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ACTA ASTRONAUTICA 1990年第C期22卷 65-70页

作者： BOBKO, KJ GIBSON, EG MARONEY, SA MUCCIO, JD BoozAllen&Hamilton Inc.RestonVAUSA.

The nature of the Space Station Freedom Program presents an array of new and enhanced challenges which need to be addressed en route to developing an effective and affordable infrastructure for crew training. Such an infrastructure is essential for the safety and success of the program. The three major challenges that affect crew training are the long lifetime of the program (thirty years), the interdependence of successive increments, and the participation of the three International Partners (Canada, European Space Agency, and Japan) and a myriad of experimenters. This paper addresses these major challenges as they drive the development of a crew training capability and the actual conduct of crew training.

关键词：宇航员/教育计算机模拟教育技术在职培训宇宙飞行/教育宇宙飞行/组织和管理宇宙模拟宇宙飞船作业完成和分析教材失重工作负荷量人类

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Psycho-social training for man in space

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ACTA ASTRONAUTICA 1999年第2期45卷 115-118页

作者： Kass, R Kass, J Concordia Univ Dept Appl Human Sci Montreal PQ H3H 1J2 Canada

In preparation for the international manned space station various international and national space agencies are already participating with the Russian MIR programme with short, medium, and long term presence on the MIR station. Although selection criteria for all crew include careful psychological screening, with some effort also regarding team build-up, this has proved insufficient;moreover, little or no effort is expended in the area of psycho-social- or team training. This paper propounds the authors' thesis that, in addition to the steps already being taken, psychosocial training is essential for long-duration flight. A concrete proposal is made for such a training program, with an overview of how such a program will look like;examples of past applications are given. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词：航天医学宇航员/教育宇航员/心理学团体处理在职培训人际关系人员选用社会隔绝社会支持宇宙飞行/教育人类

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PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAINING OF GERMAN SCIENCE ASTRONAUTS

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ACTA ASTRONAUTICA 1992年第C期27卷 147-154页

作者： MANZEY, D SCHIEWE, A DLR-InstituteofAerospaceMedicine Dept.ofAviationandSpacePsychologyHamburgGermany.

Although the significance of psychosocial issues of manned space flights has been discussed very often in recent literature, up to now, very few attempts have been made in North-America or Europe to provide astronaut candidates or spacecrew members with some kind of psychological training. As a first attempt in this field, a psychological training program for science astronauts is described, which has been developed by the German Aerospace Research Establishment and performed as part of the mission-independent biomedical training of the German astronauts' team. In contrast to other training concepts, this training program focused not only on skills needed to cope with psychosocial issues regarding long-term stays in space, but also on skills needed to cope with the different demands during the long pre-mission phase. Topics covered in the training were "Communication and Cooperation", "Stress-Management", "Coping with Operational Demands", "Effective Problem Solving in Groups", and "Problem-Oriented Team Supervision".

关键词：适应心理学航天医学宇航员/教育宇航员/心理学信息交流德国团体处理在职培训国际机构宇宙飞行/教育应激心理学人类

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+Gz and +Gx tolerance at healthy persons of non-flying trades at primary selection on the centrifuge

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ACTA ASTRONAUTICA 1998年第3-6期43卷 121-130页

作者： Lukianiouk, VY Kotovskaya, AR Vil-Viliams, IF State Res Ctr Russian Federat Inst Biomed Problems Moscow Russia

The variability of age dynamics of +Gz tolerance up to 5 g duringprimary testing on the centrifuge at practically healthy men ofnon-flying trades was determined. the highest +Gz tolerance was foundat subjects aging 31-45 years, the least one-in the groups of 21-25and 46-50 years. Age features of physiological reactions of organismon +Gz acceleration were de- Termined. For young persons(21-35years)-asthenic type of reaction of systolic blood pres- Sure in thevessels of ear lobe, development of functional visual disturbancesand loss of Consciousness were characteristics, for subjects over 45years-disturbances of heart rhythm And limitation of maximal level ofheart rate, which indicate about a decreases of functional Reservesof their cardio-vascular system.

关键词：加速度适应生理学航天医学衰老/生理学宇航员心脏复合征早搏/流行病学离心法心率/生理学发病率人员选用身体耐力俄罗斯宇宙飞行/教育心动过速窦性/流行病学失重成年人人类男(雄)性中年人

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PUBLIC-SCHOOL TEACHERS IN THE UNITED-STATES EVALUATE THE EDUCATIONAL-IMPACT OF STUDENT SPACE EXPERIMENTS LAUNCHED BY EXPENDABLE VEHICLES, ABOARD SKYLAB, AND ABOARD SPACE-SHUTTLE

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ACTA ASTRONAUTICA 1991年第12期25卷 799-820页

作者： BURKHALTER, BB MCLEAN, JE CURTIS, JP JAMES, GS Office of the Vice President for Research Auburn University AL 36830 USA.

