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Computational framework for generating transport models from databases of microvascular anatomy

ANNALS OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2001年第10期29卷 837-843页

作者： Beard, DA Univ Washington Dept Bioengn Seattle WA 98195 USA

Quantitative descriptions of transport and exchange in physiological systems should make use of the emerging wealth of data on vascular anatomic structure. These descriptions may take the form of computational models which then must be incorporated into the comprehensive database of knowledge of microcirculatory physiology being developed under the title, The Micro circulation Physiome Project. Toward this end we present a simple and efficient computational method for simulating transport (advection, permeation, diffusion) in tissues containing microvascular structures of arbitrary complexity. The method is convenient because transport is simulated on a regular Cartesian lattice, and efficient because features of the anatomy are resolved within individual volume elements of the lattice. As a result, relatively low-resolution lattices yield accurate results. Therefore the method provides a feasible approach for studying a general class of transport problems in the context of realistic representations of vascular anatomy. (C) 2001 Biomedical Engineering Society.

关键词：生物转运毛细血管通透性大脑皮质/解剖学和组织学大脑皮质/血液供给数据库事实型扩散有限元分析微循环/解剖学和组织学微循环/生理学模型心血管数值分析计算机辅助动物大鼠

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Visualization and measurement of the cortical surface

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JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE 2000年第5期12卷 739-752页

作者： Wandell, BA Chial, S Backus, BT Stanford Univ Dept Psychol Stanford CA 94305 USA

Much of the human cortical surface is obscured from view by the complex pattern of folds, making the spatial relationship between different surface locations hard to interpret. Methods fur viewing large portions of the brain's surface in a single flattened representation are described. The flattened representation preserves several key spatial relationships between regions on the cortical surface. The principles used in the implementations and evaluations of these implementations using artificial test surfaces are provided. Results of applying the methods to structural magnetic resonance measurements of the human brain are also shown. The implementation details are available in che source code, which is freely available on the Internet.

关键词：算法大脑皮质/解剖学和组织学磁共振成像模型神经学人类

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CORTICAL-THALAMIC RELATIONSHIPS IN RAT

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EXPERIMENTAL NEUROLOGY 1975年第3期47卷 448-458页

作者： DONALDSON, L HAND, PJ MORRISON, AR UNIV PENN LABS ANATPHILADELPHIAPA 19174 UNIV PENN SCH VET MEDPHILADELPHIAPA UNIV PENN INST NEUROL SCIPHILADELPHIAPA

Single electrolytic lesions were made in the ventrobasal or posterior thalamic nuclear complex of 12 rats with a microelectrode after having first recorded the activity evoked by light tactile stimulation of various body parts. Resultant cortical axonal degeneration was studied with the Fink-Heimer I technique. Lesions in a region of the ventrobasal complex responding to stimulation of contralateral mystacial vibrissae led to somatotopically organized degeneration in the barrel field of the first somatic sensory cortex (SI), i.e., caudoventral vibrissae were represented dorsocaudally in the barrel field while rostrodorsal vibrissae were represented in the rostroventral barrel field. Degenerating axons ascended through deep cortical layers in bundles and terminated densely on the cells of lamina IV, involving neurons within the core and walls of the barrels as well as those in septal areas between barrels. A lesion in a lateral portion of the ventrobasal complex, Emmers' ventrobasal complex SII area, which was responsive to bilateral stroking of the hairs of the rat's dorsum, produced degeneration caudal to and overlapping cortical SI, but not in SII. Lesions of the posterior complex led to axonal degeneration caudal to SI, overlapping both visual and auditory cortices. A lesion in the medial portion of the ventrobasal complex, the thalamic gustatory nucleus, resulted in dense degeneration in a region of cortex dorsal to the rhinal fissure at the rostrocaudal level of the middle cerebral artery. This study answers the question of the cortical target of a portion of Emmers' ventrobasal complex SII region and of the posterior complex and confirms the position of the gustatory area and somatotopic representation of mystacial vibrissae.

