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GERMAN CELSS RESEARCH WITH EMPHASIS ON THE CEBAS-PROJECT

ACTA ASTRONAUTICA 1991年第C期23卷 245-252页

作者： BLUEM, V KREUZBERG, K UniversityofBochum FRGandGermanAerospaceEstablishment[DLR]CologneGermany.

In general the German CELSS research program covers both animal and plant systems. In the field of botany a higher plant growth unit is disposed. The construction of a continuous culture device for unicellular algae in long-term multi-generation experiments will start in 1990. In zoology an experimental system for multi-generation experiments, the AQUARACK is already under construction and a running laboratory prototype is surrounded by a wide-spread ground research program. The combination of the algae the "Closed Equilibrated Biological Aquatic System", C.E.B.A.S. which may be the origin for further interdisciplinary research leading to an aquatic plant-animal-CELSS. This research field is closely associated with cybernetical science because the development of the combined systems need simulation processes and highly sophisticated electronical control. A further point in the CELSS program is the study of biological waste management.

关键词：藻类水产养殖双脐螺/生长和发育生物反应器鳉形目/生长和发育生态系统封闭设备设计德国国际机构生命保障系统/仪器和设备植物研究宇宙飞船/仪器和设备动物

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Rapid, specific determination of iodine and iodide by combined solid-phase extraction/diffuse reflectance spectroscopy

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ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2002年第1期74卷 185-190页

作者： Arena, MP Porter, MD Fritz, JS US DOE Ames Lab Microanalyt Instrumentat Ctr Ames IA 50011 USA Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol Dept Chem Ames IA 50011 USA

A new, rapid methodology for trace analysis using solid-phase extraction is described. The two-step methodology is based on the concentration of an analyte onto a membrane disk and on the determination by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy of the amount of analyte extracted on the disk surface. This method, which is adaptable to a wide range of analytes, has been used for monitoring ppm levels of iodine and iodide in spacecraft water. Iodine is used as a biocide in spacecraft water. For these determinations, a water sample is passed through a membrane disk by means of a 10-mL syringe that is attached to a disk holder assembly. The disk, which is a polystyrene- divinylbenzene composite, is impregnated with poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP), which exhaustively concentrates iodine as a yellow iodine-PVP complex. The amount of concentrated iodine is then determined in only 2 s by using a hand-held diffuse reflectance spectrometer by comparing the result with a calibration curve based on the Kubelka-Munk function. The same general procedure can be used to determine iodide levels after its facile and exhaustive oxidation to iodine by peroxymonosulfate (i.e., Oxone reagent). For samples containing both analytes, a two-step procedure can be used in which the iodide concentration is calculated from the difference in iodine levels before and after treatment of the sample with peroxymonosulfate. With this methodology, iodine and iodide levels in the 0.1-5.0 ppm range can be determined with a total workup time of similar to60 s with a RSD of similar to6%.

关键词：比色法/仪器和设备比色法/方法消毒药(剂)/分析环境监测/仪器和设备环境监测/方法碘/分析过氧化物/化学聚苯乙烯/化学碘化钾/分析聚维酮/化学宇宙飞船/仪器和设备光谱分析/仪器和设备光谱分析/方法水/化学给水/分析

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NEEDS OF PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL-RESEARCH USING ARTIFICIAL GRAVITY

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ACTA ASTRONAUTICA 1994年第C期33卷 231-237页

作者： SUZUKI, M TOYOBE, M HAMAMI, H TAYAMA, M FUJII, T SATO, T NITTA, K KIBE, S TOYO ENGN CORP 2-8-1 AKANEHAMANARASHINOJAPAN

In the next century, mankind will expand its activity to the moon and Mars. At that time, humans will be exposed to a low and micro-gravity environment in long term which causes physiological and psychological problems. The authors propose an artificial gravity space station for a research laboratory on human physiology and psychology at various gravity levels. The baseline specifications and the configuration of the space station are shown. Reviewing the history of manned space flight, the necessity of the research on an artificial gravity space station is discussed, including themes of research to be conducted on the station and the application of its results. Technical issues for realization of the space station such as environmental factors, system function and assembly scenario are also discussed.

