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The effects of typical antipsychotics, clozapine, and risperidone on neuropsychological test performance in schizophrenia

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SCHIZOPHRENIA RESEARCH 1999年第3期40卷 255-256页

作者： Earnst, KS Taylor, SF Smet, IC Goldman, RS Tandon, R Berent, S Ann Arbor Vet Adm Med Ctr Psychol Serv Ann Arbor MI USA Univ Michigan Med Ctr Dept Psychiat Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA Hillside Hosp Long Isl Jewish Med Ctr New York NY USA

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NEUROPSYCHOLOGIC, INTELLECTUAL, AND PERSONALITY-CORRELATES OF CHRONIC MARIHUANA USE IN NATIVE COSTA RICANS

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ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 1976年第DEC30期282卷 266-306页

作者： SATZ, P FLETCHER, JM UNIV FLORIDA DEPT CLIN PSYCHOLGAINESVILLEFL 32611 UNIV VICTORIA DEPT PSYCHOLVICTORIABRITISH COLUMBICANADA

The present cross-cultural study investigated the effects of chronic marijuana usage on higher adaptive brain functions and personality in native Costa Ricans. After extensive standardization in Costa Rica, a battery of neuropsychologic, intelligence, and personality tests was administered to two carefully matched groups of marijuana users and controls (NU = NC = 41). Multivariate analyses of multiple combinations of variables, followed by separate univariate tests on each measure, revealed essentially no significant differences between users and nonusers on any of the neuropsychologic, intelligence, or personality tests. Furthermore, no relationship was found between level of daily use (high vs low) and test performance. These findings were discussed in terms of previous chronic and acute studies of changes in adaptive brain functions and personality as a function of marijuana intake.

关键词：脑/药物作用大麻属哥斯达黎加智力/药物作用记忆/药物作用回忆/药物作用人格/药物作用心理学试验物质相关性障碍/病理生理学时间因素韦氏智力量表青少年成年人人类男(雄)性中年人

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Enhanced visuospatial memory following intracerebroventricular administration of nerve growth factor

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NEUROBIOLOGY OF LEARNING AND MEMORY 2000年第1期73卷 49-67页

作者： Brandner, C Vantini, G Schenk, F Inst Physiol CH-1005 Lausanne Switzerland

The present work assessed the effects of intracerebroventricular injections of rh recombined human nerve growth factor (rh NGF) (5 mu g/2.5 mu l) at postnatal days 12 and 13 upon the development of spatial learning capacities. The treated rats were trained at the age of 22 days to escape onto an invisible platform at a fixed position in space in a Morris navigation task. For half of the subjects, the training position was also cued, a procedure aimed at facilitating escape and at reducing attention to the distant spatial cues. Later, at the age of 6 months, all the rats were trained in a radial-arm maze task. Treatment effects were found in both immature and adult rats. The injection of NGF improved the performance in the Morris navigation task in both training conditions. There was a significant reduction in the escape latency and an increased bias toward the training platform quadrant during probe trials. The most consistent effect was the precocious development of an adult-like spatial memory. In the radial-arm maze, the NGF-treated rats made significantly fewer reentries than vehicle rats and this effect was particularly marked in the treated female rats. Taken together, these experiments reveal that the development and the maintenance of an accurate spatial representation are tightly related to the development of brain structures facilitated by the action of NGF. Moreover, these experiments demonstrate that an acute pharmacological treatment that leads to a transient modification in the choline acetyltransferase activity can induce a behavioral change long after the treatment. (C) 2000 Academic Press.

关键词：年龄因素脑/药物作用胆碱O-乙酰转移酶/代谢剂量效应关系药物逃逸反应/药物作用额叶/药物作用海马/药物作用注射脑室内迷宫学习/药物作用回忆/药物作用神经生长因子/药理学定向力/药物作用重组蛋白质类/药理学动物女(雌)性人类男(雄)性大鼠

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Effects of chronic insomnia and use of benzodiazepines on daytime performance in older adults

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JOURNALS OF GERONTOLOGY SERIES B-PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 2000年第1期55卷 P54-P62页

作者： Vignola, A Lamoureux, C Bastien, CH Morin, CM Univ Laval Ecole Polytech Ste Foy PQ G1K 7P4 Canada Univ Laval Ctr Etude Troubles Sommeil Ste Foy PQ G1K 7P4 Canada

This study evaluated the impact of insomnia and chronic use of benzodiazepines on the cognitive and psychomotor performance of older adults. Three conditions, matched on age, gender, and education, were compared: 20 prolonged users of benzodiazepines for insomnia, 20 unmedicated insomniacs, and 20 good sleepers. The participants completed neuropsychological tests of memory, attention/concentration, psychomotor speed, and executive functions, as well as subjective evaluations of their actual performance. Individuals with insomnia, both medicated and unmedicated, performed worse than good sleepers on the attention/concentration factor. There was no other objective evidence of performance impairments. However, unmedicated insomniacs had lower performance expectancies and subjectively rated their performance more negatively relative to medicated insomniacs and good sleepers. Both insomnia conditions also rated their performance as lower compared with their perceived potential. It is suggested that the attention/concentration difficulties experienced by medicated and unmedicated older adults with insomnia may be linked to a state of hyperarousal. The discrepancies between subjective reports of daytime deficits and objective impairments may reflect a generalized faulty appraisal of sleep and daytime functioning among individuals with insomnia complaints. The implications of those findings for the assessment and treatment of late-life insomnia are discussed.

