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Development of an advanced rocket propellant Handler's suit

ACTA ASTRONAUTICA 2001年第3-10期49卷 463-468页

作者： Doerr, DF NASA Kennedy Space Ctr FL 32899 USA

Most launch vehicles and satellites in the US inventory rely upon the use of hypergolic rocket propollants, many of which are toxic to humans. These fuels and oxidizers, such as hydrazine and nitrogen tetroxide have threshold limit values as low as 0.01 PPM. It is essential to provide space workers handling these agents whole body protection as they are universally hazardous not only to the respiratory system, but the skin as well. This paper describes a new method for powering a whole body protective garment to assure the safety of ground servicing crews. A new technology has been developed through the small business innovative research program at the Kennedy Space Center. Currently, liquid air is used in the environmental control unit (ECU) that powers the propellant handlers suit (PHE). However, liquid air exhibits problems with attitude dependence, oxygen enrichment, and difficulty with reliable quantity measurement. The new technology employs the storage of the supply air as a supercritical gas. This method of air storage overcomes ail of three problems above while maintaining high density storage at relatively low vessel pressures (< 7000 kPa or similar to 1000 psi). A one hour prototype ECU was developed and tested to prove the feasibility of this concept. This was upgraded by the design of a larger supercritical dewar capable of holding 7 Kg of air, a supply which provides a 2 hour duration to the PHE. A third version is being developed to test the feasibility of replacing existing air cooling methodology with a liquid cooled garment for relief of heat stress in this warm Florida environment. Testing of the first one hour prototype yielded data comprobable to the liquid air powered predecessor, but enjoyed advantages of attitude independence and oxygen level stability. Thermal data revealed heat stress relief at least as good as liquid air supplied units. The application of supercritical air technology to this whole body protective ensemble marked an advance

关键词：航天医学空气调节/方法体温设备设计运动耐量危害物质热应激障碍人体工程肼类生命保障系统/仪器和设备氧化氮类职业暴露防护服宇宙飞船/仪器和设备成年人人类男(雄)性中年人

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LOW-GRAVITY ENVIRONMENT IN SPACELAB

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ACTA ASTRONAUTICA 1982年第4期9卷 187-198页

作者： KNABE, W EILERS, D ERNO Raumfahrttechnik GmbH Bremen FRG.

This paper presents residual and system-generated accelerations with results from g-jitter spectral measurements in the Spacelab Engineering Model. An overview (classification, brief discussion, and assessment of magnitudes) of the various constituents of the perturbative acceleration field inside the Spacelab Module is presented, both steady and fluctuating components being considered. Results of local g-jitter spectral measurements taken in the Spacelab Engineering Model (EM-1)/Long Module Configuration are presented for frequencies from less than 1 to 200 Hz. The measured results for the system-generated perturbative accelerations exhibit, in the time domain, amplitudes of the order of 10(-3) g (peak value 3.6 x 10(-3) g). Spectral values of 4 x 10(-4) g are obtained in the frequency range up to 100 Hz; up to 10 Hz, however, the spectral values remain about an order of magnitude smaller, and also between 100 and 200 Hz the perturbation level is significantly lower than below 100 Hz. Measured results from simulated crew activities show, in the time domain, a peak amplitude of 2.6 x 10(-2)g, the spectral values being 6 x 10(-3)g below 100 Hz and 1 x 10(-3)g below 10 Hz for typical perturbances.

关键词：加速度工程设备设计物理学宇宙飞行宇宙飞船/仪器和设备振动失重

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RADIATION PROTECTION OF ASTRONAUTS IN LEO

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ACTA ASTRONAUTICA 1989年第6-7期19卷 491-503页

作者： MELKONIAN, G BOURRIEAU, J AvionsMarcelDassault-BreguetAviation Saint-CloudFrance.

Radiological protection for space flights is often perceived as a technico-scientific problem. All this is the result of the effects of radiation encountered in space and manned flight conditions. The main characteristics of this radiation come from its complex composition and its large energy spectrum which must be taken into account as well as flux variations by both solar activity and the vehicle position on orbit. Inside a vehicle, structures constitute irregularly distributed shields and lead to a specific dose at each location. To be able to protect the crew, it is first necessary to understand the threat and therefore to identify the radiation environment: extraterrestrial and orbital. As the environment varies with both the orbit position and time, the dose received in each critical organ during missions must be determined and compared with acceptable limits. To counter the threat, which may exceed acceptable limits, a strategy is required, including the complementary aspects of prevention, detection, protection and possibly treatment.

