利率市场化作为中国金融改革的重要环节,对农村商业银行盈利能力有深远影响。文章基于2013~2023年48家农村商业银行面板数据,构建固定效应模型,分析其影响及作用机制。研究表明:利率市场化显著提升农村商业银行盈利能力,但通过增加资金成本波动和存款不稳定性,降低流动性比率,对盈利能力有负向影响。异质性分析发现,不同所有制及上市状态银行受益程度存在差异,上市和非国有银行受益更多。基于此,文章提出对应政策建议,为农村商业银行可持续发展提供理论与实践参考。As an important part of China’s financial reform, interest rate liberalization has a profound impact on the profitability of rural commercial banks. This paper uses panel data from 48 rural commercial banks from 2013 to 2023 to build a fixed effects model and analyze its impact and mechanism. The research shows that rate liberalization significantly enhances profitability, but it also increases the volatility of funding costs and deposit instability, thereby lowering the liquidity ratio, which has a negative impact. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that banks with different ownership and listing statuses benefit to varying degrees, with listed and non-state-owned banks benefiting more. Based on this, corresponding policy suggestions are proposed to provide theoretical and practical references for the sustainable development of rural commercial banks.
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