关键词：航天医学设备设计体液转移/生理学重力改变人际关系生命保障系统/仪器和设备肌萎缩/病理生理学旋转宇宙飞行宇宙飞船/仪器和设备应激心理学抗失重措施人类

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Long-duration space mission regenerative life support

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ACTA ASTRONAUTICA 2000年第2-9期47卷 129-138页

作者： Samsonov, NM Bobe, LS Gavrilov, LI Novikov, VM Farafonov, NS Grigoriev, JI Zaitsev, EN Romanov, SJ Grogoriev, AI Sinjak, JE NIICHIMMASH Moscow Russia

The paper deals with the construction of physical/chemical life support systems of orbiting space station Mir and the Russian segment of the international space station (ISS). Based on experience gained in development and long-term operation of systems for water recovery and air revitalization balance and energy/mass characteristics of promising life support systems (LSS) are analyzed. Physical/chemical life support systems with regenerative systems updated as a result of the operation on the ISS may be used at an initial phase of manned interplanetary missions. (C) 2000 International Astronautical Federation. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词：空气调节/仪器和设备空气调节/方法生态系统封闭设备设计设施的设计和建造生命保障系统/仪器和设备氧/化学俄罗斯宇宙飞行/仪器和设备宇宙飞船/仪器和设备废弃物处理/仪器和设备废弃物处理/方法给水失重人类

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SSC MICROGRAVITY SOUNDING ROCKET PROGRAM MASER

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ACTA ASTRONAUTICA 1988年第1期17卷 39-43页

作者： JONSSON, R Swedish Space Corporation Solna Sweden.

The Swedish Microgravity Sounding Rocket program MASER is presented. Especially the MASER 1 payload is depicted, but also an outlook for the future possibilities within the Short Duration Flight Opportunities is given. Furthermore the coordination and relation with the German TEXUS program is touched upon. With the two TEXUS and MASER programs--possibly together with other fascinating projects like M-ARIES and MG-M-ARIANNE--the microgravity scientific community in Europe should get reasonable amounts of flight opportunities in preparation for the big space venture the European Space Station.

关键词：对流设备设计材料试验/仪器和设备宇宙飞行/发展趋势宇宙飞船/仪器和设备瑞典导热性热力学失重

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PROVIDING A SOUND HABITAT FOR MAN IN SPACE

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ACTA ASTRONAUTICA 1991年第C期23卷 275-277页

作者： STRANGERJOHANNESSEN, M CenterforIndustrialResearch OsloNorway.

Microbiological growth on materials in an indoor environment contributes to the well known "sick building syndrome". The inhabitants' health and well-being is affected by injurious vapours and odours given off to the air. This is particularly pronounced in new and better tightened houses with unconventional building materials and wider employment of air conditioning. The European Space Agency has recognized the problems to be expected in a totally closed and self-supported long-term habitat and has induced work on the selection of materials, resistant to microbiological growth, and on other microbial contamination control measures. Requirements and procedures are being established as a basis for the microbiological cleanliness of the manned space environment and for the avoidance of microbiological growth on materials and equipment. Methods are being developed, suitable for testing and predicting the resistivity to microbiological growth of materials to be used in long-term space habitats.

关键词：细菌细菌感染建筑材料生态系统封闭环境微生物学设备污染/预防和控制真菌湿度生命保障系统/仪器和设备真菌病不良建筑物综合征/预防和控制宇宙飞船/仪器和设备人类

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Mir: A health report

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AEROSPACE AMERICA 1997年第6期35卷 34-38页

作者： Possehl, SR

The current equipment and safety status of the Russian space station Mir is discussed. Mir has operated past its expected life expectancy and has been having an increasing number of equipment failures and problems. The Russian system of addressing equipment repairs and maintenance is examined along with implications for the future International Space Station.

