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ACTA ASTRONAUTICA 1990年第C期22卷 65-70页

作者： BOBKO, KJ GIBSON, EG MARONEY, SA MUCCIO, JD BoozAllen&Hamilton Inc.RestonVAUSA.

The nature of the Space Station Freedom Program presents an array of new and enhanced challenges which need to be addressed en route to developing an effective and affordable infrastructure for crew training. Such an infrastructure is essential for the safety and success of the program. The three major challenges that affect crew training are the long lifetime of the program (thirty years), the interdependence of successive increments, and the participation of the three International Partners (Canada, European Space Agency, and Japan) and a myriad of experimenters. This paper addresses these major challenges as they drive the development of a crew training capability and the actual conduct of crew training.

关键词：宇航员/教育计算机模拟教育技术在职培训宇宙飞行/教育宇宙飞行/组织和管理宇宙模拟宇宙飞船作业完成和分析教材失重工作负荷量人类

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Integration of multiple research disciplines on the International Space Station

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ACTA ASTRONAUTICA 2000年第2-9期47卷 309-315页

作者： Penley, NJ Uri, J Sivils, T Bartoe, JDF NASA Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr Houston TX 77058 USA

The International Space Station will provide an extremely high-quality, long-duration microgravity environment for the conduct of research. In addition, the ISS offers a platform for performing observations of Earth and Space from a high-inclination orbit, outside of the Earth's atmosphere. This unique environment and observational capability offers the opportunity for advancement in a diverse set of research fields. Many of these disciplines to not relate to one another, and present widely differing approaches to study, as well as different resource and operational requirements. Significant challenges exist to ensure the highest quality research return for each investigation. Requirements from different investigations must be identified, clarified, integrated and communicated to ISS personnel in a consistent manner. Resources such as power, crew time, etc. must be apportioned to allow the conduct of each investigation. Decisions affecting research must be made at the strategic level as well as at a very detailed execution level. The timing of the decisions can range from years before an investigation to real-time operations. The international nature of the Space Station program adds to the complexity. Each participating country must be assured that their interests are represented during the entire planning and operations process. A process for making decisions regarding research planning, operations, and real-time replanning is discussed. This process ensures adequate representation of all research investigators. It provides a means for timely decisions, and it includes a means to ensure that all ISS International Partners have their programmatic interests represented. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词：决策组织国际合作自然科学/组织和管理研究/组织和管理宇宙飞行/仪器和设备宇宙飞行/组织和管理宇宙飞船失重

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Goals and preparation method for ground operations for the manned space flight Altair

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ACTA ASTRONAUTICA 1995年第8-12期36卷 541-544页

作者： Stevenin, H Suchet, L Pasdeloup, T [*] System Operations Crew Training Manager for ALTAIR CASSIOPEE manned space flights — CNES Toulouse France [**] ALTAIR CASSIOPEE manned space flights Project Manager — CNES Toulouse France [?] CHRISTOL CONSULTANTS Toulouse France

The mission's success fully depends on the Payload Operations conducted during the space flight. The Ground Team has to be trained to assist the Space Crew. to replan the cosmonaut's activities when contingengies occurr onboard and to change or cancel payload activities when required. In order to act efficiently during the mission, the Ground Team must be prepared in advance of the flight and able to operate special tools for tracking the mission's progress. anticipating problems and taking decisions in realtime. This document sets out the approach for conducting such a preparation for Ground Operation. It will be focused on the Altair mission performed in July 1993 onboard the Russian Mir space station.

关键词：宇航员信息交流法国在职培训人员配备和时间安排宇宙飞行/组织和管理失重工作负荷量人类

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ETHICAL PROBLEMS OF INTERACTION BETWEEN GROUND-BASED PERSONNEL AND ORBITAL STATION CREW-MEMBERS

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ACTA ASTRONAUTICA 1988年第2期17卷 213-215页

作者： GRIGORIEV, AI KOZERENKO, OP MYASNIKOV, VI EGOROV, AD Institute of Biomedical Problems Moscow USSR.

Manned missions onboard orbital stations Salyut-6 and Salyut-7 have led us to the conclusion that a long-term space mission can be viewed as a complex socio-man-machine system whose effectiveness largely depends on the quality of interaction between its subsystems. When analyzing and assessing the reliability of this system, it is important to consider ethical aspects, because they concern human relations, permeating its very component and in the long run determining its efficiency. Psychological and medical examinations before, during and after manned missions have helped us to identify the major points of interaction of the subsystems which require adequate monitoring and optimization using socio-psychological and organization-technical approaches: arrangement and evaluation of the quality of work, arrangement of proper leisure, psychological comfort in the interpersonality and intergroup relations during prolonged space missions. This paper also discusses adaptive changes in the mental and physical state due to prolonged exposure to space flight factors such as microgravity and confinement.

关键词：适应心理学航天医学宇航员/心理学信息交流伦理学人际关系人机系统社会环境宇宙飞行/组织和管理 USSR 人类

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Mir: A health report

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AEROSPACE AMERICA 1997年第6期35卷 34-38页

作者： Possehl, SR

The current equipment and safety status of the Russian space station Mir is discussed. Mir has operated past its expected life expectancy and has been having an increasing number of equipment failures and problems. The Russian system of addressing equipment repairs and maintenance is examined along with implications for the future International Space Station.

关键词：设备失效设备安全性火灾国际合作维修俄罗斯宇宙飞行/经济学宇宙飞行/仪器和设备宇宙飞行/组织和管理宇宙飞船/仪器和设备美国美国国家航空和宇宙航行管理局

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AN HISTORICAL-PERSPECTIVE ON CREW RESCUE AND THE ROLE OF THE ASSOCIATION OF SPACE EXPLORERS

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ACTA ASTRONAUTICA 1990年第C期22卷 281-287页

作者： FABIAN, J AssociationofSpaceExplorers-USA SanFranciscoCaliforniaUSA.

