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Childhood non-drug poisoning in Nnewi, Nigeria

TROPICAL DOCTOR 2000年第4期30卷 209-211页

作者： Orisakwe, OE Egenti, L Orish, C Coll Hlth Sci Dept Pharmacol Toxicol Unit Nnewi Anambra State Nigeria

While poisonings from developed nations have been extensively described there is a dearth of information on poisoning in societies which have different patterns of daily life, customs, products and beliefs. This study surveys childhood non-drug poisoning, the circumstances of exposure, prevalence demographics and products as well as therapy. The commonest poisoning is kerosene (paraffin), incidence was 2/1000 and the age at highest risk is 12-24 months. Often cases were inappropriately managed at home before arriving at the hospital.

关键词：年龄分布儿童福利/统计学和数值数据发病率煤油/中毒尼日利亚/流行病学中毒/流行病学中毒/预防和控制儿童儿童学龄前女(雌)性人类婴儿男(雄)性

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Cholecystectomy in Jamaican children with homozygous sickle-cell disease

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TROPICAL DOCTOR 2000年第4期30卷 214-216页

作者： Duncan, ND McDonald, AH Mitchell, DIG Univ Hosp W Indies Dept Surg Radiol Anesthesia & Intens Care Kingston 7 Jamaica

Twenty-seven children aged 18 years and under with homozygous sickle-cell disease had open cholecystectomy for symptomatic gallstones over the 12-year period 1985-1997. Emergency procedures (done during period of acute exacerbation of symptoms) were performed on 16 patients. Four with haemoglobin levels greater than 1 g/dl below their steady state received a simple blood transfusion preoperatively designed to raise haemoglobin levels to 10 g/dl. All had acute or acute on chronic cholecystitis based on histological examination of gallbladder specimens. Twelve had common bile duct stones. In two patients calculi were missed intraoperatively but these subsequently passed into the duodenum after a period saline irrigation via an in-situ t-tube. Six developed the acute chest syndrome (aetiology not determined) and this progressed to multi system failure and death in one. This high level of postoperative mobility and mortality may in part be due to the high proportion of emergency procedures.

关键词：贫血镰状细胞性/并发症儿童福利/统计学和数值数据胆囊切除术/死亡率胆囊切除术/统计学和数值数据胆结石/流行病学胆结石/病因学胆结石/外科学急诊处理牙买加/流行病学患病率青少年儿童女(雌)性人类男(雄)性

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Unprecedented decline in measles morbidity and mortality in Calabar, south-eastern Nigeria

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TROPICAL DOCTOR 2000年第4期30卷 207-209页

作者： Ekanem, EE Ochigbo, SO Kwagtsule, JU Univ Calabar Coll Med Sci Dept Paediat Calabar Nigeria

The features of measles presenting at the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, in south-eastern Nigeria between January 1992 to December 1996, were compared with those of a previous period (January 1984 to December 1987) in the same institution. The aim was to detect any changes in trends, morbidity and mortality from the infection in this environment. There were only 36 cases (7.2 per year) in the current period compared with 436 (109 per year) in the previous period (chi(2)=48.4, P < 0.0 01). There were also highly significant falls in the incidence of malnutrition and bronchopneumonia (P < 0.05) in the current period. Notably, there were no cases of dehydration or keratomalacia in the current period. The case fatality rate was 2.8% compared with 20.0% in the previous period (P < 0.02). These unprecedented changes in the incidence, morbidity and mortality from measles are attributed to the continuing Expanded Programme on Immunization, oral rehydration therapy, appropriate nutritional management and Vitamin A prophylaxis. With maintenance and strengthening of these strategies, the elimination of measles and measles deaths in the near future is feasible in this environment.

关键词：年龄分布儿童福利/统计学和数值数据补液疗法医院教学免疫接种程序表发病率麻疹/死亡率麻疹/预防和控制病案年患病率尼日利亚/流行病学回顾性研究维生素A/治疗应用儿童儿童学龄前女(雌)性人类婴儿男(雄)性

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Childcare needs of female street vendors in Mexico City

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HEALTH POLICY AND PLANNING 1996年第2期11卷 169-178页

作者： Hernandez, P Zetina, A Tapia, M Ortiz, C Soto, IC NATL PUBL HLTH INST CUERNAVACAMORELOSMEXICO INDEPENDENT RES EPIDEMIOL & BIOSTAT LINDAVISTAMEXICO UNIV NACL AUTONOMA MEXICO CUERNAVACA 62191MORELOSMEXICO NATL INST PERINATOL VIRREYESMEXICO

This article reports on strategies developed by female street vendors (vendedoras ambulantes) in Mexico City to ensure the care of their young children in the absence of a specific and operational government policy to fulfil this need. The information concerning child care and health was gathered by a survey of 426 street traders selected by multi-stage random cluster sampling in four of the administrative districts (delegaciones politicas) of Mexico City during 1990. It was found that, as mothers of young children, street vendors most frequently looked after their children personally on the street or left them with other members of the family. Related factors were availability of alternative child care providers in the family, the age of the children and working conditions of the mother. Children who remained on the streets with their mothers suffered more frequently from gastro-intestinal diseases and accidents than the national average. The incidence of acute respiratory diseases, however, was similar in the cases of maternal care in the street and care by family members in another environment. Existing public health measures show a greater concern for the health of food consumers than that of workers in this area. Current public policy seeks to regulate street vending activities and to concentrate traders in ad hoc areas and facilities. Our research results document the need for actions that can contribute to an improvement in the care and health conditions of these young children.

