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Malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need of secondary school students in Nigeria according to the dental aesthetic index (DAI)

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INTERNATIONAL DENTAL JOURNAL 1999年第4期49卷 203-210页

作者： Otuyemi, OD Ogunyinka, A Dosumu, O Cons, NC Jenny, J lle-lfe Nigeria Ibadan Nigeria Davis USA [*]Faculty of Dentistry College of Health Sciences Obafemi Awolowo University Ile-Ife Nigeria

The aims of this study were to measure the distribution, prevalence and the severity of malocclusion and treatment need amongst randomly selected (n=703) rural and urban Nigerian children aged 12-18 years (mean 14.0+/-1.84) using the dental aesthetic index (DAI), and to assess whether malocclusion was affected by age, gender and socio-economic background. Data were collected according to the method recommended by WHO. Most of the children (77.4 per cent) had a dental appearance which required no orthodontic treatment. Over 13 per cent fell into the group where treatment for malocclusion is considered to be 'elective'. However, a substantial proportion (9.2 per cent) of the population had severe to handicapping malocclusion where treatment is 'highly desirable' or 'mandatory'. There were no statistically significant differences (P>0.05) in DAI scores between age groups, gender and socio-economic background. This study also found that Nigerian adolescents had better dental appearance and less orthodontic treatment need compared with the Caucasian and Oriental populations.

关键词：非洲大陆世系人群年龄因素亚洲大陆世系人群美学牙科欧洲大陆世系人群卫生服务需求/统计学和数值数据错|牙合|/分类错|牙合|/流行病学错|牙合|/治疗尼日利亚/流行病学正畸学矫正/统计学和数值数据患病率可重复性结果农村卫生/统计学和数值数据性别因素社会经济因素城市卫生/统计学和数值数据世界卫生组织青少年儿童女(雌)性人类男(雄)性

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Cost recovery in Ghana: are there any changes in health care seeking behaviour?

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HEALTH POLICY AND PLANNING 1998年第2期13卷 181-188页

作者： Asenso-Okyere, WK Anum, A Osei-Akoto, I Adukonu, A Univ Ghana Inst Stat Social & Econ Res Hlth Social Sci Unit Legon Ghana

The study aimed to investigate the impact on health care seeking behaviour of the cost-sharing policies introduced in Ghana between 1985 and 1992. Qualitative research techniques were used to investigate the behaviour of patients after the introduction of these policies. Focus group discussions of cohorts of the population and in-depth interviews of health workers and selected opinion leaders were used to collect data from rural and urban health care facilities in three districts of Ghana. The study findings indicate that the cost recovery policies have led to an increase in self-medication and other behaviours aimed at cost-saving. At the same time, there is a perception of an improvement in the drug supply situation and general health delivery in government facilities. The study advocated enhanced training of drug peddlers and attendants at drug stores, especially in rural areas. User fee exemption criteria need to be worked out properly and implemented so that the very needy are not precluded from seeking health care at hospitals and clinics.

关键词：卫生服务范围费用节省费用分担/立法和法学集中研讨小组加纳卫生保健调查卫生政策/经济学卫生政策/立法和法学卫生服务需求/统计学和数值数据病人接受卫生保健的程度/统计学和数值数据处方药物公共卫生管理农村人口市区人口成年人老年人女(雌)性人类男(雄)性中年人

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Prevalence of self-reported heart failure among US adults: Results from the 1999 National Health Interview Survey

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AMERICAN HEART JOURNAL 2003年第1期146卷 121-128页

作者： Ni, H CDCP Div Hlth Interview Stat Natl Ctr Hlth Stat Hyattsville MD 20782 USA

Objective The objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence of self-reported heart failure among US adults. Methods Data from the 1999 National Health Interview Survey were analyzed. A total of 30,801 sampled adults aged 18 years were given a list of major medical conditions, which included heart failure (HF), and asked if they had ever been told by a doctor or other health professional that they had any of the conditions. Analyses were conducted with the use of SUDAAN software to account for the complex sample design. Results An estimated 2.4 million adults had been told by a doctor or other health professional that they had HF. The prevalence of self-reported HF for age groups 18 to 39, 40 to 64, 65 to 74, and 75 to 105 years were 0.1%, 1.1%, 3.6%, and 5.5%, respectively. HF was most prevalent among ever-smokers, obese persons, and persons aged 65 years. No difference was found in the prevalence of self-reported HF between black and white persons. The most common comorbid conditions for those with HF were hypertension, coronary heart disease, and diabetes. Compared with those without HF, the elderly persons with HF were 8 times as likely to have severe mobility difficulties and 2 to 3 times as likely to have severe depression. Half of the elderly persons with HF had been hospitalized, visited an emergency room, or had > 10 clinic visits in the past year. Black patients were more likely than white patients to have been unable to pay for prescription medicine and to have seen a medical specialist during the past year. Conclusions This nationally representative survey indicates that an estimated 2.4 million adults had been told by a doctor or other health professional that they had heart failure. Black patients with HF were less likely than white patients to have received the needed care.

