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Organophosphate pesticide residues in urine of farmworkers and their children in Fresno County, California

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE 2001年第5期40卷 571-577页

作者： Mills, PK Zahm, SH Canc Registry Cent Florida Fresno CA 93710 USA NCI Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet Bethesda MD 20892 USA

Background Childhood cancer, notably leukemia, brain cancer, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, soft tissue sarcoma, and Hodgkin's disease, has been associated with pesticide exposure, often with greater relative risks than among exposed adults, suggesting greater susceptibility, in children. These differences in risk may be due to developmental factors or differences in pesticide exposure. Methods A feasibility, study was conducted to determine levels of pesticide metabolites in urine of adults (n = 18) and children (n = 9) in Fresno County, California, an intensely agricultural county in the Central San Joaquin Valley. Spot urine samples were obtained and analyzed for six metabolites of organophosphate (OP) pesticides using gas chromatography with flame photometric detection methods. The metabolites of OP pesticides included DMP, DEP, DMTP, DMDTP, DETP, and DEDTP. Results Levels were generally low for both adults and children for most metabolites tested. Frequencies of detection ranged from 0 to 37%, with mean levels ranging from non-detectable to 13.22 pph. However levels of several metabolites were higher in children than in adults. The most frequently, detected metabolite, DMP, was found among 44% of the children and 33% of the adults. DMTP was detected among 33% of the children and 28% of the adults. Conclusions These results are difficult to interpret given the sampling variation associated with the small sample size. Nevertheless, because OP pesticides have been associated with increased cancer risk in animal and human studies, these results indicate a need to closely monitor children's exposure to environmental chemicals. (C) 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

关键词：农业/统计学和数值数据加利福尼亚环境暴露/分析可行性研究西班牙裔美国人/统计学和数值数据杀虫药/尿有机磷化合物农药残留量/尿儿童女(雌)性人类男(雄)性

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Nonfatal agricultural injuries among Colorado older male farmers

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JOURNAL OF AGING AND HEALTH 1999年第1期11卷 65-78页

作者： Xiang, HY Stallones, L Chiu, YL Colorado State Univ Dept Environm Hlth Colorado Injury Control Res Ctr Ft Collins CO 80523 USA

Objectives: This study described characteristics and potential risk factors for nonfatal agricultural injuries among alder male farmers age 60 years and older in Colorado. Methods: A telephone survey was conducted among 113 older male farmers between 1993 and 1995. Agricultural injuries and potential risk factors were evaluated. Results: A total of 27 injuries were sustained. The leading external cause of injuries was livestock, and most of the injuries affected lower and upper extremities of the body. Injured farmers were more likely to be persons who had gone deeply into debt or who were using prescription medications. Discussion: Older farmers are at risk of injuries. The study results support the need to consider physical limitations of aging in developing prevention programs in agriculture.

关键词：事故职业/统计学和数值数据农业/统计学和数值数据科罗拉多/流行病学问卷调查危险因素创伤和损伤/流行病学创伤和损伤/预防和控制人类男(雄)性中年人

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Safe handling of agricultural pesticides in Minnesota: Results of a county-wide educational intervention

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JOURNAL OF RURAL HEALTH 2000年第2期16卷 148-154页

作者： Mandel, JH Carr, WP Hillmer, T Leonard, PR Halberg, JU Sanderson, WT Mandel, JS 3M Ctr Dept Med St Paul MN 55144 USA Minnesota Dept Hlth Minneapolis MN 55414 USA Ridgeview Med Ctr Waconia MN USA Univ Minnesota Sch Publ Hlth Div Environm & Occupat Hlth Minneapolis MN 55455 USA NIOSH Ind Hyg Sect Industrywide Studies Branch Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Studies Morgantown WV 26505 USA

Safe pesticide handling in a group of Minnesota farmers, aged 40 years and older, was influenced through the use of a multifaceted, countywide educational intervention. Two intervention counties and two control counties were involved in this effort. The intervention consisted of mailed pesticide information to farm households, educational programs on pesticides for county physicians, elementary school training modules on pesticides and the use of safe pesticide handling displays in key business areas by agricultural extension agents. Five hundred eight farmers were identified as pesticide users (186 in the intervention counties and 322 in the control counties). The use of glows and other protective clothing whit handling pesticides increased in the intervention group. Improvement was greater in those who had used protective equipment the least before the intervention. From these results, it appears that a broad-based educational intervention might have a modest impact in how farmers protect themselves when using pesticides.