Space education is a discipline that has evolved at an unprecedented rate over the past 25 years. Although program proceedings, research literature, and historical documentation have captured fragmented pieces of information about student space experiments, the field lacks a valid comprehensive study that measures the educational impact of sounding rockets, Skylab, Ariane, AMSAT, and Space Shuttle. The lack of this information is a problem for space educators worldwide which led to a national study with classroom teachers. Student flown experiments continue to offer a unique experiential approach to teach students thinking and reasoning skills that are imperative in the current international competitive environment in which they live and will work. Understanding the history as well as the current status and educational spin-offs of these experimental programs strengthens the teaching capacity of educators throughout the world to develop problem solving skills and various higher mental processes in the schools. These skills and processes enable students to use their knowledge more effectively and efficiently long after they leave the classroom. This paper focuses on student space experiments as a means of motivating students to meet this educational goal successfully.

关键词：认知数据收集评价研究全体教工院校问题解决院校宇宙飞行/教育学生教学思考美国人类

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ANALOGY BETWEEN TRAINING FOR DANCERS AND PROBLEMS OF ADJUSTMENT TO MICROGRAVITY - AN EVALUATION OF THE SUBJECTIVE VERTICAL IN DANCERS

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ACTA ASTRONAUTICA 1991年第8-9期25卷 605-613页

作者： DUBOIS, K 16 rue Lancry 75010 Paris France

"Moderne dance" (as opposed to a more academic or classical dance form) uses techniques from kinesiology, anatomy and improvization which are adapted to a cultural, technological and political environment. The function of a choreographic system is to take and give a measure of the world. This includes, with the present tendency of the evolution of culture, a new "naturalism" which seeks the secrets of the body. Dance movements express in terms of space the dimension fo the infinite. It gives somehow the measure of a world within which everything is relative. Except for the speed of light, time and space are bound together by the same principle. The qualities of body awareness and specific motricity in dancers imply-besides a strict discipline-balance, coordination, muscular performance and perfect orientation, problems that astronauts also encounter in microgravity. Could chosen exercises used in modern dance technique be applied to the training of astronauts? Dancer-choreographer Kitsou Dubois has been working in this direction since 1988. She was granted a "Villa Medicis Hors Les Murs" by the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, to carry on with her research at NASA, Houston, Tex. in April 1989. It allowed her to investigate the reality of this analogy. She intends to evaluate the dancers' subjective vertical refering to Mittelstaedt's observations on the proportional relationship between "space sickness" and some astronauts poor evaluation of the subjective vertical. This study should create a relationship between a choreographer's empirical intuition and a scientific reality.

关键词：适应生理学宇航员/教育舞蹈疗法舞蹈运动(Exercise) 头部运动运动(Kinesis) 定向力体位本体感觉旋转宇宙飞行/教育太空运动病/病因学太空运动病/预防和控制失重成年人女(雌)性人类男(雄)性

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Training astronauts using three-dimensional visualisations of the International Space Station

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ACTA ASTRONAUTICA 1999年第5-6期44卷 303-306页

作者： Rycroft, M Houston, A Barker, A Dahlstron, E Lewis, N Maris, N Nelles, D Bagaoutdinov, R Bodrikov, G Borodin, Y Cheburkov, M Ivanov, D Karpunin, P Katargin, R Kiselyev, A Kotlayarevsky, Y Schetinnikov, A Tylerov, F Int Space Univ F-67400 Illkirch France

Recent advances in personal computer technology have led to the development of relatively low-cost software to generate high-resolution three-dimensional images. The capability both to rotate and zoom in on these images superposed on appropriate background images enables high-quality movies to be created. These developments have been used to produce realistic simulations of the International Space Station on CD-ROM. This product is described and its potentialities demonstrated. With successive launches, the ISS is gradually built up, and visualised over a rotating Earth against the star background. It is anticipated that this product's capability will be useful when training astronauts to carry out EVAs around the ISS. Simulations inside the ISS are also very realistic. These should prove invaluable when familiarising the TSS crew with their future workplace and home. Operating procedures can be taught and perfected. "What if" scenario models can be explored and this Facility should be useful when training the crew to deal with emergency situations which might arise. This CD-ROM product will also be used to make the general public more aware of, and hence enthusiastic about, the International Space Station programme. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词：宇航员/教育 CD-ROM 计算机制图计算机模拟宇航员舱外活动宇宙飞行/教育宇宙飞行/仪器和设备宇宙飞船/仪器和设备用户计算机接口人类

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Improving science literacy and education through space life sciences

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ACTA ASTRONAUTICA 2001年第3-10期49卷 469-476页

作者： MacLeish, MY Moreno, NP Tharp, BZ Denton, JJ Jessup, G Clipper, MC Morehouse Sch Med Atlanta GA 30310 USA

The National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI) encourages open involvement by scientists and the public at large in the Institute's activities. Through its Education and Public Outreach Program, the Institute is supporting national efforts to improve Kindergarten through grade twelve (K-12) and undergraduate education and to communicate knowledge generated by space life science research to lay audiences. Three academic institutions-Baylor College of Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine and Texas A&M University-are designing, producing, field-testing, and disseminating a comprehensive array of programs and products to achieve this goal. The objectives of the NSBRI Education and Public Outreach program are to: promote systemic change in elementary and secondary science education;attract undergraduate students - especially those from underrepresented groups - to careers in space life sciences, engineering and technology-based fields;increase scientific literacy;and to develop public and private sector partnerships that enhance and expand NSBRI efforts to reach students and families. (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.

关键词：航天医学生物科学/教育昼夜节律课程评价研究肌肉骨骼生理学规划制订政府政策院校科学/教育学会科学宇宙飞行/教育教材美国美国国家航空和宇宙航行管理局

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