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Detecting deviations from metronomic timing in music: Effects of perceptual structure on the mental timekeeper

PERCEPTION & PSYCHOPHYSICS 1999年第3期61卷 529-548页

作者： Repp, BH Haskins Labs Inc New Haven CT 06511 USA

The detectability of a deviation from metronomic timing-of a small local increment in interonset interval (IOI) duration-in a musical excerpt is subject to positional biases, or "timing expectations," that are closely related to the expressive timing (sequence of IOI durations) typically produced by musicians in performance (Repp, 1992b, 1998c, 1998d). Experiment 1 replicated this finding with some changes in procedure and showed that the perception-performance correlation is not the result of formal musical training or availability of a musical score. Experiments 2 and 3 used a synchronization task to examine the hypothesis that participants' perceptual timing expectations are due to systematic modulations in the period of a mental timekeeper that also controls perceptual-motor coordination. Indeed, there was systematic variation in the asynchronies between taps and metronomically timed musical event onsets, and this variation was correlated both with the variations in IOI increment detectability (Experiment 1) and with the typical expressive timing pattern in performance. When the music contained local IOI increments (Experiment 2), they were almost perfectly compensated for on the next tap, regardless of their detectability in Experiment 1, which suggests a perceptual-motor feedback mechanism that is sensitive to subthreshold timing deviations. Overall, the results suggest that aspects of perceived musical structure influence the predictions of mental timekeeping mechanisms, thereby creating a subliminal warping of experienced time.

关键词：心理过程/生理学音乐时间知觉/生理学青少年成年人女(雌)性人类男(雄)性中年人

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Electrophysiological evidence for the modulation of retrieval orientation by depth of study processing

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JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE 2000年第4期12卷 664-678页

作者： Rugg, MD Allan, K Birch, CS UCL Inst Cognit Neurosci London WC1N 3AR England UCL Dept Psychol London WC1N 3AR England Univ St Andrews St Andrews KY16 9AJ Fife Scotland

Event-related potentials (ERPs) were employed to investigate whether brain activity elicited by retrieval cues in a memory test varies according to the encoding task undertaken at study. Two recognition memory test blocks were administered, preceded, in one case, by a "shallow" study task (alphabetic judgement) and, in the other case, by a "deep" task (sentence generation). ERPs elicited by the new words in each test block differed, the ERPs elicited in the block following the shallow study task exhibiting the more positive-going waveforms. This finding was taken as evidence that subjects adopt different "retrieval sets" when attempting to retrieve items that had been encoded in terms of alphabetic versus semantic attributes. Differences between the ERPs elicited by correctly classified old and new words (old/new effects) also varied with encoding task. The effects for deeply studied words resembled these found in previous ERP studies of recognition memory, whereas old/new effects for shallowly studied words were confined to a late-onsetting, right frontal positivity. Together, the findings indicate that the depth of study processing influences two kinds of memory-related neural activity, associated with memory search operations, and the processing of retrieved information, respectively.

关键词：方差分析脑图认知/生理学提示脑电描记术电生理学诱发电位/生理学记忆/生理学心理过程/生理学反应时间/生理学成年人女(雌)性人类男(雄)性

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A resource model of the neural basis of executive working memory

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 2000年第7期97卷 3573-3578页

作者： Bunge, SA Klingberg, T Jacobsen, RB Gabrieli, JDE Stanford Univ Dept Psychol Stanford CA 94305 USA Stanford Univ Med Ctr Program Neurosci Stanford CA 94305 USA

Working memory (WM) refers to the temporary storage and processing of goal-relevant information. WM is thought to include domain-specific short-term memory stores and executive processes, such as coordination, that operate on the contents of WM. To examine the neural substrates of coordination, we acquired functional magnetic resonance imaging data while subjects performed a WM span test designed specifically to measure executive WM. Subjects performed two tasks (sentence reading and shortterm memory for five words) either separately or concurrently, Dual-task performance activated frontal-lobe areas to a greater extent than performance of either task in isolation, but no new area was activated beyond those activated by either component task, These findings support a resource theory of WM executive processes in the frontal lobes.