关键词：农业/教育农业/统计学和数值数据教育医学继续健康促进明尼苏达农药/标准防护服/统计学和数值数据安全成年人老年人女(雌)性人类男(雄)性中年人

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Factors associated with safe use of agricultural pesticides in Minnesota

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JOURNAL OF RURAL HEALTH 1996年第4期12卷 301-310页

作者： Mandel, JH Carr, WP Hillmer, T Leonard, PR Halberg, JU Sanderson, WT Mandel, JS UNIV MINNESOTA SCH PUBL HLTH MINNEAPOLIS MN 55455 USA

How farmers protect themselves against pesticide exposure has important public health consequences. To obtain insights into pesticide self-protection, this study obtained data on chemically resistant glove and other protective equipment use as they relate to the type of farming practice, demographic characteristics of farmers and their farming operations, farmers' preventive health beliefs and behaviors, and factors related to their health care. Data were obtained by telephone interviews conducted in six rural Minnesota counties. Survey respondents totaled 1,327 (82% response rate), with 502 reporting pesticide use. Ninety-five percent of the latter respondents believed in the effectiveness of protective equipment and 88 percent believed that pesticide exposures are harmful. Fifty-six percent of the subjects wore chemically resistant gloves and 22 percent wore other protective clothing 75 percent of the time or more when using pesticides. Glove use and certification to use restricted pesticides teas less frequent for women. The use of protective equipment in this group of Minnesota farmers was weakly related to being certified to apply restricted pesticides, believing in the effectiveness of protective clothing, believing that smoking causes serious health problems, using crop insecticides, and distance to a health care facility.

关键词：农业/统计学和数值数据手套防护/利用卫生保健调查健康知识态度实践明尼苏达肿瘤/病因学肿瘤/预防和控制职业暴露/预防和控制防护服/利用农村人口/统计学和数值数据美国女(雌)性人类男(雄)性

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Skin cancer prevention and detection practices in a Michigan farm population following an educational intervention

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JOURNAL OF RURAL HEALTH 1996年第4期12卷 311-320页

作者： Mullan, PB Gardiner, JC Rosenman, K Zhu, ZW Swanson, GM MICHIGAN STATE UNIV COLL HUMAN MED OMERAD E FEE HALL E LANSING MI 48824 USA

Farmers face an increased risk of skin cancer, presumed to be secondary to their increased occupational exposure to sunlight. This study examines skin cancer prevention and detection beliefs and practices among adult farmers in defined control and comparison farming communities in four contiguous counties of Michigan, before and after a community-based educational intervention. The educational intervention included mailing packets containing information on skin cancer risks and community sources for screening, disseminating articles in local newspapers on skin cancer prevention and control measures, and providing information and screening at local county fairs and agricultural community fairs. The responses of 2,999 survey participants were analyzed to identify the interrelationships among their beliefs and their descriptions of their (primary preventive) self-care and professional medical cave seeking (for detection and treatment) practices. Factors associated with the likelihood of skin cancer screening and with measures of knowledge and practices associated with medical care of skin cancer were examined. The intervention appeared to improve the practice of preventive behaviors and seeking medical care.

关键词：农业/统计学和数值数据卫生保健调查健康教育健康知识态度实践密执安职业卫生/统计学和数值数据方案评价问卷调查农村人口/统计学和数值数据皮肤肿瘤/预防和控制美国女(雌)性人类男(雄)性

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Cancer prevention strategies among California farmworkers: Preliminary findings

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JOURNAL OF RURAL HEALTH 1996年第4期12卷 343-348页

