyancy crew training. The flight and training structures were of equivalent mass and geometry to allow a direct correlation between EVA and NBS performance. A stereo photographic motion camera system was used to reconstruct in three dimensions rotational movements of structural beams during assembly. Moments applied in these manual handling tasks were calculated on the basis of the reconstructed movements taking into account effects of inertia, drag and virtual mass. Applied moments of 2.0 Nm were typical for beam rotations in EVA. Corresponding applied moments in NBS were typically up to five times greater. Moments were applied as impulses separated by several seconds of coasting in both EVA and NBS. Decelerating impulses were only infrequently observed in NBS.

关键词：算法宇航员/教育生物力学宇航员舱外活动设施的设计和建造摄影术宇宙飞行/仪器和设备宇宙模拟作业完成和分析失重人类

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Bright light as a chronobiological countermeasure for shiftwork in space

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ACTA ASTRONAUTICA 1995年第8-12期36卷 669-683页

作者： Samel, A Gander, P [*] DLR-Institue of Aerospace Medicine Under Hohe D-51147 Koln Germany [?] SJSU Foundation NASA-Ames Research Cebter Moffett Field/CA USA

Work-rest schedules during long duration space missions involve several factors which could disrupt sleep and circadian temporal organisation: (1) displacement of sleep due to two-shift operations;(2) planned or unplanned schedule changes due to operational requirements;(3) social and light zeitgebers different from those on earth;(4) changes in the gravitational exposure. Timed bright light treatment has the potential to accelerating adaptation to schedule changes. Four male subjects were exposed to two sessions of 11 d of simulated microgravity (6 degrees head down tilt bedrest) with 6-h extensions of the wake period on 2 days (12-h phase delay). In a blind crossover design, subjects were exposed to bright light (>3500 lux) for 5 h on each of the 2 shift days and the following day, at times either expected to accelerate the adjustment to the phase delay (experimental condition) or to have no phase shifting effect (control condition). Sleep was recorded polygraphically, the circadian system was monitored by recordings of heart rate and body temperature, and by collection of urine (electrolyte and hormone excretion). Only the rhythms of 6-hydroxymelatoninsulphate and potassium excretions showed significantly enhanced adjustment under the experimental condition. Different rhythms adapted to the 12-h delay at different rates, comparable to those observed after time zone shifts. Sleep was shorter in simulated weightlessness than in normal ambulatory age-matched subjects, consistent with the shorter sleep durations characteristic of space flight. These results confirm the disruptive effects of wake-rest schedule shifts on sleep and circadian rhythms. Contrary to our initial hypothesis, 5-h exposures to bright light finishing at the time of the circadian temperature minimum were not more effective at accelerating adjustment to a 12-h schedule delay than exposures coinciding with the temperature maximum. We conclude that, while bright light may accelerate adjustment to wo

关键词：适应生理学/辐射效应航天医学卧床休息体温昼夜节律/辐射效应肾上腺素/尿头低位心率氢化可的松/尿光去甲肾上腺素/尿光疗法钾/尿睡眠/辐射效应钠/尿宇宙飞行作业完成和分析失重模拟工作安排忍受成年人人类男(雄)性

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The use of micro-worlds for human factors research in extended spaceflight

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ACTA ASTRONAUTICA 2000年第1期46卷 37-45页

作者： Sauer, J Ruhr Univ Bochum Dept Psychol D-44780 Bochum Germany

This article provides an analysis of the utility of micro-worlds for human factors research in extended spaceflight. It outlines potential areas of application of the micro-world research paradigm in the context of spaceflight. While the research literature provides several examples of micro-worlds that simulate different work environments of high complexity, little work has been done with this tool in the operational environment of spaceflight. The author presents a micro-world, called CAMS, that has been especially developed for use in space related research. The results from a research programme (comprising seven studies using CAMS) are presented. Based on a comparative analysis of the benefits and limitations of micro-worlds compared to other simulation types, the author argues that microworlds can be a very effective tool, provided their inherent limitations are taken into consideration. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词：宇航员/教育宇航员/心理学计算机模拟评价研究人体工程生命保障系统社会隔绝宇宙飞行宇宙模拟宇宙飞船作业完成和分析用户计算机接口失重工作负荷量人类

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PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE - THE UNITED-STATES EVA PROGRAM

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ACTA ASTRONAUTICA 1994年第1期32卷 5-14页

作者： MCBARRON, JW NASA Johnson Space Center Houston TX 77058 U.S.A.

This paper provides an overview and summary of U.S. extravehicular activity accomplishments of the last 26 years, Space Shuttle missions having scheduled extravehicular activities to be performed over the next several years, extravehicular activities expected to be necessary to support Space Station Freedom assembly tasks and operations, and potential extravehicular activity roles of the NASA Space Exploration Initiative Program.