关键词：抗焦虑药/投药和剂量觉醒/药物作用注意力/药物作用健康态度苯二氮|艹卓|类慢性病回忆/药物作用神经心理学测验精神运动性行为/药物作用反应时间/药物作用入睡和睡眠障碍/药物疗法入睡和睡眠障碍/心理学成年人老年人女(雌)性人类男(雄)性中年人

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Fetal alcohol-exposed fats exhibit differential response to cholinergic drugs on a delay-dependent memory task

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NEUROBIOLOGY OF LEARNING AND MEMORY 1999年第3期72卷 230-243页

作者： Nagahara, AH Handa, RJ Loyola Univ Stritch Sch Med Dept Cell Biol Neurobiol & Anat Maywood IL 60153 USA

Fetal alcohol exposure in human and rodents produces a number of cognitive deficits including impairments in learning and memory. Recent evidence in our laboratory has shown that fetal alcohol-exposed (FAE) rats respond differently to systemic administration of cholinergic drugs when tested for vigilance and locomotor activity. The present study examined the effects of muscarinic and nicotinic agonists and antagonists on memory performance in a delayed alternation task. Subjects went male offspring of Sprague-Dawley rats fed a 35% ethanol-derived caloric diet, pair-fed with sucrose, or chow-fed with lab chow during the last 2 weeks of gestation. Rats (3 months old) were food-deprived prior to training in the T-maze. Rats were first trained in the alternation task at no delay for five sessions. Rats were then trained at longer delays (20, 60, 180 s) until all groups showed similar performance for two consecutive sessions. Each animal was then tested following systemic injections of the cholinergic antagonists scopolamine and mecamylamine (60-s delay) and the cholinergic agonists pilocarpine and nicotine (180-s delay). Rats received saline injections on alternate days of testing. The results revealed that FAE rats exhibited no impairments in alternation performance at the no delay and 20-s delay, but showed impairments on both the 60- and 180-s delays during the initial sessions. However, with additional training. FAE rats showed performance similar to that of control groups at these delays. Following both pilocarpine and nicotine injections, control groups, but not the FAE group, showed significant memory enhancement in the alternation task. Following scopolamine injections, the FAE rats showed a significant impairment, while control groups showed a nonsignificant decrease in performance. All three groups showed impairments in the alternation task following administration of mecamylamine compared to saline treatment. These findings suggest that alterations in the cho

关键词：觉醒/药物作用觉醒/生理学脑/药物作用脑/病理生理学胆碱能药/药理学胆碱能纤维/药物作用胆碱能纤维/生理学胎儿酒精综合征/病理生理学回忆/药物作用回忆/生理学运动活动/药物作用运动活动/生理学定向力/药物作用定向力/生理学大鼠 Sprague-Dawley 记忆保持力(心理学)/药物作用记忆保持力(心理学)/生理学动物人类男(雄)性大鼠

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Comments on "Differential effects of unilateral lidocaine infusion into the globus pallidus on consolidation and performance of inhibitory avoidance"

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NEUROBIOLOGY OF LEARNING AND MEMORY 2000年第3期73卷 282-283页

作者： Lorenzini, CA Baldi, E Bucherelli, C Tassoni, G Univ Florence Dipartimento Sci Fisiol I-50134 Florence Italy

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DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION BETWEEN CHRONIC CANNABIS USE AND BRAIN-FUNCTION DEFICITS

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ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 1976年第DEC30期282卷 323-343页

作者： SOUEIF, MI UNIV CAIRO DEPT PSYCHOLCAIROEGYPT

To summarize, 12 objective tests that generated 16 test variables were administered to 850 male regular cannabis users and 839 nonusers. The tests were designed to assess various modalities, including speed of psychomotor performance, distance estimation, time estimation, immediate memory, and visuomotor coordination. Most of the test variables differentiated significantly between consumers and controls. At the same time, a significant second-order interaction emerged in most cases. This interaction meant that, under certain conditions that relate to the two dimensions 'literacy-illiteracy' and/or 'urbanism-ruralism,' the superiority of controls over cannabis users became impressive, whereas under other conditions it almost disappeared. To account for this complex pattern of results, a working hypothesis was presented to the effect that 'other conditions being equal, the lower the nondrug level of proficiency on tests of cognitive and psychomotor performance the smaller the size of function deficit associated with drug usage.' For an empirical examination of the hypothesis, six predictions were formulated. Three predictions defined specific relationships between level of performance, on one hand, and each of three organismic variables, on the other: literacy, urbanism, and age. The remaining predictions delineated relationships to be expected between size of function deficit and the three organismic variables. All our predictions were confirmed, showing less function impairment to be contingent with cannabis usage among the illiterates, rurals, and older subjects. Level of cortical arousal was suggested as the central process associated with the three organismic variables. Because the version of our working hypothesis was formulated with reference to chronic material, the possibility of a transposition of the paradign to research on the acute effects of the drug was discussed. The suggestion was made that our working hypothesis, in either version, is capable of esta