作者： Goldsmith, DF Sisneros, GC CALIF PUBL HLTH FDN AGR CANC PREVENT PROJECT2001 ADDISON STSUITE 210BERKELEYCA 94704 USA

This study was conducted to identify barriers to cancer prevention and evaluate the effectiveness of a cancer prevention project to increase screening for cervical and breast cancer among Spanish-speaking farmworkers in California's Central Valley. Bilingual health educators met with farmworker communities near Merced and Modesto, CA, to determine barriers that prevented women from seeking screening for breast and cervical cancer. Using information from focus groups and health fairs, a targeted outreach protocol was developed that will eventually enroll 2,500 farmworkers in a cancer education and screening program. Participants received a presentation in Spanish on breast and cervical cancer that included a pretest and post-test to assess increases in knowledge. Clients were encouraged to attend Golden Valley Health Centers Inc. (GVHC) to receive free breast and cervical cancer screenings. Vouchers, redeemable for modest personal hygiene gifts by clients, were tracked to assess prevention behavior when appointments were kept at GVHC. Sixty farmworkers attended focus groups and 363 attended health fairs to provide input to the cancer prevention program. As of December 1, 1995, 1,732 female farmworkers were enrolled in an outreach program designed to increase knowledge and promote cancer screening. Data from pretests and post-tests indicated a statistically significant increase in knowledge about cancer and its prevention among participants. Furthermore, 317 participants redeemed vouchers for cancer screenings at GVHC. Active community collaboration and culturally appropriate intervention strategies, employed in conjunction with clinical services, can be successful in increasing cancer prevention awareness and screenings among female farmworkers.

关键词：农业/统计学和数值数据乳腺肿瘤/流行病学乳腺肿瘤/预防和控制加利福尼亚/流行病学人口统计学健康教育/组织和管理卫生展览会健康知识态度实践普查/利用墨西哥裔美国人/统计学和数值数据职业卫生/统计学和数值数据试点项目方案评价农村人口/统计学和数值数据暂居者和移居者/统计学和数值数据宫颈肿瘤/流行病学宫颈肿瘤/预防和控制女(雌)性人类

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Rural Youth Disability Prevention Project Survey: Results from 169 Iowa Farm Families

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The Journal of Rural Health 1991年第2期7卷 170-179页

作者： Hawk, Cheryl Gay, Jane Donham, Kelley J. Department of Preventive Medicine and Environmental Health AMRF-Oakdale College of Medicine University of Iowa Iowa City 52240 United States

ABSTRACT: Agriculture is now the most hazardous occupation in the United States and it is the only one in which children not only comprise a significant part of the work force, but also live and play at the work site. Annually, 23,500 pediatric agricultural injuries are reported, with nearly 300 fatalities (Rivara, 1985). The Rural Youth Disability Prevention Project was designed to use innovative, community‐oriented methods to address the unique problems of child safety in agriculture. Toward this end, a survey instrument was designed to gather data both to assist in program development and to serve as a pretest for the subsequent evaluation. Analysis of these data indicated several issues to target for intervention efforts. One is lack of supervision—more than 40 percent of children who operate equipment do so unsupervised. Approximately 30 percent of children more than 3 years old play alone in work areas, and 80 percent of these children play near machinery in operation. Another issue is operation of farm machinery by very young children—respondents' children began operating equipment at an average age of 12 years. Coupling this with the finding that the parents believe their children are not capable of operating equipment until age 15 exemplifies the most important issue, the disparity between parents' levels of safety knowledge and safety behavior. Using the survey data to increase local involvement, efforts are being directed toward facilitating an ongoing, community‐sponsored intervention program to empower farm families to effect their own solutions. Copyright © 1991, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved

关键词：事故预防青少年保健服务/统计学和数值数据农业/统计学和数值数据评价研究家庭卫生健康知识态度实践卫生服务需求/统计学和数值数据衣阿华/流行病学试点项目预防卫生服务/组织和管理问卷调查安全青少年儿童人类

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The Relationship of Farm Residency Status to Demographic and Service Characteristics of Agricultural Injury Victims in Central Wisconsin

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The Journal of Rural Health 1995年第2期11卷 98-105页

作者： Stueland, Dean Cleveland, David A. Rothfusz, Ron R. Zoch, Tom Jr., Peter Stamas Department of Emergency Medicine Marshfield Clinic Marshfield Wisconsin 54449‐5777 1000 N. Oak Ave. United States