关键词：宇航员设备设计宇航员舱外活动生命保障系统/仪器和设备约束身体的宇宙飞行/仪器和设备宇宙飞行/发展趋势航天服/发展趋势宇宙飞船作业完成和分析美国美国国家航空和宇宙航行管理局失重人类

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EXTRAVEHICULAR ACTIVITY TRAINING AND HARDWARE DESIGN CONSIDERATION

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ACTA ASTRONAUTICA 1995年第1期36卷 13-26页

作者： THUOT, PJ HARBAUGH, GJ Astronaut Office National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Houston TX 77058 U.S.A.

Preparing astronauts to perform the many complex extravehicular activity (EVA) tasks required to assemble and maintain Space Station will be accomplished through training simulations in a variety of facilities. The adequacy of this training is dependent on a thorough understanding of the task to be performed, the environment in which the task will be performed, high-fidelity training hardware and an awareness of the limitations of each particular training facility. Designing hardware that can be successfully operated, or assembled, by EVA astronauts in an efficient manner, requires an acute understanding of human factors and the capabilities and limitations of the space-suited astronaut. Additionally, the significant effect the microgravity environment has on the crew members' capabilities has to be carefully considered not only for each particular task, but also for all the overhead related to the task and the general overhead associated with EVA. This paper will describe various training methods and facilities that will be used to train EVA astronauts for Space Station assembly and maintenance. User-friendly EVA hardware design considerations and recent EVA flight experience will also be presented.

关键词：宇航员/教育设备设计宇航员舱外活动设施的设计和建造人体工程生命保障系统/仪器和设备约束身体的宇宙飞行/仪器和设备宇宙模拟/方法航天服作业完成和分析美国美国国家航空和宇宙航行管理局失重人类

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The immediate effects of glare and electrochromic glare-reducing mirrors in simulated truck driving

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HUMAN FACTORS 2000年第2期42卷 337-347页

作者： Ranney, TA Simmons, LA Masalonis, AJ USDOT VRTC Transportat Res Ctr Inc E Liberty OH 43319 USA Mitre Corp Mclean VA USA

In this experiment 12 experienced truck drivers drove a fixed-base driving simulator for three 8-h sessions under simulated nighttime driving conditions. Sessions included (a) no glare, (b) intermittent glare presented in the exterior rearview mirrors to simulate following vehicles, and (c) intermittent glare with electrochromic glare reduction. The driving task combined vehicle control on straight and curved road segments with detection of pedestrians appearing alongside the road and targets appearing in the rearview mirrors. The presence of glare slowed detection of pedestrians and, to a lesser extent, slowed the detection of targets appearing in mirrors. Glare was also associated with increased lane position variability, reduced speed on curves, and, most consistently, increased steering variability. We found only meager evidence that electrochromic glare reduction improved target detection performance and no evidence that glare reduction improved vehicle control, despite the fact that participants consistently voiced positive preferences for glare reduction. The results will aid decision making that requires incorporation of the benefits of electrochromic glare-reducing mirrors.

关键词：方差分析汽车驾驶采光机动车辆作业完成和分析时间因素成年人人类男(雄)性中年人

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The utility of event-based knowledge elicitation

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HUMAN FACTORS 2000年第1期42卷 24-35页

作者： Fowlkes, JE Salas, E Baker, DP Cannon-Bowers, JA Stout, RJ Univ Cent Florida Dept Psychol Orlando FL 32816 USA Amer Inst Res Washington DC USA USN Air Warface Ctr Training Syst Div Orlando FL USA Alignmark Orlando FL USA

The purpose of this investigation was to describe and evaluate an event-based knowledge elicitation technique. With this approach experts are provided with deliberate and controlled job situations, allowing investigation of specific task aspects and the comparison of expert responses. For this effort a videotape was developed showing an instructor pilot and student conducting a training mission. Various job situations were depicted in the video to gather information pertinent to understanding team situational awareness. The videotape was shown to 10 instructors and 10 student aviators in the community, and responses to the videotape were collected using a questionnaire at predetermined stop points. Consistent with expectations, the results showed that more experienced respondents (i.e., instructors) identified a richer database of cues and were more likely than students to identify strategies for responding to the situations depicted, providing some empirical evidence for the validity of the event-based technique. This method may serve as a useful knowledge elicitation technique, especially in the later stages of a job analysis when focused information is sought.

关键词：认知科学知识作业完成和分析录像磁带人类

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TELESCIENCE TESTBED EXPERIMENTS FOR BIOMEDICAL STUDIES - FERTILIZATION POTENTIAL RECORDING OF AMPHIBIAN EGGS USING TELE-MANIPULATION UNDER STEREOSCOPIC VISION

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ACTA ASTRONAUTICA 1994年第C期33卷 189-194页