关键词：设备失效设备安全性火灾国际合作维修俄罗斯宇宙飞行/经济学宇宙飞行/仪器和设备宇宙飞行/组织和管理宇宙飞船/仪器和设备美国美国国家航空和宇宙航行管理局

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Training astronauts using three-dimensional visualisations of the International Space Station

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ACTA ASTRONAUTICA 1999年第5-6期44卷 303-306页

作者： Rycroft, M Houston, A Barker, A Dahlstron, E Lewis, N Maris, N Nelles, D Bagaoutdinov, R Bodrikov, G Borodin, Y Cheburkov, M Ivanov, D Karpunin, P Katargin, R Kiselyev, A Kotlayarevsky, Y Schetinnikov, A Tylerov, F Int Space Univ F-67400 Illkirch France

Recent advances in personal computer technology have led to the development of relatively low-cost software to generate high-resolution three-dimensional images. The capability both to rotate and zoom in on these images superposed on appropriate background images enables high-quality movies to be created. These developments have been used to produce realistic simulations of the International Space Station on CD-ROM. This product is described and its potentialities demonstrated. With successive launches, the ISS is gradually built up, and visualised over a rotating Earth against the star background. It is anticipated that this product's capability will be useful when training astronauts to carry out EVAs around the ISS. Simulations inside the ISS are also very realistic. These should prove invaluable when familiarising the TSS crew with their future workplace and home. Operating procedures can be taught and perfected. "What if" scenario models can be explored and this Facility should be useful when training the crew to deal with emergency situations which might arise. This CD-ROM product will also be used to make the general public more aware of, and hence enthusiastic about, the International Space Station programme. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词：宇航员/教育 CD-ROM 计算机制图计算机模拟宇航员舱外活动宇宙飞行/教育宇宙飞行/仪器和设备宇宙飞船/仪器和设备用户计算机接口人类

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Space missions for SETI

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ACTA ASTRONAUTICA 1999年第2-4期44卷 113-115页

作者： Drake, F SETI Inst Mt View CA USA

Radio Telescopes for SETI searches are less demanding than general purpose astronomical radio telescopes. This provides an opportunity to exploit economical approaches in designing SETT systems. Radio Telescopes in low Earth orbit offer no discernible advantages to SETI;indeed, they probably would perform more poorly than a telescope in any other location. Telescopes in geosynchronous orbits would be sufficiently far from Earth to mitigate greatly the deleterious effect of human radio transmissions. Telescopes on the far side of the moon would be superb both from a radio interference standpoint, and from a civil engineering standpoint. Single-reflector telescopes as large as 50 kilometers in diameter could be constructed with conventional materials. However, their costs appear prohibitive. The asteroid belt and the outer solar system are unpromising places to place a large radio telescope. Perhaps the ultimate radio telescope would utilise the sun as a gravitational lens, focusing radiation on free-flying 10-meter class or possibly larger radio telescopes located at distances of the order of 1000 A.U. from the sun. Such a combination has an energy collecting area at 10 centimeters wavelength equivalent to that of a radio telescope about 11 kilometers in diameter, or of the order of 3000 Arecibo radio telescopes. Such a system could detect transmitters with EIRP of the order of a gigawatt at a distance of the order of the distance to the galactic center. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词：天文学/仪器和设备天文学/方法信息交流地球外环境月球无线电波太阳系宇宙飞行宇宙飞船/仪器和设备

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Lunar polar ice deposits: Scientific and utilization objectives of the lunar ice discovery mission proposal

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ACTA ASTRONAUTICA 2002年第6期50卷 379-383页

作者： Duke, MB Lunar & Planetary Inst Houston TX 77058 USA

The Clementine mission has revived interest in the possibility that ice exists in shadowed craters near the lunar poles. Theoretically, the problem is complex, with several possible sources of water (meteoroid, asteroid, comet impact), several possible loss mechanisms (impact vaporization, sputtering, photo ionization), and burial by meteorite impact, Opinions of modelers have ranged from no ice to several times 10(16) g Of ice in the cold traps. Clementine bistatic radar data have been interpreted in favor of the presence of ice, while Arecibo radar data do not confirm its presence. The Lunar Prospector mission, planned to be flown in the fall of 1997, could gather new evidence for the existence of ice. If ice is present, both scientific and utilitarian objectives would be addressed by a lunar polar rover, such as that proposed to the NASA Discovery program, but not selected. The lunar polar rover remains the best way to understand the distribution and characteristics of lunar polar ice. (C) 2002 International Astronautical Federation. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词：寒带气候地球外环境地质学冰/分析流星体月球宇宙飞行/仪器和设备宇宙飞船/仪器和设备水/分析失重

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