关键词：年龄因素脑/药物作用大麻属距离知觉/药物作用教育程度埃及形状知觉/药物作用记忆短时/药物作用心理过程/药物作用回忆/药物作用运动技能/药物作用反应时间/药物作用农村人口物质相关性障碍/病理生理学时间知觉/药物作用接龙试验市区人口青少年成年人人类男(雄)性中年人

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Acute ethanol administration impairs spatial performance while facilitating nonspatial performance in rats

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NEUROBIOLOGY OF LEARNING AND MEMORY 1999年第3期72卷 169-179页

作者： Matthews, DB Ilgen, M White, AM Best, PJ Miami Univ Neurosci Res Ctr Oxford OH 45056 USA Miami Univ Dept Psychol Oxford OH 45056 USA

Acute ethanol administration produces learning and memory impairments similar to those found following lesions to the hippocampal system in rats. For example, both ethanol and hippocampal lesions impair performance on spatial learning and memory tasks while sparing performance on many nonspatial learning and memory tasks. Lesions to the hippocampal system can also alter the nature of the information that the animal uses to guide its behavior, from using spatial information to using individual cues. In the present experiment, rats were trained, while sober, to navigate on an eight-arm radial arm maze to a specific arm for food reward. During training, the rewarded arm was always in the same specific location and contained well-defined cues. After the rat learned the task, a memory test was conducted under different doses of ethanol (0.0 g/kg [saline control], 1.0, 1.5, or 2.0 g/kg, intraperitoneal). On the test day the maze was rotated so that the cued arm was 90 degrees to the right of its original position. During testing, intact rats showed a significant bias to approach the place where they had been previously rewarded, even though the cue was no longer located there. Acute ethanol administration dose dependently reduced approaches to the rewarded place. However, ethanol administration did not result in increases in random choices;rather, it resulted in a dose-dependent increase in approaches to the cued arm, now in a new location. These results extend previous research showing that acute ethanol administration and lesions to the hippocampal system produce similar effects on learning and memory in rats. (C) 1999 Academic Press.

关键词：满足欲望行为/药物作用剂量效应关系药物乙醇/毒性海马/药物作用迷宫学习/药物作用回忆/药物作用定向力/药物作用大鼠 Long-Evans 记忆保持力(心理学)/药物作用动物男(雄)性大鼠

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Acute cortisone administration impairs retrieval of long-term declarative memory in humans

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NATURE NEUROSCIENCE 2000年第4期3卷 313-314页

作者： de Quervain, DJF Roozendaal, B Nitsch, RM McGaugh, JL Hock, C Univ Zurich Dept Psychiat Res CH-8029 Zurich Switzerland Univ Basel Dept Psychiat CH-4025 Basel Switzerland Univ Calif Irvine Ctr Neurobiol Learning & Memory Irvine CA 92697 USA Univ Calif Irvine Dept Neurobiol & Behav Irvine CA 92697 USA

Studies the detrimental influence of acute cortisone administration on the retrieval of long-term declarative memory in humans. Administration of placebo and cortisone to healthy male and female humans; Similarity of cortisol levels after the pharmacological treatment with that induced by major psychological stress; Indication that cortisone impairs free recall of verbal material.

关键词：消炎药/投药和剂量消炎药/分析可的松/投药和剂量可的松/分析回忆/药物作用唾液/化学时间因素言语学习/药物作用成年人女(雌)性人类男(雄)性

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Children's memories for painful cancer treatment procedures: Implications for distress

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CHILD DEVELOPMENT 2000年第4期71卷 933-947页

作者： Chen, E Zeltzer, LK Craske, MG Katz, EN Washington Univ Dept Psychol St Louis MO 63130 USA Univ Calif Los Angeles Los Angeles CA USA Childrens Hosp Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90027 USA Univ So Calif Sch Med Los Angeles CA USA

Children (ages 3 to 18, N = 55) diagnosed with leukemia were tested for their memories of lumbar punctures (LPs) a repeated and painful part of the cancer treatment protocol. Memory for both event details and the child's emotional responses was assessed one week after the LP. Children of all ages displayed considerable accuracy for event details, and accuracy increased with age. Overall recall accuracy for event details and emotional responses was similar. Recall among children given oral Versed was similar to that among children not given Versed. Finally, higher distress predicted greater exaggerations in negative memory 1 week later (although controlling for age weakened this relationship);moreover greater exaggerations in negative memory predicted higher distress at a subsequent LP. These results indicate that children's memories play an important role in their experience of distress during repeated stressful events.

关键词：年龄因素方差分析抗焦虑药/药理学焦虑/心理学混杂因素(流行病学) 交谈心理学记忆回忆/药物作用咪达唑仑/药理学肿瘤/心理学肿瘤/治疗疼痛/病因学疼痛/心理学疼痛测定/方法脊椎穿刺/心理学应激心理学青少年儿童儿童学龄前女(雌)性人类男(雄)性

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