The Association of Space Explorers (ASE) has actively encouraged the development of an international space rescue capability. Safe operations in space preclude loss of life and the associated suspension of flight operations. Spaceflight has well definable risks that history demonstrates are real. While none of those killed thus far in spaceflight-related accidents could have been saved by an international rescue capability, several non-fatal incidents indicate that a need exists. Space treaties include the principles of rescue on Earth and in space. For nearly 30 years, technical papers have addressed rescue principles, hardware concepts, operations and planning, and international cooperation. However, only the Apollo-Soyuz flight of 1975 represents any movement toward establishing an international rescue capability. Recently, prompted by the U.S. Congress, renewed interest in international rescue studies, as well as Space Station Freedom options, is apparent. International meetings on space safety and rescue have been conducted or are planned for the immediate future. The difficulties of launch readiness, limitations imposed by orbital mechanics, and practical implications of international cooperation have been, and are being addressed. Responsiveness, compatibility, and mutual support are key ingredients to any international rescue plan. The ASE, representing astronauts and cosmonauts from 17 nations, strongly urges the continuation of studies and discussions among the spacefaring nations.

关键词：宇航员国际机构国际合作职业卫生救援作业安全宇宙飞行/组织和管理宇宙飞行/发展趋势宇宙飞船人类

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SPACE STATION HABITABILITY RESEARCH

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ACTA ASTRONAUTICA 1988年第2期17卷 217-222页

作者： CLEARWATER, YA Space Human Factors Office NASA/Ames Research Center Moffett Field CA 94035 USA.

The purpose and scope of the Habitability Research Group within the Space Human Factors Office at the NASA/Ames Research Center is described. Both near-term and long-term research objectives in the space human factors program pertaining to the U.S. manned Space Station are introduced. The concept of habitability and its relevancy to the U.S. space program is defined within a historical context. The relationship of habitability research to the optimization of environmental and operational determinants of productivity is discussed. Ongoing habitability research efforts pertaining to living and working on the Space Station are described.

关键词：环境设计设施的设计和建造人体工程宇宙飞行/仪器和设备宇宙飞行/组织和管理宇宙模拟宇宙飞船/仪器和设备美国美国国家航空和宇宙航行管理局人类

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Mars scientific investigations as a precursor for human exploration

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ACTA ASTRONAUTICA 2000年第2-9期47卷 535-545页

作者： Ahlf, P Cantwell, E Ostrach, L Pline, A NASA Headquarters Div Life Sci Washington DC 20546 USA

In the past two years, NASA has begun to develop and implement plans for investigations on robotic Mars missions which are focused toward returning data critical for planning human missions to Mars. The Mars Surveyor Program 2001 Orbiter and Lander missions will mark the first time that experiments dedicated to preparation for human exploration will be carried out. Investigations on these missions and future missions range from characterization of the physical and chemical environment of Mars, to predicting the response of biology to the Mars environment. Planning for such missions must take into account existing data from previous Mars missions which were not necessarily focused on human exploration preparation. At the same time, plans for near term missions by the international community must be considered to avoid duplication of effort. This paper reviews data requirements for human exploration and applicability of existing data. It will also describe current plans for investigations and place them within the context of related international activities. (C) 2000 International Astronautical Federation. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词：气候粉尘/分析宇宙生物学地球外环境火星辐射防护研究/组织和管理危险处理机器人宇宙飞行/组织和管理美国美国国家航空和宇宙航行管理局人类

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SPACELAB CONCEPT AND ITS UTILIZATION FOR SCIENCE

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ACTA ASTRONAUTICA 1975年第1-2期2卷 1-13页

作者： ORTNER, J EUROPEAN SPACE RES ORG SPACE MISSION DIV114 AVE CHARLES DEGAULLE92522 NEUILLY SUR SEINEFRANCE

The first part of the paper is devoted to the presentation of the Spacelab concepts, for which detailed design studies are at present being carried out by ESRO. The second part concentrates on the utilization of the Spacelab for the various fields of science, namely: (1) Atmospheric and space plasma physics, (2) Astronomy and astrophysics, (3) Material science and (4) Life sciences. The advantages of using the Spacelab for observations in these fields as compared to conventional automated satellites are highlighted.

关键词：天文学/仪器和设备生物科学/仪器和设备欧洲设施的设计和建造国际合作材料试验物理学/仪器和设备规划制订宇宙飞行/仪器和设备宇宙飞行/组织和管理宇宙飞行/标准宇宙飞船/标准美国美国国家航空和宇宙航行管理局失重

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International space station: Becoming a reality

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Aerospace America 1999年第7期37卷 S1页

作者： L David

An overview of the development of the International Space Station (ISS) is presented starting with a brief history of space station concepts from the 1960's to the decision to build the present ISS. Other topics discussed include partnerships with Japan, Canada, ESA countries, and Russia;design changes to the ISS modules, the use of the ISS for scientific purposes and the application of space research to medicine on Earth;building ISS modules on Earth, international funding for Russian components, and the political aspects of including Russia in critical building plans. Sidebar articles examine commercialization of the ISS, multinational efforts in the design and building of the ISS, emergency transport to Earth, the use of robotics in ISS assembly, application of lessons learned from the Skylab project to the ISS, initial ISS assembly in May 1999, planned ISS science facilities, and an overview of space stations in science fiction.

关键词：设施的设计和建造国际合作俄罗斯宇宙飞行/仪器和设备宇宙飞行/组织和管理宇宙飞行/发展趋势宇宙飞船/仪器和设备美国美国国家航空和宇宙航行管理局/发展趋势失重

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