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Characteristics of heroin and cocaine users unknown to treatment agencies.: Results from the Swiss Hidden Population Study

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SOZIAL-UND PRAVENTIVMEDIZIN 1999年第5期44卷 222-232页

作者： Hausser, D Kübler, D Dubois-Arber, F Swiss Fed Inst Technol Inst Rech Environm Construit Lausanne Switzerland

The aim of this study was to compare the characteristics of heroin or cocain users who are no in contact with drug-treatment agencies in Switzerland to the characteristics of a group who are in treatment. A sample of 917 users of heroin and/or cocain was recruited outside treatment settings by 31 Privileged Access Interviewers. Respondents were divided into a study group of 512 heroin and/or cocain users not following any treatment, and a control group of 238 users who were following treatment. Respondents in the no-treatment group use drugs less frequently, are less likely to inject drugs, have a more social pattern of use and more often have the impression of controlling their drug use. They have less contact with the legal system and the police, are in a better social situation and more often perceive themselves to be in a good health. In both groups, respondents whose main drug of use if heroin mainly cocain. There are no significant differences between the two groups regarding present HIV-risk behaviour and prevention. The data show no significant association between the duration of use of heroin or cocain and sings for problem use. These findings support the hypothesis that drug users not in treatment and drug users in treatment are two distinct populations, in terms of profile of drug use and prevalence of social or health problems that are associated to it.

关键词：可卡因相关性障碍/流行病学可卡因相关性障碍/康复 HIV感染/预防和控制 HIV感染/传播健康知识态度实践海洛因依赖/流行病学海洛因依赖/康复体内外控制社会问题/统计学和数值数据物质滥用治疗中心瑞士青少年成年人女(雌)性人类男(雄)性中年人

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Cohort changes in illegal drug use among arrestees in Manhattan: From the heroin injection generation to the blunts generation

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SUBSTANCE USE & MISUSE 1999年第13期34卷 1733-1763页

作者： Golub, AL Johnson, BD Natl Dev & Res Inst Inc Inst Special Populat Res New York NY 10048 USA

This paper identifies three inner-city cohorts differing by birth year and preferred drugs that routinely passed through Manhattan's criminal justice system from 1987 through 1997: The Heroin Injection Generation born 1945-54, the Cocaine/Crack Generation born 1955-69, and the Blunts (marijuana plus tobacco) Generation born since 1970. The future prospects for the Blunts Generation may be modestly enhanced by their continued avoidance of cocaine, crack, and heroin-despite the fact that many of them are being reared in severely distressed households and are developing few skills for legal jobs.

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The characteristics of opiate users seen in an emergency service

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Gaceta sanitaria / S.E.S.P.A.S 1999年第2期13卷 88-95页

作者： Pérez González, K. Domingo-Salvany, A. Hartnoll, R. Institut Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica España. Barcelona 08003 Spain

INTRODUCTION: Despite of the fact that it was reported for years that emergency rooms are the first health services where drug users attend, there are very few direct studies of this population. In most emergency room studies, the information was obtained from data available in the clinical records, and in very few drug users were interviewed. With the aim of having a deeper knowledge of opiate users who attend the emergency room it was planned to carry out a cross-sectional study interviewing them. The aims of this paper are to describe demographic characteristics, patterns of drug use and to know whether they contact first to an emergency room or to a treatment centre. METHODS: The sample included all patients detected and referred by the doctor as being current opiate users, defined as any use in the 30 days prior the interview. A descriptive bivariate analysis with simple stratification was carried out. RESULTS: Of the subjects referred by the doctor 383 opiate users were interviewed and 76 were not interviewed. The male/female ratio for the 383 interviewed opiates users was 2. Women were younger than men (25.8 vs 28.3, p (3/4) 0.001). Heroin or cocaine ever injected was reported by 93% and 76% reported injecting in the last 30 days. The mean age at the first use of heroin was higher for those who started use during 1989 or after (21.6) than those who started before 1989 (17.9) (p (3/4) 0.0001). Patients attending the emergency room for organic pathology were older (28.5) than those who attended for withdrawal (26.2) and those who attended for overdose (27.3) (p (3/4) 0.05). Thirty eight percent reported to attend first an emergency room for a drug related problem since they started drug use, and 47% to contact first with a treatment centre for drug dependence. CONCLUSION: Drug users interviewed seem to be more heavy users than those who started drug treatment in the public centres of Barcelona in 1992. Also, the hypothesis that emergency rooms are for this popu

关键词：镇痛药阿片类/治疗应用卡方分布可卡因相关性障碍/并发症可卡因相关性障碍/流行病学可卡因相关性障碍/康复横断面研究急症美沙酮/治疗应用阿片相关性障碍/并发症阿片相关性障碍/流行病学阿片相关性障碍/康复社会经济因素西班牙/流行病学成年人女(雌)性人类男(雄)性

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Detection of illicit opioid and cocaine use in methadone maintenance treatment

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AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 1999年第3期25卷 561-571页

作者： Wasserman, DA Korcha, R Havassy, BE Hall, SM Vet Affairs Med Ctr Mental Hlth Serv 116W San Francisco CA 94121 USA Univ Calif San Francisco San Francisco CA 94143 USA

Urine toxicology is the gold standard for estimating the prevalence of illicit drug use in methadone maintenance treatment (MMT). The frequency of urine testing may be crucial for establishing accurate use rates. Infrequent testing may lead programs to undercount active drug users and to target interventions too narrowly. This study compared results from frequent testing (twice per week) versus less frequent testing of 166 patients at four MMT programs. As part of a research study, all patients were tested by research staff for opioid and cocaine use twice per week on a fixed schedule for 10 weeks. During the same period, the four MMT programs tested the patients according to their standard protocols, approximately weekly tone program) or every 3-4 weeks (three programs). The research tests identified approximately 50% more illicit opioid users and 70% more cocaine users than the less frequent program tests. Patients who were drug positive according to the research tests but drug negative according to the program tests tended to be infrequent users. The data suggest that standard urine testing practices in MMT programs may result in underestimates of the prevalence of opioid and cocaine use. More frequent testing, even for time-limited periods, should produce more accurate depictions of drug use prevalence and help indicate the direction of interventions.

关键词：镇痛药阿片类/治疗应用病人预约和时间安排可卡因相关性障碍/流行病学美沙酮/治疗应用阿片相关性障碍/药物疗法阿片相关性障碍/流行病学患病率旧金山/流行病学统计学非参数物质滥用检测/方法尿分析成年人女(雌)性人类男(雄)性

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Accident and Emergency Nursing 2002年第3期10卷 121-126页

作者： Jones, C. Parsonage, M. Critical Care Edge Hill College University Hospital Aintree Liverpool 9 United Kingdom Arrowe Park Hospital Wirral United Kingdom

The recreational use of cocaine is on the increase. The emergency nurse ought to be familiar with some of the cardiovascular consequences of cocaine use. In particular, the tendency of cocaine to produce chest pain ought to be in the mind of the emergency nurse when faced with a young victim of chest pain who is otherwise at low risk. The mechanism of chest pain related to cocaine use is discussed and treatment dilemmas are discussed. Finally, moral issues relating to the testing of potential cocaine users will be addressed. © 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.

关键词：胸痛/化学诱导胸痛/诊断胸痛/护理胸痛/治疗可卡因/副作用可卡因/药理学可卡因/中毒可卡因相关性障碍/诊断可卡因相关性障碍/流行病学可卡因相关性障碍/护理可卡因相关性障碍/治疗急症护理/发展趋势中毒/诊断中毒/流行病学中毒/护理中毒/治疗人类

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