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Factors influencing the decision about orthodontic treatment. A longitudinal study among 11- and 15-year-olds and their parents.

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Journal of orofacial orthopedics = Fortschritte der Kieferorthopädie : Organ/official journal Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kieferorthopädie 1999年第5期60卷 292-307页

作者： Birkeland, K. Katle, A. Løvgreen, S. Bøe, O.E. Wisth, P.J. Department of Orthodontics and Facial Orthopedics University of Bergen Norway

The aims of the study were to evaluate the attitude towards orthodontic treatment among 11-(T1) and 15-year-old children (T2) and their parents, to present the distribution of referral rate and treatment uptake by a treatment need index assessed at T1 and to elucidate factors influencing the decision about orthodontic treatment in the period from T1 to T2. A group of 359 children and their parents answered separate questionnaires at T1, and 293 families responded to a follow-up study 4 years later. For the clinical examination, 224 children participated after exclusion of children in active treatment. The dental study casts were assessed by the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN). The mean referral rate was 56%, with a variation from 40% to 71% among different dental clinics. About 44% of the children had completed or were undergoing orthodontic treatment at T2. No significant sex differences among referred and treated children were discovered. Aesthetic motives were the most frequently reported subjective reason for orthodontic care. The untreated group expressed diminishing treatment desire in the follow-up period. The logistic regression analysis selected Dental Health Component (DHC) grades as a strong predictor for treatment uptake, followed by parents' concern and attitude to braces, while the 11-year-olds' own orthodontic concern was less significant. Children in the untreated group with late treatment decisions (T2) were best predicted by Aesthetic Component (AC) changes from T1 to T2. The results indicate that dentists play a key role in determining orthodontic treatment levels. High referral rates secured low risk of denying care to some patients. Treatment decision may be guided by the orthodontist. However, individual variation in attitude and desire influence treatment uptake even among children with great need.

关键词：健康态度决策卫生服务需求/统计学和数值数据纵向研究正畸学矫正/心理学正畸学矫正/统计学和数值数据双亲/心理学病人满意度/统计学和数值数据前瞻性研究问卷调查转诊和会诊/统计学和数值数据市区人口/统计学和数值数据青少年成年人儿童女(雌)性人类男(雄)性

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Decomposing Area of Residence Differences in Multiple Regression Studies: The Relative Contributions of Independent Variables and Model Coefficients

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The Journal of Rural Health 1994年第4期10卷 258-265页

作者： Vogel, W. Bruce Dwyer, Jeffrey W. Barton, Amy J. Institute of Gerontology Wayne State University Detroit Michigan United States Shands Hospital at the University of Florida in Gainesville Florida United States

When rural/urban differences are found in health status or health care use, it is often desirable to identify those factors (such as age, social structure, income, etc.) that influence such differences. To this end, researchers often test rural/urban differences in age, social structure, income, etc., for statistical significance. Also, researchers commonly perform multivariate analyses (such as multiple regressions) to examine rural‐urban differences in the influence of various independent variables on the dependent variable of interest. Frequently, researchers discover: (1) statistically significant rural/urban differences in the independent variables (such as age, social structure, income, etc.) and (2) statistically significant rural/urban differences in the effects of these independent variables (i.e., statistically significant rural/urban differences in regression coefficients). The analysis typically stops here, without addressing the relative contributions of(1) and (2) to the rural/urban differences in the dependent variable. This paper argues that the relative contributions of(1) and (2) have important implications for the way policy‐makers address rural health problems. This paper presents a method for assessing the relative contributions of differences in the independent variables and differences in regression coefficients to observed differences in the dependent variable, and illustrates the application of the method by analyzing rural/urban differences in the risk of institutionalization (Dwyer, Barton, & Vogel, 1994). Copyright © 1994, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved

关键词：数据收集数据说明统计卫生服务研究/方法卫生服务研究/统计学和数值数据健康状况指标收容入院/统计学和数值数据比值比回归分析危险性评估农村人口/统计学和数值数据美国市区人口/统计学和数值数据

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Changes in Health Insurance Coverage Within Rural and Urban Environments—1977 to 1987

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The Journal of Rural Health 1995年第3期11卷 169-176页

作者： Duncan, R. Paul Amey, Cheryl Department of Health Services Administration University of Florida Health Science Center Gainesville Florida 32610‐0195 P.O. Box 100195 United States

Abstract: This study examines changes in the health insurance coverage of the nonelderly population in rural and urban areas between 1977 and 1987, using data from the National Medical Care Expenditure Survey (NMCES) and the National Medical Expenditure Survey (NMES). It was designed to test the hypothesis that differences in the rates of health insurance coverage in rural and urban areas have diminished over time, and to explore the composition of changes in coverage within rural and urban environments. The data suggest that the proportions of the populations that are without health insurance in rural and urban areas have converged since 1977. Although both rural and urban settings witnessed increases in the proportion of their populations without health insurance from any source, urban regions experienced a greater increase than did rural areas. These changes occurred among most subgroups within the population. In no subgroup did the percentage of the population without insurance in urban areas exceed that found in rural areas in either 1977 or 1987. Copyright © 1995, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved

