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JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS OF LONDON 2000年第4期34卷 355-356页

作者： Davies, G Care Of Bell C Royal Coll Phys London NW1 4LE England

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Integrating oral health into primary health care - experiences in Bangladesh, Indonesia, Nepal and Tanzania

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INTERNATIONAL DENTAL JOURNAL 1999年第4期49卷 240-248页

作者： Helderman, WV Mikx, F Begum, A Adyatmaka, A Bajracharya, M Kikwilu, E Rugarabamu, P Nijmegen The Netherlands Dhaka Bangladesh Jakarta Indonesia Kathmandu Nepal Dar es Salaam Tanzania [*]WHO Collaborating Centre Dentistry 117 Postbus 9101 6500 HB Nijmegen The Netherlands

When primary health care (PHC) was developed and implemented in developing countries, oral health was not included. The present consequences are marked disparities in the distribution of oral health care, since conventional dentistry can only serve relatively few people and at high costs. Oral health care is virtually non-existent in rural areas of most developing countries where more than 80 per cent of the population live. More recently, community based oral health programmes have been initiated in some countries to fill the gap. These programmes give more emphasis on oral health promotion and on the prevention of oral diseases than on treatment of its consequences, since history has shown that the latter is ineffective in preventing oral diseases. Unfortunately, most of these oral health programmes have been implemented next to the existing PHC system and hence they face enormous management, logistic and financial problems, which seriously threaten their sustainability. This paper presents a proposal to counteract the problems that many countries face in developing an adequate primary oral health care (POHC) service.

关键词：孟加拉国社区卫生服务/组织和管理卫生保健提供联合牙科医疗/分类牙科医疗/经济学牙科医疗/组织和管理牙科保健服务/组织和管理发展中国家/经济学财政支持健康教育牙科健康计划健康促进卫生资源/经济学卫生资源/组织和管理卫生服务易得程度/组织和管理印度尼西亚口腔疾病/预防和控制国家卫生规划/组织和管理尼泊尔口腔保健初级卫生保健/经济学初级卫生保健/组织和管理乡村卫生服务/组织和管理坦桑尼亚人类

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Dentistry in Taiwan, Republic of China: national health insurance reforms, illegal dentistry and plans for peer review quality control

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INTERNATIONAL DENTAL JOURNAL 1999年第2期49卷 76-81页

作者： Moore, R Shiau, YY Aarhus Univ Royal Dent Coll Dept Oral Epidemiol & Publ Hlth DK-8000 Aarhus C Denmark

The dental health care system in Taiwan, Republic of China is described in terms of demographics, structure, context of treatment and historical development of the dental health care payment system. A notable characteristic of the system is the existence of trade dentists, who operate without licensure. Their popularity and price advantage has maintained a political base that affects policy decisions. Health care reforms of March, 1995 with a comprehensive national health insurance, as well as ambitious plans for systematic peer review quality control of dentists' work are unique health care developments worthy of the attention of health care polity makers in other countries who are studying health care reform processes.

关键词：费用牙科卫生保健改革/组织和管理卫生政策保险牙科/立法和法学立法牙科许可证牙科/立法和法学国家卫生规划/组织和管理同行评议卫生保健政策制订专业业务质量控制台湾女(雌)性人类男(雄)性

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The Spanish health care system:: lessons for newly industrialized countries

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HEALTH POLICY AND PLANNING 1999年第2期14卷 164-173页

作者： Rodríguez, E De Puelles, PG Jovell, AJ Cornell Univ Dept Policy Anal & Management Ithaca NY 14853 USA Catalan Hlth Serv Catalan Agcy Hlth Technol Assessment Dept Hlth & Social Secur Barcelona Spain

This article summarizes the organization, financing, and delivery of health care services in Spain, and discusses the elements that made it possible to maintain high levels of health among the population, while spending comparatively fewer resources on the health care system than most industrialized countries. The case of Spain is of particular interest for newly industrialized countries, because of the fast evolution that it has undergone in recent years. Considered, by United Nations' economic standards, a developing country until 1964, Spain became in a few years the fastest growing economy in the world after Japan. By the early 1970s the infant mortality rate was already lower than in Britain or the United States.

关键词：卫生保健提供/经济学卫生保健提供/组织和管理发达国家效率组织筹资政府卫生保健公平提供卫生经费支出卫生人力健康状况指标医院公立/组织和管理国家卫生规划/经济学国家卫生规划/组织和管理初级卫生保健/组织和管理公共卫生管理社会正义西班牙/流行病学世界卫生

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Establishing and monitoring a control programme to reduce the impact of eye disease in sub-Saharan Africa

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TROPICAL DOCTOR 1999年第4期29卷 208-212页

作者： Bosu, WK Reg Hlth Adm Hlth Res Unit Cape Coast Ghana

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The North Norwegian Health Net

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JOURNAL OF TELEMEDICINE AND TELECARE 1999年第1-Sup期5卷 34-36页

作者： Pettersen, S Uldal, SB Baardsgard, A Amundsen, M Myrvang, R Nordvåg, D Stenmarkl, H Univ Tromso Hosp Dept Telemed N-9038 Tromso Norway Univ Tromso Hosp Dept Informat Technol Tromso Norway

The North Norwegian Health Net is a comprehensive scheme to connect all health-care institutions in the area to a national computer network. Services available include telemedicine, email and Web access. A general practitioner has responsibility for ensuring that the clinical information is correct. Medical departments are responsible for the content of their own Web pages. All institutions require authorization before connection to ensure data protection and security. Changes in communication between primary- and secondary-care sectors are being monitored. To date the implementation of the network programme has gone smoothly.