关键词：非洲裔美国人/统计学和数值数据年龄分布心排血量低/流行病学心排血量低/人种学欧洲大陆世系人群/统计学和数值数据卫生服务易得程度/统计学和数值数据卫生服务需求/统计学和数值数据健康调查患病率性别分布统计数据美国/流行病学成年人老年人老年人 80以上人类中年人

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Treatment for alcohol and other drug problems: Closing the gap

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ANNALS OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2003年第6期41卷 814-+页

作者： D'Onofrio, G Yale Univ Sch Med Sect Emergency Med New Haven CT USA

[Ann Emerg Med. 2003;41:814-817.]

关键词：饮酒/流行病学饮酒/治疗急诊室医院/统计学和数值数据卫生服务需求/统计学和数值数据转诊和会诊物质相关性障碍/流行病学物质相关性障碍/治疗美国人类

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THE RELATIONAL STRUCTURE OF HUMAN-SERVICES PLANNING - AN INPUT-OUTPUT-ANALYSIS

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SOCIO-ECONOMIC PLANNING SCIENCES 1992年第1期26卷 15-26页

作者： AKKERMAN, A UNIV SASKATCHEWAN DEPT GEOGSASKATOON S7N 0W0SASKATCHEWANCANADA

The relationship between human needs and human services can be quantified in terms of service standards and service units. A service standard is defined as the adopted norm for the minimum number of service units per person. The relationship between need, service (or care) and service standard is similar to the relationship between demand, supply and price in economics. Of particular interest in planning is the case where service units are given in terms of service providers per person. In a population where each person is considered to be a receiver of n categories of service and a provider of one category of service, the relationship between needs and services can further be presented in a service standard matrix. Examination of such a matrix shows that it fulfills a function analogous to the input-output matrix in economics. The principal eigenvector of the service standard matrix expresses ratios of activity levels for a human service system in an equilibrium. Another, related equilibrium is identified for a human service system in which there are providers as well as nonproviders. Application of the two equilibria identifies optimum planning conditions for the provision of human services when service standards and population are known.

关键词：艾伯塔数据收集人口统计学评价研究卫生人力/标准卫生人力/统计学和数值数据卫生服务/标准卫生服务/供应和分配卫生服务易得程度/标准卫生服务易得程度/统计学和数值数据卫生服务需求/标准卫生服务需求/统计学和数值数据模型统计学规划技术地区卫生计划/标准

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Geographic Imbalances of Physician Supply: An International Comparison

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The Journal of Rural Health 1994年第2期10卷 109-118页

作者： Blumetithal, Daniel S. Department of Community Health Morehouse School of Medicine in Atlanta Georgia United States

This study was undertaken to compare geographic imbalances of physician manpower in developed and developing countries and to evaluate the success of policies designed to alleviate the imbalances. Data were drawn from a mail survey of countries conducted by the World Health Organization, from national statistical summaries, and from published information on national policies and programs. Information was available from 26 developing countries and 15 developed countries. Among developing countries, the degree of urbanization and rural economic development appeared to be the most important determinants of the level of geographic imbalance. Among developed countries, those with very high overall physician/ population ratios tended to have the least degree of imbalance, but this effect was not consistent. At the national level in most countries, the effect of policies or programs specifically designed to redistribute physician manpower appeared to be limited. Copyright © 1994, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved

关键词：发展中国家地理学卫生人力/统计学和数值数据卫生政策卫生服务需求/统计学和数值数据医师/供应和分配问卷调查农村卫生/统计学和数值数据城市卫生/统计学和数值数据世界卫生世界卫生组织

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The Use of Health Service Areas for Measuring Provider Availability

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The Journal of Rural Health 1991年第4期7卷 347-356页

作者： Makuc, Diane M. Haglund, Bengt Ingram, Deborah D. Kleinman, Joel C. Feldman, Jacob J. Centre for Primary Care Research of Uppsala University in Uppsala Sweden Division of Analysis National Center for Health Statistics Hyattsville Maryland United States National Center for Health Statistics at the Centers for Disease Control Hyattsville Maryland United States