关键词：年龄因素大陆人口群数据收集教育程度就业保险健康/统计学和数值数据婚姻状况未参加医疗保险者/统计学和数值数据农村人口/统计学和数值数据社会经济因素美国市区人口/统计学和数值数据青少年成年人女(雌)性人类男(雄)性中年人

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The physical, mental, and social health status of older chinese: A cross-national study

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Journal of Aging and Social Policy 1995年第3期6.0卷 73-88页

作者： Berkanovic, Emil Lubben, James E. Kitano, Harry H. L. Chi, Iris Department of Community Health Sciences School of Public Health University of California Los Angeles United States School of Social Welfare United States School of Social Welfare University of California United States Department of Social Work Social Administration University of Hong Kong Hong Kong

This article reports data on 16 indicators of the physical, mental, and social health status of older Chinese living in Beijing, Guangzhou, and Los Angeles. Both the frequency distributions of these indicators and their factor structures are different among the three cities. These differences may have implications for the planning of public health services. Either they are the result of differences in the way in which people in each of these cities think about illness or they are the result of differential experiences with disease. Although these data cannot resolve this issue, both the frequency distributions and the severity ratings for nine chronic diseases also differed markedly among the three cities. © 1994 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词：日常生活活动/分类亚裔美国人/统计学和数值数据中国/人种学文化交叉比较老年人身心健康评价/统计学和数值数据洛杉矶市区人口/统计学和数值数据老年人老年人 80以上女(雌)性人类男(雄)性中年人

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Selected comparisons and implications of a national rural and urban survey on health care access, demographics, and policy issues

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JOURNAL OF RURAL HEALTH 1996年第3期12卷 197-205页

作者： Edelman, MA Menz, BL IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL DEPT ECONHEADY HALLAMESIA 50011 USA

As the national health debate evolved over the past two years, a need to better understand the differential constraints of rural health delivery and popular attitudes toward policy initiatives became apparent. Selected 1994 and 1995 results of two national surveys designed to compare rural and urban household responses are reported. The average distance those living in rural households must travel to access medical providers and emergency care is nearly double that of urban household residents. Rural household resident responses show a higher level of acceptance of nonphysician health care providers such as physicians assistants and registered nurses. Means testing of Medicare programs and use of special indicators for providing more Medicaid funds to states with medically underserved and sparsely populated areas are examples of two policy initiatives that receive favorable responses from both urban and rural household residents, but would disproportionately benefit rural areas.

关键词：卫生保健调查卫生政策卫生服务易得程度/经济学卫生服务易得程度/统计学和数值数据 Medicaid/立法和法学 Medicaid/利用缺医地区 Medicare/立法和法学 Medicare/利用病人接受卫生保健的程度/统计学和数值数据乡村卫生服务/经济学乡村卫生服务/利用农村人口/统计学和数值数据社会经济因素美国市区卫生服务/经济学市区卫生服务/利用市区人口/统计学和数值数据

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Health Insurance Coverage in U.S. Urban and Rural Areas

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The Journal of Rural Health 1993年第3期9卷 204-214页

作者： Frenzen, Paul D. Economic Research Service U.S. Department of Agriculture Washington District of Columbia 20005 1301 New York Ave Room 340 United States

Abstract: This study examines the health insurance coverage of the nonelderly population in U.S. urban and rural areas in 1989, using data from the March 1990 Current Population Survey conducted by the Bureau of the Census. Access to coverage was assessed by classifying all persons by family employment status and income. Rural residents had less access to coverage than urban residents but were only slightly less likely to be insured. In comparison to urban residents, fewer rural residents obtained coverage through employment, and more purchased private coverage outside the work place. The differences in coverage by family employment status and income were generally much greater than the differences by place of residence. Copyright © 1993, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved

关键词：数据收集就业/统计学和数值数据家庭卫生保健福利计划雇员/统计学和数值数据卫生政策/经济学卫生服务易得程度/经济学卫生服务易得程度/统计学和数值数据收入/统计学和数值数据保险健康/经济学保险健康/统计学和数值数据 Medicaid/统计学和数值数据未参加医疗保险者/统计学和数值数据农村人口/统计学和数值数据美国市区人口/统计学和数值数据成年人人类中年人

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Sexual behavior and condom use among urban women attending a family planning clinic in the United States

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Health Care for Woman International 1999年第3期20.0卷 303-314页

作者： Lindberg, Claire E. College of Nursing Seton Hall University South Orange NJ 07079 United States Cranbury NJ 08512 33 Ancil Davison Road United States

In this paper I present data on risky sexual behavior and condom use among a sample of 100 adult women who attended a family planning clinic in an urban area of the United States. Although the women in this study protected themselves from pregnancy by using contraception, they engaged in sexual behaviors that put them at risk for sexually transmitted human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), including unprotected oral, anal, and vaginal intercourse, and sex with risky partners. Alcohol and drug use were also common among the women in this sample. Almost half of the participants reported a history of sexually transmitted infections. Health assessment for women using contraception should include assessment of risk factors for sexually transmitted HIV infection. All women should be counseled regarding methods of reducing their risk for HIV.