作者： WATANABE, S TANAKA, M WADA, Y SUZUKI, H TAKAGI, S MORI, S FUKAI, K KANAZAWA, Y TAKAGI, M HIRAKAWA, K OGASAWARA, K TSUMURA, K OGAWA, K MATSUMOTO, K NAGAOKA, S SUZUKI, T SHIMURA, D YAMASHITA, M NISHIO, S [a]Research Institute of Environmental Medicine Nagoya University Nagoya Japan[b]Shimadzu Corporation Kyoto Japan[c]Fujitsu Ltd Tokyo Japan[d]National Space Development Agency of Japan Tsukuba Japan[e]Advanced Engineering Service Co. Ltd. Tokyo Japan[f]Institute of Space and Astronautical Sciences Kanagawa Japan[g]Kawasaki Heavy Industries Ltd. Gifu Japan

The telescience testbed experiments were carried out to test and investigate the tele-manipulation techniques in the intracellular potential recording of amphibian eggs. Implementation of telescience testbed was set up in the two separated laboratories of the Tsukuba Space center of NASDA, which were connected by tele-communication links. Manipulators respective for a microelectrode and a sample stage of microscope were moved by computers, of which command signals were transmitted from a computer in a remote control room. The computer in the control room was operated by an investigator (PI) who controlled the movement of each manipulator remotely. A stereoscopic vision of the microscope image were prepared by using a head mounted display (HMD) and were indispensable to the intracellular single cell recording. The fertilization potential of amphibian eggs was successfully obtained through the remote operating system.

关键词：深度知觉评价研究受精/生理学膜电位/生理学显微镜检查卵子/超微结构精神运动性行为机器人宇宙飞船/仪器和设备作业完成和分析远程医学/仪器和设备遥测术/仪器和设备爪蟾光滑动物女(雌)性男(雄)性

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Integration of radiologist peer review into clinical review workstation

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JOURNAL OF DIGITAL IMAGING 2000年第2期13卷 101-104页

作者： McEnery, KW Suitor, CT Hildebrand, S Downs, RL Univ Texas MD Anderson Canc Ctr Dept Diagnost Imaging Div Diagnost Imaging Houston TX 77030 USA

Professional peer review of random prior radiologist's interpretations is mandated by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO). The JCAHO expects documentation of 5% rate of random peer-review cases. Countless hours are spent in departments fulfilling these requirements. The integration of the peer-review process into the radiologist's interpretation workflow was expected to increase the percentage of documented peer review, yet decrease the time and effort for this documentation, radStation clinical review workstations are deployed at every reading station. When a requisition is bar-coded, radStation retrieves the patient's clinical information and automatically displays the prior comparison report. If the radiologist agrees with the prior report, a single click on a "quality assurance' agree box documents the agreement. In the case of a discordance, an additional dialog box automatically appears and the radiologist enters the reason for disagreement and then submits the case as a discrepancy. The system holds the discordance for 3 to 5 working days, then notifies the original radiologist via E-mail that a prior interpretation has been submitted for peer review, lists the submitted discrepancy reason, and provides a link to display the discordant report. The peer-review database is separate from the existing radiology information system (RIS). At the end of every month, summary reports of all peer-review activity are generated automatically. Initial benchmarks of our deployed system anticipate documentation of long-term random peer-review rate at greater than 50% of interpreted cases. The system enhances the peer-review process by integrating it with the normal interpretation workflow. The time to complete peer review using radStation is less than 1 second per normal case and less than 60 seconds for a discordant case. The E-mail notification system is fully automated, eliminating the need for secretarial involvement in the data col

关键词：计算机通信网络卫生保健组织鉴定联合委员会病案系统计算机化同行评议质量保证卫生保健放射学信息系统软件作业完成和分析用户计算机接口人类

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Group dynamics training for manned spaceflight and the CAPSULS mission: Prophylactic against incompatibility and its consequences?

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ACTA ASTRONAUTICA 1995年第8-12期36卷 567-573页

作者： Kass, R Kass, J [*] Concontia University Department of Applied Social Science Montreal Canada [**] OHB-System Space & Environmental Technology Operations/Human Factors Bremen Germany

On February 7, 1994, four Canadian Astronauts were sealed off in a hyperbaric chamber at the Canadian Government's Defense and Civil institute for Environmental Medicine in Toronto, Canada. This spacelab training mission lasted seven days and was the first to be conducted with astronauts outside of Russia. The objective of this mission was to give Canadian astronauts, space scientists and the staff of the Canadian Space Agency (CSA), the opportunity to gain first hand experience on preparational and operational aspects of a typical space mission. Twenty-one scientific experiments involving six countries from several disciplines were involved in this mission. This paper describes the goals and preliminary results of a psychological experiment/training program that used the CAPSULS mission as a test bed for its application in the manned space flight environment. The objective of this project was to enhance the understanding of small group behaviour with a view to maximizing team effectiveness and task accomplishment in teams living and working in isolation under difficult and confined conditions. The application of this model in the light of future missions is a key thesis in this paper.

关键词：航天医学宇航员/教育宇航员/心理学加拿大信息交流冲突(心理学) 决策政府机构团体处理人体工程在职培训人际关系领导士气问卷调查社会隔绝宇宙模拟作业完成和分析人类

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