关键词：脑图大脑皮质/解剖学和组织学大脑皮质/生理学诱发电位神经变性神经通路神经元/生理学躯体感觉皮质/解剖学和组织学躯体感觉皮质/生理学立体定位技术丘脑核/解剖学和组织学丘脑核/生理学动物大鼠

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A universal scaling law between gray matter and white matter of cerebral cortex

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 2000年第10期97卷 5621-5626页

作者： Zhang, K Sejnowski, TJ Salk Inst Biol Studies Howard Hughes Med Inst Computat Neurobiol Lab La Jolla CA 92037 USA Univ Calif San Diego Dept Biol La Jolla CA 92093 USA

a similar layered architecture in species over a wide range of brain sizes. Larger brains require longer fibers to communicate between distant cortical areas;the Volume of the white matter that contains long axons increases disproportionally faster than the volume of the gray matter that contains cell bodies, dendrites, and axons for local information processing, according to a power law. The theoretical analysis presented here shows how this remarkable anatomical regularity might arise naturally as a consequence of the local uniformity of the cortex and the requirement for compact arrangement of long axonal fibers. The predicted power law with an exponent of 4/3 minus a small correction for the thickness of the cortex accurately accounts for empirical data spanning several orders of magnitude in brain sizes for various mammalian species, including human and nonhuman primates.

关键词：轴突/超微结构大脑皮质/解剖学和组织学哺乳动物/解剖学和组织学模型神经学模型理论神经纤维/超微结构灵长目/解剖学和组织学种特异性动物人类

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Neurestin: Putative transmembrane molecule implicated in neuronal development

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DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 1999年第1期212卷 165-181页

作者： Otaki, JM Firestein, S Columbia Univ Dept Biol Sci New York NY 10027 USA

We have cloned a novel cDNA encoding a putative transmembrane protein, neurestin, from the rat olfactory bulb. Neurestin was identified based on a sequence similar to that of the second extracellular loops of odorant receptors in the cysteine-rich CC box located immediately after EGF-like motifs. Neurestin shows homology to a neuregulin gene product, human gamma-heregulin, a Drosophila receptor-type pair-rule gene product, Odd Oz (Odz) / Ten(m), and Ten(a), suggesting a possible function in synapse formation and morphogenesis. Recently, a mouse neurestin homolog has independently been cloned as DOC4 from the NIH-3T3 cell line. Northern blot analysis showed that neurestin is highly expressed in the brain and also in other tissues at much lower levels. In situ hybridization studies showed that neurestin is expressed in many types of neurons, including pyramidal cells in the cerebral cortex and tufted cells in the olfactory bulb during development. In adults, neurestin is mainly expressed in olfactory and hippocampal granule cells, which are known to be generated throughout adulthood. Nonetheless, in adults the expression of neurestin was experimentally induced in external tufted cells during regeneration of olfactory sensory neurons. These results suggest a role for neurestin in neuronal development and regeneration in the central nervous system. (C) 1999 Academic Press.

关键词：氨基酸序列大脑皮质/解剖学和组织学克隆分子 DNA 互补/分析基因表达基因文库免疫组织化学膜蛋白质类/分析膜蛋白质类/化学膜蛋白质类/药理学模型生物学分子序列数据嗅球/解剖学和组织学大鼠 Sprague-Dawley 序列同源性氨基酸时间因素组织分布动物人类大鼠

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DISTRIBUTION OF THE ANTERIOR COMMISSURE TO THE AMYGDALOID COMPLEX IN THE MONKEY

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BRAIN RESEARCH 1979年第2期162卷 331-337页

作者： TURNER, BH MISHKIN, M KNAPP, ME HOWARD UNIV SCH MED DEPT ANAT WASHINGTON DC 20059 USA

Although the anterior commissure is known to carry fibers to the amygdaloid complex in infraprimate species, no evidence for such a projection has been reported in primates. As part of an investigation into the connections of the amygdala in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta), the authors examined this question of commissural amygdaloid projections using the method of anterograde degeneration.