关键词：脑/解剖学和组织学脑/生理学磁共振成像记忆/生理学心理过程/生理学模型神经学作业完成和分析青少年成年人女(雌)性人类男(雄)性

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Semantic integration in sentences and discourse: Evidence from the N400

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JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE 1999年第6期11卷 657-671页

作者： van Berkum, JJA Hagoort, P Brown, CM Max Planck Inst Psycholinguist NL-6500 AH Nijmegen Netherlands

In two ERP experiments we investigated how and when the language comprehension system relates an incoming word to semantic representations of an unfolding local sentence and a wider discourse. In Experiment 1, subjects were presented with short stories. The last sentence of these stories occasionally contained a critical word that, although, acceptable in the local sentence context, was semantically anomalous with respect to the wider discourse (e.g.,Jane told the brother that he was exceptionally slow in a discourse context where he had in fact been very quick). Relative to coherent control words (e.g., quick), these discourse-dependent semantic anomalies elicited a large N400 effect that began at about 200 to 250 msec after word onset. In Experiment 2, the same sentences were presented without their original story context. Although the words that had previously been anomalous in discourse still elicited a slightly larger average N400 than the coherent words, the resulting N400 effect was much reduced, showing that the large effect observed in stories depended on the wider discourse. In the same experiment, single sentences that contained a clear local semantic anomaly elicited a standard sentence-dependent N400 effect (e.g., Kutas & Hillyard, 1980). The N400 effects elicited in discourse and in single sentences had the same time course, overall morphology, and scalp distribution. We argue that these findings are most compatible with models of language processing in which there is no fundamental distinction between the integration of a word in its local (sentence-lever) and its global (discourse-level) semantic context.

关键词：诱发电位/生理学语言语言试验心理过程/生理学成年人女(雌)性人类男(雄)性

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Reward processing in primate orbitofrontal cortex and basal ganglia

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CEREBRAL CORTEX 2000年第3期10卷 272-283页

作者： Schultz, W Tremblay, L Hollerman, JR Univ Fribourg Inst Physiol CH-1700 Fribourg Switzerland Univ Fribourg Program Neurosci CH-1700 Fribourg Switzerland

This article reviews and interprets neuronal activities related to the expectation and delivery of reward in the primate orbitofrontal cortex, in comparison with slowly discharging neurons in the striatum (caudate, putamen and ventral striatum, including nucleus accumbens) and midbrain dopamine neurons. Orbitofrontal neurons showed three principal forms of reward-related activity during the performance of delayed response tasks, namely responses to reward-predicting instructions, activations during the expectation period immediately preceding reward and responses following reward. These activations discriminated between different rewards, often on the basis of the animals' preferences. Neurons in the striatum were also activated in relation to the expectation and detection of reward but in addition showed activities related to the preparation, initiation and execution of movements which reflected the expected reward. Dopamine neurons responded to rewards and reward-predicting stimuli, and coded an error in the prediction of reward. Thus, the investigated cortical and basal ganglia structures showed multiple, heterogeneous, partly simultaneous activations which were related to specific aspects of rewards. These activations may represent the neuronal substrates of rewards during learning and established behavioral performance. The processing of reward expectations suggests an access to central representations of rewards which may be used for the neuronal control of goal-directed behavior.

关键词：基底神经节/生理学行为动物/生理学多巴胺/生理学电生理学额叶/生理学目的成束猴心理过程/生理学神经元/生理学奖励动物

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Cognitive functions of the basal forebrain

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CURRENT OPINION IN NEUROBIOLOGY 1999年第2期9卷 178-183页

作者： Baxter, MG Chiba, AA Harvard Univ Dept Psychol Cambridge MA 02138 USA Univ Calif San Diego Dept Cognit Sci La Jolla CA 92093 USA

Studies of the function of the basal forebrain have focused on cholinergic neurons that project to cortical and limbic structures critical for various cognitive abilities. Recent experiments suggest that these neurons... 详细信息

关键词：乙酰胆碱/生理学注意力/生理学脑图认知/生理学心理过程/生理学神经元可塑性/生理学神经元/生理学前脑/生理学动物人类

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Representation of manipulable man-made objects in the dorsal stream

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NEUROIMAGE 2000年第4期12卷 478-484页