关键词：大西洋宇宙辐射剂量效应关系辐射电子宇航员舱外活动磁力学质子辐射剂量辐射监测辐射防护相对生物学效应太阳活动南美宇宙飞行/仪器和设备宇宙飞船/仪器和设备人类

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TELEROBOTICS AND ORBITAL LABORATORIES - AN END-TO-END ANALYSIS AND DEMONSTRATION

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ACTA ASTRONAUTICA 1989年第10期19卷 827-834页

作者： KONKEL, CR MILLER, CF Teledyne Brown Engineering Huntsville Ala USA.

A preliminary analysis of the United States Laboratory (USL) module of the International Space Station has been completed. A major conclusion was that one of the most limited resources within the USL will be crew time. A laboratory robot would alleviate these constraints, improve safety, and reduce operational costs. A laboratory experiment manipulator system (LEMS) is proposed, made up of an on-board mobile manipulator and a computer-assisted operator control station. The on-board manipulator concept was tested with an Intelledex 660 industrial robot. Operator joystick command capability and delayed video feedback were added to simulate a Space Station Teleoperation system. The implementation of a unique predictive display was chosen for further evaluation because of its promise as a partial solution to the classical problem of robot remote control in the presence of time delay. The incorporation of various correction factors to calibrate the robot predictor model, including geometric distortion and spherical aberration caused by the video optics, is described.

关键词：校准人体工程实验室人机系统机器人宇宙飞行/仪器和设备宇宙飞船/仪器和设备作业完成和分析用户计算机接口人类

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BIOMEDICAL ASPECTS OF ARTIFICIAL GRAVITY

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ACTA ASTRONAUTICA 1981年第9-10期8卷 1117-1121页

作者： SHIPOV, AA KOTOVSKAYA, AR GALLE, RR InstituteofBiomedicalProblems USSRMinistryofHealthMoscow.

Artificial gravitv generated by spacecraft rotation may prove a universal countermeasure against adverse effects of weightlessness in the future. The paper summarizes the results of ground-based biomedical investigations of artificial gravity and flight experiments aboard Soviet biosatellites Cosmos-782 and Cosmos-936. It is believed that at the present stage the major goal of such investigations is to determine the minimum efficient value of artificial gravity in long-term flights which may eliminate adverse effects of prolonged weightlessness. In ground-bound studies the highest priority should be given to the development of methods on increasing human tolerance to the rotating environment.

关键词：适应生理学航天医学心血管生理学消化生理学鱼类重力改变肌肉骨骼生理学旋转宇宙飞行宇宙飞船/仪器和设备龟/生理学抗失重措施动物狗人类大鼠

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MINIATURE TRIAXIAL METASTABLE IONIZATION DETECTOR FOR GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHIC TRACE ANALYSIS OF EXTRATERRESTRIAL VOLATILES

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ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 1984年第4期56卷 860-862页

作者： WOELLER, FH KOJIRO, DR CARLE, GC SolarSystemExplorationOffice NASA-AmesResearchCenterMoffettFieldCalifornia94035USA.

Gas chromatography has found highly successful application in NASA's flight programs. Gas chromatographs have been flown to both Mars and Venus where detailed compositional measurements were made. These instruments were quite small and relatively sensitive when compared to commercially available instruments; however, they do not appear adequate for future missions currently being planned. The earlier flight GC's had incorporated thermistor bead thermal conductivity cells as the detector. This detector requires very precise temperature control and only provides about 1 ppm sensitivity. Temperature stabilization causes the detector to be quite heavy, i.e., about 200 g. Greater sensitivity will be required for measurements of trace components in extraterrestrial environments. Review of other detector types revealed the metastable ionization detector as a likely candidate because of its superior thermal stability and high sensitivity. The metastable detector, first described by Lovelock as an argon ionization detector, has been studied and somewhat modified by others. The commercial design by Hartmann and Dimick was used for comparison purposes in our work. In the past, three features of the metastable detector are prominent: it has part-per-billion sensitivity, contamination must be carefully controlled, and anomalous response is common. Since it is an ionization detector, however, temperature instabilities do not cause the major perturbations experienced by the thermal conductivity detectors. This paper describes a miniature metastable ionization detector featuring an unconventional electrode configuration, whose performance characteristics parallel those of traditional design, while its weight is quite small. The prototype has been used in our laboratories routinely for 2 years, and the concept will be incorporated into a flight GC for use in the Space Shuttle.