关键词：健康态度避孕套/利用计划生育服务/利用健康知识态度实践新泽西/流行病学护理估计问卷调查冒险性行为/心理学性行为/统计学和数值数据性传播疾病/流行病学性传播疾病/预防和控制市区人口/统计学和数值数据妇女/教育妇女/心理学妇女卫生青少年成年人女(雌)性人类中年人妊娠

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Aerobic fitness of Tasmanian secondary school children using the 20-m shuttle run test

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PERCEPTUAL AND MOTOR SKILLS 1999年第1期88卷 188-198页

作者： Cooley, D McNaughton, L Kingston Univ London England Univ Tasmania Launceston Tas Australia

The aim of this study was to determine the aerobic fitness of Tasmanian secondary school children aged 11 to 16 years. A random sample of Tasmanian secondary schools was undertaken and then all children within each grade in the school were tested. Ln all, 6061 children undertook the lest, 2981 buys and 3080 girls. The test consisted of a 20-m shuttle run in time to a prerecorded timing sequence. Each child hail to complete as many shuttles as possible while staying in time with the beep. The test ceased fur each child when they could no longer reach the marker at the same time or prior to the generated sound. The analyses indicated that there was a significant main effect of grade and ses. Children in lower grades completed fewer shuttles than the children in higher grades, and boys completed more shuttles than girls within each grade. Students in government-run schools completed significantly fewer shuttles than their nongovernment school counterparts (p<.0001). On a regional basis, there were no differences between children in the north and south of Tasmania as each completed 5.7 +/- 0.1 shuttles but children in the northwestern region of the state completed a significantly greater number of shuttles. An estimation of mean (V) over dot O(2)max based upon shuttle stages completed indicated that these values ranged from a low of 40.6 ml kg(-1) min(-1) in 13-, 14-, and 15-yr.-old girls to a high of 50.4 ml kg(-1) min(-1) in 16-yr.-old boys. Comparisons between this and similar data suggest that Tasmanian school children are less fit than their counterparts around the world. In conclusion, normative data for Tasmanian school children were developed arid distributed to schools throughout Tasmania fur use by teachers in evaluating the fitness of their students.

关键词：年龄因素儿童发育/生理学运动试验/统计学和数值数据运动耐量/生理学健康状况氧耗量/生理学身体素质/生理学随机分配参考值跑/生理学农村人口/统计学和数值数据抽样研究院校/分类性别因素塔斯马尼亚/流行病学市区人口/统计学和数值数据青少年儿童女(雌)性人类男(雄)性

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Suicide among the young - the size of the problem

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JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENCE 1999年第1期22卷 145-155页

作者： Madge, N Harvey, JG Natl Childrens Bur London EC1V 7QE England

It is widely recognized that official suicide rates conceal the real scale of non-accidental self-injurious fatal behaviour, including among children and young people. There are many reasons for this including the constraints of registration policy and practice, uncertainty about the circumstances surrounding a death, an unwillingness-often for the family's sake-to affix a suicide label on a child, and perhaps the belief that the term "suicide" is not quite accurate. The present study examined all records over a 17-year period from an inner London coroner's office in order to make some quantitative assessment of the extent to which non-accidental self-injurious deaths might be underestimated by suicide returns among those under 20 years. It is suggested on the basis of this examination that the real rate of what might be termed "suicide" among this group may be up to three times the official recorded level. This finding received general confirmation from a smaller-scale comparison in an out of London location. (C) 1999 The Association for Professionals in Services for Adolescents.

关键词：偏倚(流行病学) 死亡原因横断面研究数据收集/统计学和数值数据发病率伦敦/流行病学自杀/预防和控制自杀/统计学和数值数据市区人口/统计学和数值数据青少年成年人儿童女(雌)性人类男(雄)性

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Access to HIV services by the urban poor

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JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY HEALTH 1999年第5期24卷 331-346页

作者： Montoya, ID Trevino, RA Affiliated Syst Corp Houston TX 77027 USA

This paper examines the effect of HIV-health status and HN-transmission mode on access to HIV-related services among African Americans, Hispanics and White HIV+ individuals. Data were collected from 169 African Americans, 72 Hispanics and 253 White HIV+ individuals seeking 8 social and 6 medical HIV services at 29 public and community-based organizations in Houston, Texas. A total of 42 separate logistic regressions were estimated for each HIV service and for each race/ethnic group. The results showed significant differences in access to HIV social services based on HN-transmission mode among the three race/ethnic groups, but no significant differences were found in access to medical services based on either HIV status or HIV-transmission mode among the three race/ethnic groups.

关键词：社区卫生服务/统计学和数值数据社区卫生服务/利用大陆人口群人种群 HIV感染/病因学 HIV感染/传播卫生服务易得程度/统计学和数值数据健康状况保险健康 Logistic模型贫困性行为社会阶级物质滥用静脉内/并发症得克萨斯市区人口/统计学和数值数据青少年成年人老年人女(雌)性人类男(雄)性中年人

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