作者： Chao, LL Martin, A NIMH Lab Brain & Cognit Bethesda MD 20892 USA

We used fMRI to examine the neural response in frontal and parietal cortices associated with viewing and naming pictures of different categories of objects. Because tools are commonly associated with specific hand movements, we predicted that pictures of tools, but not other categories of objects, would elicit activity in regions of the brain that store information about motor-based properties. We found that viewing and naming pictures of tools selectively activated the left ventral premotor cortex (BA 6). Single-unit recording studies in monkeys have shown that neurons in the rostral part of the ventral premotor cortex (canonical F5 neurons) respond to the visual presentation of graspable objects, even in the absence of any subsequent motor activity. Thus, the left ventral premotor region that responded selectively to tools in the current study may be the human homolog of the monkey canonical F5 area. Viewing and naming tools also selectively activated the left posterior parietal cortex (BA 40). This response is similar to the firing of monkey anterior intraparietal neurons to the visual presentation of graspable objects. In humans and monkeys, there appears to be a close link between manipulable objects and information about the actions associated with their use. The selective activation of the left posterior parietal and left ventral premotor cortices by pictures of tools suggests that the ability to recognize and identify at least one category of objects (tools) may depend on activity in specific sites of the ventral and dorsal visual processing streams.

关键词：半球优势大脑/生理学设备和供应额叶/生理学磁共振成像心理过程/生理学运动皮质/生理学人名顶叶/生理学视知觉/生理学成年人女(雌)性人类男(雄)性

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JOURNALS OF GERONTOLOGY SERIES B-PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 2000年第6期55卷 P373-P380页

作者： Andrés, P Van der Linden, M Univ Liege Neuropsychol Unit B-4000 Liege Belgium

The authors explored the effect of age on executive functions by using 3 tasks (Tower of London, Hayling, and Brixton tests) designed to assess specific executive processes (planning, inhibition, and abstraction of logical rules) that were also sensitive to frontal dysfunction. The performance of elderly participants (n = 48) was significantly poorer than that of young participants (n = 47) in all 3 tasks. Processing speed, measured by means of a color-naming task, explained some but not all of the age-related differences. These results are discussed in terms of general and specific factors in cognitive aging.

关键词：适应心理学衰老/生理学衰老/心理学注意力/生理学概念形成/生理学探究行为/生理学抑制(心理学) 逻辑学心理过程/生理学模型心理学规划技术问题解决/生理学精神运动性行为/生理学时间因素成年人老年人女(雌)性人类男(雄)性中年人

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Increased muscle spindle sensitivity to movement during reinforcement manoeuvres in relaxed human subjects

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JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LONDON 2000年第1期523卷 271-282页

作者： Ribot-Ciscar, E Rossi-Durand, C Roll, JP Univ Aix Marseille 1 CNRS UMR 6562 Lab Neurobiol Humaine Marseille France

1. The effects of reinforcement manoeuvres, such as mental computation and the Jendrassik manoeuvre, on muscle spindle sensitivity to passively imposed sinusoidal stretching (1.5 deg, 2 Hz) in relaxed subjects were analysed. 2. The unitary activity of 26 muscle spindle afferents (23 Ia, 3 II) originating from ankle muscles was recorded using the microneurographic method. Particular care was paid to the subjects' state of physical and mental relaxation. 3. The results showed that the activity of 54% of the Ia afferents was modified during mental computation. The modifications took the form of either an increase in the number of spikes (mean, 26% among 11 Ia fibres) or a shortening in the latency of the response to sinusoidal stretching (mean, 13 ms among 3 Ia fibres), or both. They were sometimes accompanied by an enhanced variability in the instantaneous discharge frequency. The three secondary endings tested exhibited no change in their sensitivity to stretch during mental computation. 4. The increased sensitivity to passive movements sometimes began as soon as the instructions were given to the subjects and sometimes increased during mental computation. In addition, the increased sensitivity either stopped after the subjects gave the right answer or continued for several minutes. 5. During the performance of a Jendrassik manoeuvre, the Ia units underwent changes similar to those described above for mental computation. 6. It was concluded that muscle spindle sensitivity to movement can be modified in relaxed human subjects. The results reinforce the idea that the fusimotor system plays a role in arousal and expectancy, and contribute to narrowing the gap between human and behaving animal data.

关键词：动作电位/生理学踝电生理学握力/生理学心理过程/生理学运动(Movement)/生理学肌梭/生理学肌骨骼/神经支配神经元传入/生理学物理刺激反应时间/生理学强化(心理学) 成年人女(雌)性人类男(雄)性

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The binding problem - Introduction

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NEURON 1999年第1期24卷 7-+页

作者： Roskies, AL Neuron USA

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