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DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION BETWEEN CHRONIC CANNABIS USE AND BRAIN-FUNCTION DEFICITS

ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 1976年第DEC30期282卷 323-343页

作者： SOUEIF, MI UNIV CAIRO DEPT PSYCHOLCAIROEGYPT

To summarize, 12 objective tests that generated 16 test variables were administered to 850 male regular cannabis users and 839 nonusers. The tests were designed to assess various modalities, including speed of psychomotor performance, distance estimation, time estimation, immediate memory, and visuomotor coordination. Most of the test variables differentiated significantly between consumers and controls. At the same time, a significant second-order interaction emerged in most cases. This interaction meant that, under certain conditions that relate to the two dimensions 'literacy-illiteracy' and/or 'urbanism-ruralism,' the superiority of controls over cannabis users became impressive, whereas under other conditions it almost disappeared. To account for this complex pattern of results, a working hypothesis was presented to the effect that 'other conditions being equal, the lower the nondrug level of proficiency on tests of cognitive and psychomotor performance the smaller the size of function deficit associated with drug usage.' For an empirical examination of the hypothesis, six predictions were formulated. Three predictions defined specific relationships between level of performance, on one hand, and each of three organismic variables, on the other: literacy, urbanism, and age. The remaining predictions delineated relationships to be expected between size of function deficit and the three organismic variables. All our predictions were confirmed, showing less function impairment to be contingent with cannabis usage among the illiterates, rurals, and older subjects. Level of cortical arousal was suggested as the central process associated with the three organismic variables. Because the version of our working hypothesis was formulated with reference to chronic material, the possibility of a transposition of the paradign to research on the acute effects of the drug was discussed. The suggestion was made that our working hypothesis, in either version, is capable of esta

关键词：年龄因素脑/药物作用大麻属距离知觉/药物作用教育程度埃及形状知觉/药物作用记忆短时/药物作用心理过程/药物作用回忆/药物作用运动技能/药物作用反应时间/药物作用农村人口物质相关性障碍/病理生理学时间知觉/药物作用接龙试验市区人口青少年成年人人类男(雄)性中年人

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Complications of diagnostic physostigmine administration to emergency department patients

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ANNALS OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2003年第1期42卷 14-19页

作者： Schneir, AB Offerman, SR Ly, BT Davis, JM Baldwin, RT Williams, SR Clark, RF Univ Calif San Diego Ctr Med Dept Emergency Med Div Med Toxicol San Diego CA USA Univ Calif San Diego Med Ctr 8925 Calif Poison Control Syst San Diego Div San Diego CA 92103 USA

Study objectives: Literature exists describing the complications associated with therapeutic physostigmine administration. No series exists detailing strictly diagnostic use. Our objective was to document the complications associated with diagnostic physostigmine administration in emergency department (ED) patients suspected of having antimuscarinic delirium. Methods: Two reviewers blinded to the study purpose performed a retrospective chart review on all adult patients administered physostigmine diagnostically over a 79-month period at a tertiary-care hospital. Twenty percent of charts were reviewed by both abstractors. The data abstracted from the chart included total dose of physostigmine, effect on mental status, any subsequent complications, or any use of atropine. Discharge summaries, toxicology consultations, and urine drug screens were used to determine the cause of the altered mental status. Results: Thirty-nine adult patients were administered varying doses of physostigmine (range 0.5 to 2 mg). The reviewers were able to determine the cause of the altered mental status in 35 patients. The cause was purely antimuscarinic in 19 patients, purely nonantimuscarinic in 10 patients, mixed antimuscarinic and nonantimuscarinic in 2 patients, psychiatric in 4 patients, and unknown in 4 patients. A total of 22 patients had full reversal of delirium, and this group comprised all 19 patients with a purely antimuscarinic cause and 3 patients in whom a cause was never determined. One (2.6%) in 39 patients had a brief convulsion without adverse sequelae. This patient was poisoned with an antimuscarinic drug. No patient had dysrhythmias, had signs of cholinergic excess, or was administered atropine. Conclusion: Diagnostic physostigmine administration was without significant complication when given to ED patients suspected of having antimuscarinic delirium. Although a relatively small series, it contributes to the safety profile of physostigmine.