关键词：计算机通信网络家庭医学国家卫生规划/组织和管理挪威乡村卫生服务/组织和管理远程医学/组织和管理人类

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Primary care rheumatology - leading the way?

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RHEUMATOLOGY 1999年第12期38卷 1174-1176页

作者： Helliwell, PS Hetthen, J St Lukes Hosp Bradford BD5 0NA W Yorkshire England Univ Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT W Yorkshire England

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Divisions of population health: quantum leap forward or rearranging the deckchairs?

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AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 1999年第2期23卷 119-125页

作者： Sainsbury, P Univ Sydney Div Populat Hlth Cent Sydney Area Hlth Serv Sydney NSW 2006 Australia Univ Sydney Dept Publ Hlth & Community Med Sydney NSW 2006 Australia

Objectives: To describe the reasons for the formation of divisions of population health in NSW, their functional units, how they might be evaluated, and some future challenges;to stimulate critical appraisal of the divisions. Methods: Personal observation;review of documentation and organisational charts. Results: Area health services (AHSs) were established in NSW in 1986;there are now 17. Divisions of population health attempt to overcome the marginalisation and fragmentation that often characterise population health workers within AHSs. Divisions aim to strengthen an AHS's capacity to meet its legislated responsibility to protect and promote the health of the local population. Each of the 13 divisions established since 1994 contains a different mix of services. Public health, health promotion and health services planning units are most commonly included in divisions. Formal evaluations of organisational structures are not common in health services. Evaluations of divisions of population health should focus on their success at: creating organisational structures and processes which are conducive to the implementation of population health strategies;improving health outcomes;and improving the personal, social and environmental pre-conditions for health. Conclusions: Establishing divisions of population health has highlighted the lack of evidence regarding the effectiveness of different organisational structures for delivering population health services. Implications: Greater effort is needed to evaluate existing organisational structures and to develop and implement optimal structures for population health services.

关键词：预测健康促进/方法健康促进/发展趋势健康状况健康状况指标国家卫生规划/组织和管理新南威尔士方案评价公共卫生/发展趋势女(雌)性人类男(雄)性

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Medicare is fundamental to the health care of Australia

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AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 1999年第4期23卷 339-341页

作者： Brooks, P Univ Queensland Fac Hlth Sci St Lucia Qld 4067 Australia

This article emphasizes the importance of Medicare to the health care system of Australia. In civilised societies, governments have a responsibility to provide and control the vital services of health, education and the utilities. This is not to say that some elements of service provision in these areas might not be provided by the private sector, but the important thing is getting a balance and making sure that balance provides the best opportunities for society as a whole. No Government since 1975 has been able to resist the opportunity of linkering' in some way with the health system. Current concern is particularly focused on the level of private health insurance in Australia, which has dropped significantly since the introduction of Medicare. It would be fair to say that Medicare has been extraordinarily successful, given its resources. It has played a major role in controlling burgeoning healthcare costs and in particular, the blow out in costs of technology that have led the U.S. to spend around 14% of the GDP on health care.

关键词：澳大利亚卫生保健提供/组织和管理卫生经费支出/统计学和数值数据卫生工作重点预期寿命国家卫生规划/组织和管理需求估价公共卫生人类

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The progress of the Polio Eradication Initiative: what prospects for eradicating measles?

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HEALTH POLICY AND PLANNING 1998年第3期13卷 212-233页

作者： Gounder, C Johns Hopkins Univ Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth Baltimore MD 21205 USA

Although various attempts have been made to eradicate infectious diseases, only smallpox has been eradicated to date. Polio is targeted for eradication in 2000 and already planning has begun for the eradication of measles. However, before we commit to a measles eradication effort, we must examine the lessons to be learned from polio eradication. Of particular importance is the debate over whether resources should be invested in 'horizontal' or 'vertical' programmes. The outcome of these debates will have a very deep and lasting impact on global health development in years to come. Collaboration between targeted programmes and the primary health care sector through polio and measles eradication efforts will help bring about the necessary balance between goal-oriented programmes, which are subject to quality control and can be evaluated by measurable outcomes, and broader efforts to build up sustainable health infrastructure.

关键词：传染病控制/组织和管理发展中国家龙线虫病/预防和控制卫生保健公平提供免疫接种规划疟疾/预防和控制麻疹/预防和控制国家卫生规划/组织和管理脊髓灰质炎/预防和控制方案评价天花/预防和控制美国世界卫生人类

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