Measurement of the availability of health care providers in a geographic area is a useful component in assessing access to health care. One of the problems associated with the county provider‐to‐population ratio as a measure of availability is that patients frequently travel outside their counties of residence for health care, especially those residing in nonmetropolitan counties. Thus, in measuring the number of providers per capita, it is important that the geographic unit of analysis be a health service area. We have defined health care service areas for the coterminous United States, based on 1988 Medicare data on travel patterns between counties for routine hospital care. We used hierarchical cluster analysis to group counties into 802 service areas. More than one half of the service areas include only nonmetropolitan counties. The service areas vary substantially in the availability of health care resources as measured by physicians and hospital beds per 100,000 population. For almost all of the service areas, the majority of hospital stays by area residents occur within the service area. In contrast, for 39 percent of counties, the majority of hospital stays by county residents occur outside the county. Thus, the service areas are a more appropriate georgraphic unit than the county for measuring the availability of health care. Copyright © 1991, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved

关键词：卫生服务范围/统计学和数值数据聚类分析卫生人力/统计学和数值数据卫生服务易得程度/统计学和数值数据卫生服务需求/统计学和数值数据缺医地区国家卫生统计中心(美国) 医师/供应和分配农村卫生/统计学和数值数据小地区分析旅行美国城市卫生/统计学和数值数据

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AN ECONOMETRIC-ANALYSIS OF HEALTH-CARE EXPENDITURE - A CROSS-SECTION STUDY OF THE OECD COUNTRIES

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JOURNAL OF HEALTH ECONOMICS 1992年第1期11卷 63-84页

作者： GERDTHAM, UG SOGAARD, J ANDERSSON, F JONSSON, B ODENSE UNIV DEPT ECON DK-5230 ODENSE DENMARK

This paper is an empirical examination of the determinants of aggregate health care expenditure. The paper presents a systematic analysis of relationships across 19 OECD countries, showing the effects of aggregate income, institutional and socio-demographic factors on health care expenditure. The results indicate that institutional factors of the health systems, in addition to per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP). contribute significantly to the explanation of the health care expenditure variation between countries;for example the way physicians in outpatient care are paid, and the mixture of public/private funding and inpatient;outpatient care.

关键词：门诊医疗/经济学澳大利亚加拿大文化交叉比较欧洲费用医疗卫生经费支出/统计学和数值数据卫生服务需求/经济学卫生服务需求/统计学和数值数据卫生服务研究/方法住院/经济学收入/统计学和数值数据日本模型经济计量学新西兰回归分析社会经济因素土耳其

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Nursing Home Utilization in Adults: A Prospective Population-Based Study

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Journal of Aging and Health 1990年第2期2卷 179-193页

作者： Wingard, Deborah L. Williams-Jones, Denise McPhillips, Janice Kaplan, Robert M. Barret-Connor, Elizabeth University of California San Diego United States

Rates of nursing home utilization between 1972 and 1986 were determined for 1,302 men and women living in an upper-middle-class community in Southern California. Leading diagnostic reasons for admission were dementia, cancer, and stroke, and the leading nondiagnostic reason for admission was an inability to carry out activities of daily living. In this cohort, rates of nursing home utilization increased with age. Women at all ages used nursing homes at a higher rate than men, although their probability of survival once admitted was greater. Admission rates were higher over time or prior to death than when observed cross-sectionally. Rates were highest in the year prior to death but declined at time of death. © 1990, Sage Publications. All rights reserved.

关键词：年龄因素加利福尼亚数据收集卫生服务需求/统计学和数值数据收容入院/统计学和数值数据纵向研究医护疗养所/利用性别因素成年人老年人女(雌)性人类男(雄)性中年人

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OPTIMAL PAYMENT SYSTEMS FOR HEALTH-SERVICES

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JOURNAL OF HEALTH ECONOMICS 1990年第4期9卷 375-396页

作者： ELLIS, RP MCGUIRE, TG BOSTON UNIV DEPT ECONBOSTONMA 02215 USA

Demand-side cost sharing and the supply-side reimbursement system provide two separate instruments that can be used to influence the quantity of health services consumed. For risk-averse consumers, optimal payment systems — pairs of insurance and reimbursement plans — are characterized by conflict rather than consensus between patient and provider about the quantity of treatment. A model of conflict resolution based on bargaining theory is used to represent the outcome when the payment system creates divergences between desired demand and desired supply. Using that model, we describe the optimal combination of insurance and reimbursement systems that maximize consumer welfare.

关键词：冲突(心理学) 绝对免赔额与共同保险卫生服务需求/统计学和数值数据保险健康/组织和管理模型统计学劝导交谈权力(心理学) 转诊和会诊/经济学偿还途径/组织和管理危险美国人类

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