Abstract: This study performed a surveillance of a defined population in central Wisconsin during a two‐year period that included six months of follow‐up. The study included those who worked and lived on farms and those who only worked on farms. The injury rate for farm residents was 3.15 injuries per 100 persons per year. However, 195 of the 510 injuries (38.2%) involved persons who were not farm residents. For nonfarm residents, 88.7 percent of the victims were male, whereas for farm residents 79 percent of the victims were male. More than one half of the farm residents who were injured were the owners and an additional 21 percent were juvenile children. Of those aged 18 to 29 years, 51.3 percent were nonfarm resident victims and 15.2 percent were farm resident victims. Of nonfarm residents, 41.1 percent were married;of farm residents, 65.3 percent were married. More than one half of all injured nonfarm residents were seen within two hours of injury while one quarter of the injured farm residents were seen more than 24 hours after the injury. Only 4 percent of the injured farm residents were self‐insured, but 15 percent of the nonfarm residents were self‐insured. However, the time of injury, actual injuries, diagnoses rendered, and services received were similar for injured farm residents and injured nonfarm residents. Effective attempts to intervene on agricultural injuries will need to consider different risk factors for injuries for nonfarm residents as compared to farm residents. Copyright © 1995, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved

关键词：事故职业/预防和控制事故职业/统计学和数值数据农业/统计学和数值数据卫生服务范围/统计学和数值数据卡方分布社区卫生服务/组织和管理综合保健/组织和管理数据收集人口统计学保险健康/统计学和数值数据居住特征/统计学和数值数据农村卫生病人转送/方法病人转送/统计学和数值数据威斯康星/流行病学创伤和损伤/流行病学成年人老年人儿童人类中年人

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Economic and Health Needs of Wisconsin Migrant Farm Workers

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The Journal of Rural Health 1993年第2期9卷 138-148页

作者： Slesinger, Doris P. Department of Rural Sociology University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin 53706 313 Agriculture Hall 2450 Linden Drive United States

Abstract: Migrant farm workers play an essential role in the planting and harvesting of crops in our agricultural production system. In the United States today, about 6 percent of the paid farm labor force “follow the crops” across the nation. This article reports on the economic and health care needs of migrant farm workers who travel from the border areas of Texas to Wisconsin each year. Surveys conducted in 1978 and 1989 show that this population remains in serious need of health care and access to financial assistance programs. During the 11‐year interval between surveys, little change occurred in the health care status or use patterns of Wisconsin migrant workers, although housing and sanitary conditions in the work environment improved somewhat due to the passage of new federal regulations. This article discusses the problems and barriers that migrants continue to face and offers recommendations for government action. Copyright © 1993, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved

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Utilization of cancer early detection services among farm and rural nonfarm adults in Iowa

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JOURNAL OF RURAL HEALTH 1996年第4期12卷 321-331页

作者： Muldoon, JT Schootman, M Morton, RF MERCY FDN DEMONSTRAT CANC CONTROL PROJECT921 6TH AVEDES MOINESIA 50309 USA

An increase in the proportion of advanced malignancies among rural residents has been noted and may be due to a combination of factors, including availability of screening services, demographic characteristics, and access to health care facilities. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 33 nonmetropolitan Iowa counties among randomly selected middle-aged farm and rural nonfarm adults to compare utilization of cancer early detection services. A total of 1,126 adults in 600 farm households and 1,092 adults in 589 rural nonfarm households provided information through a 155-item in-home interview. Differences in income, age, and health insurance coverage (including preventive services) between the farm and nonfarm study populations were found. Although farm men were less likely to have had a checkup during the past year than men in the nonfarm population, no difference was found for women. Overall, differences in screening behaviors were small. Larger differences between both populations were observed for use of mammograms, prostate examinations among men age 50 and older, use of sigmoidoscopy among women age 50 and older, and skirt cancer examinations among both sexes. When controlling for demographic characteristics and insurance coverage, members of the farm and rural nonfarm population were equally likely to use multiple screenings according to ACS guidelines. Because of the increased the risk of breast cancer, interventions aimed at increasing utilization of mammography among women age 50 and older should be implemented. Although the farm population was more likely to use skin examinations, prevalence should be increased substantially to counteract the continuing rise in skin cancer.

关键词：农业/统计学和数值数据横断面研究卫生保健调查健康知识态度实践衣阿华普查/利用肿瘤/预防和控制职业卫生/统计学和数值数据病人接受卫生保健的程度/统计学和数值数据预防卫生服务/利用农村人口/统计学和数值数据成年人女(雌)性人类男(雄)性

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