关键词：传入通路/解剖学和组织学杏仁核/解剖学和组织学大脑皮质/解剖学和组织学半球优势大脑/生理学类人猿亚目恒河猴神经变性嗅球/解剖学和组织学动物

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Translaminar differentiation of visually guided behaviors revealed by restricted cerebral cooling deactivation

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CEREBRAL CORTEX 2000年第11期10卷 1066-1077页

作者： Lomber, SG Payne, BR Boston Univ Sch Med Dept Anat & Neurobiol Lab Visual Percept & Cognit Boston MA 02118 USA

The purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that superficial and deep layers within a single cerebral region influence cerebral functions and behaviors in different ways. For this test, we selected posterior middle suprasylvian (pMS) sulcal cortex of the cat, a suspected homolog of the area V5 complex of primates, because the region has been implicated in several visually guided behaviors. Cats were trained on three tasks: (1) discrimination of direction of motion;(2) discrimination of static patterns partially obscured by static or moving masks: and (3) visual detection and orienting. Cooling of cryoloops in contact with pMS sulcal cortex to 8 +/- 1 degreesC selectively and completely impaired performance on the two motion discrimination tasks (1 and 2), while leaving the detection and orienting task (task 3) unimpaired. Further cooling to 3 degreesC resulted in an additional complete impairment of task 3. The 8 degreesC temperature resulted in silencing of neuronal activity in the supragranular layers (I-III) and the 3 degreesC temperature silenced activity throughout the thickness of pMS sulcal cortex. The variation in behavioral performance with covariation of cryoloop temperature and vertical, but not lateral, spread of deactivation shows that deactivation of superficial cerebral layers alone was sufficient to completely impair performance on the two motion discrimination tasks, whereas additional deactivation of the deep layers was essential to block performance on the detection and orienting task. Thus, these results show a functional bipartite division of labor between upper and lower cortical layers that is supported by efferent connectional anatomy. Similar bipartite division into upper and lower layers may be a general feature of cerebral cortical architecture, signal processing and guidance of behavior.

关键词：大脑皮质/解剖学和组织学大脑皮质/生理学冷温度胼胝体/损伤辨别(心理学)/生理学运动知觉/生理学视交叉/损伤定向力/生理学模式识别视觉/生理学动物猫

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Detection and statistical analysis of human cortical sulci

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NEUROIMAGE 1999年第6期10卷 625-641页

作者： Royackkers, N Desvignes, M Fawal, H Revenu, M CNRS GREYC ISMRA UPRESA 6072 F-14050 Caen France

Many studies dealing with the human brain use the spatial coordinate system of brain anatomy to localize functional regions. Unfortunately, brain anatomy, and especially cortical sulci, is characterized by a high interindividual variability. Specific tools called anatomical atlases must then be considered to make the interpretation of anatomical examinations easier. The work described here first aims at building a numerical atlas of the main cortical sulci. Our system is based on a database containing a collection of anatomical MRI of healthy volunteer brains. Their sulci have been manually drawn and labeled for both hemispheres. Sulci are represented as 3D superficial curves. After a nonlinear registration process, a statistical atlas of the cortical topography of a particular MRI is built from the database. It is an a priori model of cortical sulci, including three major components: an average curve represents the average shape and position of each sulcus;a search area accounts for its spatial variation domain;a set of quantitative parameters describes the variability of sulci geometry and topology. This atlas is completely individualized and adapted to the features of the brain under examination. The atlas is represented by a graph, the nodes of which represent sulci and the edges the relations between sulci. It can also be considered a statistical model that describes the cortical topography as well as its variability. (C) 1999 Academic Press.