关键词：儿童抚育/组织和管理日托幼儿园/组织和管理儿童福利/统计学和数值数据聚类分析商业胃肠疾病/流行病学墨西哥/流行病学规划技术危险因素社会经济因素妇女就业儿童学龄前女(雌)性人类婴儿

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Barriers and facilitators to use of services following intensive family preservation services

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JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL HEALTH SERVICES & RESEARCH 1999年第1期26卷 39-49页

作者： Staudt, M Univ Tennessee Coll Social Work Knoxville TN 37996 USA

The primary caregivers of 101 families that used short-term, intensive home-based services were interviewed 2 months after the services to ascertain use of the recommended aftercare services, perceived barriers to service use, and perceived facilitators of service use. While 88% of the families accessed at least some of the recommended services, more than 50% failed to access all of the recommended aftercare services. The most often noted barriers to service use were enabling factors at the agency or community level. Yet, many of the services were used, and the respondents indicated that professionals played a role in helping them link to services. Researchers should continue to study the use of recommended aftercare services and the relationship between aftercare service use and critical outcomes.

关键词：情感症状/康复出院后医疗/利用行为疗法/统计学和数值数据儿童行为障碍/康复儿童福利/统计学和数值数据寄养家庭照护/利用卫生服务易得程度/统计学和数值数据家庭医疗保健服务/利用美国中西部青少年成年人儿童女(雌)性人类男(雄)性中年人

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An evaluation of the Baltimore Community Lead Education and Reduction Corps (CLEARCorps) program

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EVALUATION REVIEW 1998年第3期22卷 373-402页

作者： Duckart, JP 1]The Shriver Center

This evaluation examines the effectiveness of the Baltimore Community Lead Education and Reduction Corps (CLEARCorps) program in reducing lead dust levels in low-income urban housing in Baltimore, Maryland, through minor lead-reduction activities and tenant lead-poisoning prevention education. Lead dust data collected before and after lead-reduction activities show statistically significant mean declines for floors, window sills, and window wells. Limited data using sign tests also show that follow-up lead dust levels collected 6 months after the CLEARCorps intervention were significantly lower than preintervention lead levels, although there are many important limitations of this analysis, the findings suggest that in-place management may be an effective method in reducing childhood lead poisoning in high-risk areas.

关键词：巴尔的摩儿童福利/统计学和数值数据社区网络/统计学和数值数据置信区间粉尘/分析环境监测/方法环境监测/统计学和数值数据环境污染/分析健康教育/统计学和数值数据住房/标准铅/分析铅中毒/流行病学铅中毒/预防和控制纵向研究规划制订/标准方案评价/统计学和数值数据市区人口儿童儿童学龄前女(雌)性人类男(雄)性

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The determinants of infant and child mortality in Tanzania

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HEALTH POLICY AND PLANNING 1995年第4期10卷 384-394页

作者： Mturi, AJ Curtis, SL MACRO INT INC DEMOG & HLTH SURVEYSCALVERTONMD 20705

This paper investigates the determinants of infant and child mortality in Tanzania using the 1991/92 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey. A hazards model is used to assess the relative effect of the variables hypothesized to influence under-five mortality. Short birth intervals, teenage pregnancies and previous child deaths are associated with increased risk of death. The Government of the United Republic of Tanzania should therefore maintain its commitment to encouraging women to space their births at least two years apart and delay childbearing beyond the teenage years. Further, this study shows that there is a remarkable lack of infant and child mortality differentials by socioeconomic subgroups of the population, which may reflect post-independence health policy and development strategies. Whilst lack of socioeconomic differentials can be considered an achievement of government policies, mortality remains high so there is still a long way to go before Tanzania achieves its stated goal of 'Health for All'.

关键词：生育间隔出生顺序儿童福利/统计学和数值数据数据收集人口统计学卫生政策卫生服务研究健康调查婴儿死亡率多元分析危险因素社会经济因素坦桑尼亚/流行病学儿童学龄前人类婴儿婴儿新生

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Factors influencing the immunization status of children in a rural setting.

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Journal of pediatric health care : official publication of National Association of Pediatric Nurse Associates & Practitioners 2000年第3期14卷 117-121页

作者： Wilson, T. University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Nursing 221 Health Science Bldg Kansas City 64108-2676 MO United States

INTRODUCTION: The purposes of this study were to (a) assess parental perceptions of their decision making regarding children's vaccinations and (b) describe parents' evaluation of immunization services provided by rural clinics/offices. METHODS: A qualitative design was used in this study, which was conducted in rural Missouri. Twelve mothers of children younger than age 3 years with fewer than the recommended number of immunizations were interviewed using a semi-structured format. The interview results were analyzed using the constant comparative method. RESULTS: The following parental perceptions were identified as factors related to immunizations in this rural setting: knowledge of communicable diseases and vaccines, misperceptions about communicable diseases and vaccines, past experiences, competing tasks, transportation, health care personnel, need for reminders, health system, and cost. DISCUSSION: Two findings unique to this study were the importance of relationships with health care providers and the challenge of competing tasks. These findings, combined with the other factors identified, reinforced the importance of rural health care providers' maintaining a strong relationship with clients, providing accurate and timely information, and ensuring a readily accessible health care system.

关键词：健康态度儿童保健服务/标准儿童保健服务/利用儿童福利/统计学和数值数据决策健康知识态度实践健康状况免疫法/标准免疫法/利用密苏里母亲/教育母亲/心理学护理方法学研究问卷调查危险因素农村卫生/统计学和数值数据乡村卫生服务/标准乡村卫生服务/利用社会经济因素成年人儿童儿童学龄前女(雌)性人类婴儿男(雄)性

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