关键词：天文学/仪器和设备色谱法气相/仪器和设备电极设备设计评价研究(主题) 地球外环境气体/分析热温度小型化/仪器和设备太阳系宇宙飞行/仪器和设备宇宙飞船/仪器和设备

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EMERGENCY MEDICAL-CARE ON SPACE STATIONS

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ACTA ASTRONAUTICA 1980年第12期7卷 1483-1484页

作者： FREY, R DURNER, P VONBAUMGARTEN, R VOGEL, H UNIV MAINZ PHYSIOL INST JOHANNES GUTENBERGD-6500 MAINZFED REP GER

This Note emphasizes the need, in a space station, of an emergency room, especially equipped with regard to clean air and competent paramedical personnel. The establishment of some degree of artificial gravity is desi... 详细信息

关键词：航天医学/方法航天医学/组织和管理心肺复苏术急救医疗服务/组织和管理宇宙飞行/仪器和设备宇宙飞行/组织和管理宇宙飞船/仪器和设备失重人类

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AUTOMATION IN MANNED SPACEFLIGHT

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ACTA ASTRONAUTICA 1992年第C期27卷 185-188页

作者： KASS, JR SCHAFHAUSER, E OHB-System Space&EnvironmentalTechnologyBremenGermany.

With the ever increasing complexity and use of advanced technologies in the development of equipment and experiments in spaceflight, the possibility offers itself to automating repititious or very sensitive operations. The implementation of such automation lends itself well to teleoperations and the eventual introduction of artificial intelligence. In this paper the criteria for introducing automation are discussed, and its impacts examined. New problems such as command and control are discussed, with some guidelines suggested.

关键词：人工智能自动化人体工程机器人宇宙飞行宇宙飞船/仪器和设备失重工作负荷量人类

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A COMPACT EQUIPMENT PACKAGE FOR VESTIBULAR EXPERIMENTS DURING SPACEFLIGHT

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ACTA ASTRONAUTICA 1991年第C期23卷 307-309页

作者： CLARKE, AH TEIWES, W SCHERER, H DepartmentofOtorhinolaryngology SteglitzMedicalCenterFreieUniversitatBerlinFRG.

A compact measurement and stimulus equipment package for vestibular testing is described. The package is designed on a modular concept so that a customised version can be assembled for each experimental situation. Although primarily conceived for space-related research, the equipment has also been introduced successfully into the clinical diagnostic procedure. An essential function of the equipment is the recording and evaluation of eye movements. This is performed by a video-based measurement system which permits evaluation of horizontal, vertical and torsional components of eye movement. Objective testing of the vestibulo-ocular reflex in all three orthogonal planes is therefore possible. Furthermore evaluation of the otolithic function in weightlessness is made feasible by the possibility of measuring dynamic ocular counterrolling. Some applications of the equipment are described.

关键词：设备设计眼球运动/生理学反射前庭眼/生理学信号处理计算机辅助宇宙飞行/仪器和设备宇宙飞船/仪器和设备前庭功能试验/仪器和设备前庭功能试验/方法录像失重人类

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MArs Neutron Energy Spectrometer (MANES): an instrument for the Mars 2003 Lander

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ACTA ASTRONAUTICA 2003年第2-6期52卷 405-410页

作者： Maurer, RH Roth, DR Kinnison, JD Goldsten, JO Gold, RE Fainchtein, R Johns Hopkins Univ Appl Phys Lab Laurel MD 20723 USA

We describe the instrument design and detector development for MANES which has been selected to fly on the Mars 2003 Lander. Section 1 explains the need for the spectrometer in determining the increased risk of carcinogenesis for astronauts. Section 2 presents the instrument design including an outline drawing, a cross-sectional view and a detailed block diagram. Sections 3 and 4 describe the low and high energy detector components of the spectrometer and present responses to monoenergetic neutron beams. Sections 5 and 6 explain the design approaches to charged particle discrimination and instrument transfer function modeling. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词：设备设计火星中子辐射监测/仪器和设备辐射防护宇宙飞行/仪器和设备宇宙飞船/仪器和设备光谱分析/仪器和设备

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