关键词：解剖学艺术大脑皮质/解剖学和组织学磁共振成像医学插图模型解剖学参考值成年人女(雌)性人类男(雄)性中年人

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AFFERENT AND EFFERENT SUB-CORTICAL PROJECTIONS OF BEHAVIORALLY DEFINED SECTORS OF PREFRONTAL GRANULAR CORTEX

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BRAIN RESEARCH 1978年第2期159卷 279-296页

作者： JACOBSON, S BUTTERS, N TOVSKY, NJ VET ADM HOSP PSYCHOL SERV BOSTON MA 02130 USA BOSTON UNIV SCH MED NEUROL SERV BOSTON MA 02215 USA

Although the functional significance of the midprincipalis region is well known, the afferent and efferent connections of this zone, in comparison tot the anterior and posterior portions of the cortex lining the principal sulcus, are poorly understood. In 3 rhesus monkeys the retrograde tracer HRP [horseradish peroxidase] and the anterograde tracers, 3H- proline, lysine and leucine, were injected into the sulcal cortex lining the principal sulcus. The cortex forming the banks of the principal sulcus was divided into anterior, middle and posterior sectors with 1 animal used for each zone. As expected from previous studies, the heaviest afferents to the cortex forming the principal sulcus were from the parvocellular portions of the medial dorsal nucleus. The medial pulvinar nucleus and the nucleus limitans projected to only the anterior and posterior portions of the cortex lining the principal sulcus. Projections were seen to all 3 sectors from the anterior, midline, intralaminar and lateral thalamic nuclei. Although cells were seen in the hypothalamus following injections in all 3 sectors of the cortex lining the principal sulcus, the heaviest hypothalamic projections were noted after injections into the mid-sector of the cortex. These HRP-positive cells were in the dorsal and lateral hypothalamic area, dorsal medial nucleus and in the lateral mammillary nucleus. These findings link the midprincipalis region with the prefrontolimbic circuit, and suggest that the midprincipalis region, n. [nucleus] medialis dorsalis, the mammillary bodies and perhaps the cingulate gyrus constitute part of an anatomical circuit concerned with memory processes.

关键词：传入通路/解剖学和组织学行为动物/生理学尾状核/解剖学和组织学大脑皮质/解剖学和组织学辨别学习/生理学传出通路/解剖学和组织学类人猿亚目辣根过氧化物酶下丘脑/解剖学和组织学空间知觉/生理学丘脑核/解剖学和组织学动物

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PROJECTIONS FROM CORTEX TO TECTUM IN THE TREE SHREW, TUPAIA-GLIS

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JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY 1979年第2期185卷 253-291页

作者： CASSEDAY, JH JONES, DR DIAMOND, IT DUKE UNIV DEPT SURG DURHAM NC 27710 USA DUKE UNIV DEPT PSYCHOL DURHAM NC 27710 USA

Sensory neocortex of the tree shrew was divided into 3 main areas: the visual field, the auditory field and the somatic field which includes motor cortex. Cortical cells which project to the tectum were identified by injecting HRP [horseradish peroxidase] into superficial or deep layers of the superior colliculus and into various parts of the inferior colliculus. These descending projections are well organized according to their origin in the 3 main sensory fields of the cortex. Auditory field: labeled cells are found only in the core or auditory koniocortex, after injections of HRP in the pericentral area of the inferior colliculus;labeled cells are found in auditory belt areas after injections in posterior parts of the intermediate and deep layers of the superior colliculus, adjacent to the inferior colliculus. Somatic field: labeled cells are also found in the somatic field after injections in the intermediate and deep layers of the superior colliculus, so that auditory and somatic fields probably overlap to some extent. The possibility that somatic koniocortex has an exclusive target in the intermediate or deep layers of the superior colliculus is not excluded. Visual field: labeled cells are found only in the core or striate cortex after injections in the superficial layers of the superior colliculus. Labeled cells are found in the visual belt after injections in the rostral parts of the intermediate layers of the superior colliculus. When these results are related to ascending sensory pathways a picture emerges of a series of circuits or loops which interconnect parallel sensory pathways. These loops eventually reach the deep layers of the superior colliculus which of course have indirect access to motor neurons.

关键词：听觉皮质/解剖学和组织学听觉通路/解剖学和组织学脑图脑干/解剖学和组织学大脑皮质/解剖学和组织学神经通路/解剖学和组织学原猴亚目/解剖学和组织学丘脑核/解剖学和组织学树鼩科/解剖学和组织学视皮质/解剖学和组织学视通路/解剖学和组织学动物

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