关键词：胆碱酯酶抑制剂/诊断应用谵妄/化学诱导谵妄/诊断急诊室医院病案系统计算机化心理过程/药物作用毒扁豆碱/诊断应用回顾性研究成年人老年人女(雌)性人类男(雄)性中年人

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EFFECTS OF ORAL TESTOSTERONE UNDECANOATE IN HYPOGONADAL MALE PATIENTS

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CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY 1978年第4期9卷 313-320页

作者： FRANCHIMONT, P KICOVIC, PM MATTEI, A ROULIER, R SCI DEV GRP MED UNIT ORGANON NETHERLANDS UNIV MARSEILLE CTR STUDY FERTIL & STERIL PROBLEMS MARSEILLE FRANCE UNIV MARSEILLE DEPT ENDOCRINOL MARSEILLE FRANCE UNIV LIEGE INST MED RADIOIMMUNOASSAY LAB B-4000 LIEGE BELGIUM

Effects on plasma T [testosterone], DHT [dihydrotestosterone], A [androstenedione], FSH [follitropin], LH [lutropin] and PRL [prolactin] concentrations and the pituitary responsiveness to the LHRH [luliberin]/TRH [thyroliberin] stimulation, as well as on libido and sexual, mental and physical activities were studied in 10 hypogonadal male patients undergoing therapy with oral testosterone undecanoate (TU) for 9 wk. The daily dose of TU needed for satisfactory clinical effect was 120 mg (6 cases) and 240 mg (4 cases). There was a significant rise in circulation androgen concentrations in all patients. Mean plasma T, DHT and A increased at 9 wk from 1.20, 0.12 and 0.36 ng/ml to 4.34 (P < 0.0004), 0.39 (P < 0.0004) and 1.24 ng/ml (P < 0.005), respectively. In hypergonadotropic patients (N = 6) plasma FSH and LH fell progressively (P < 0.05), while in hypogonadotropic patients (N = 4) a marked rise in plasma FSH (P < 0.05) was found, while LH tended to rise as well. Base-line plasma PRL remained unchanged. In 3 out of 4 patients with poor PRL response to TRH, normal responses were established after TU therapy. Increase in libido and sexual activity was reported by 9 patients. An increase in mental and physical activity was found in 7 and 2 patients, respectively. Tolerance was excellent. Oral TU may be an effective form of substitution therapy in male hypogonadal patients.

关键词：雄烯二酮/血液双氢睾酮/血液卵泡刺激素/血液促性腺素释放激素性腺功能减退症/血液性腺功能减退症/药物疗法性腺功能减退症/病理生理学促黄体激素/血液心理过程/药物作用性行为/药物作用睾酮/血液睾酮/药理学睾酮/治疗应用促甲状腺素释放激素青少年成年人人类男(雄)性中年人

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EFFECTS OF DIPHENYLHYDANTOIN ON MENTAL ABILITIES IN ELDERLY

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JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY 1975年第5期23卷 207-211页

作者： SMITH, WL LOWREY, JB PORTER MEM HOSP CORTICAL FUNCTION LABS2525 S DOWNING STDENVERCO 80210

An assessment was made of the effects of diphenylhydantoin (DPH) on the mental functions of clinically normal elderly persons. Their basic intelligence levels ranged between normal and bright‐normal and they represented middle and lower‐upper socio‐economic groups. The 10 subjects, 4 male and 6 female volunteers (average age, 69.3 years), were given pretrial intelligence tests, repeated twice during a double‐blind, cross‐over study of drug and placebo effects. Each cross‐over period lasted three weeks. The dosage of DPH (Dilantin) was 100 mg twice daily, and placebo capsules of identical appearance were given on the same schedule. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale series in three alternate forms was used to measure specific mental functions. The weighted scores of the alternate forms were directly compared to measure the difference between drug and placebo conditions. Significant increases in favor of DPH were observed in the Information, Comprehension, and Digit Symbol subtests, and in the Verbal Scale and Full Scale Intelligence Quotients. The first two measures indicated significant improvement in long‐term memory and social comprehension. The third reflected an increase in the ability to learn new material and increased speed in visual‐motor coordination. The fourth and fifth showed the effectiveness of DPH in improving general mental functioning. Apparently the underlying factor synthesizing these general DPH‐associated improvements is mental concentration.

关键词：老年人临床试验(主题) 智力/药物作用智力测验心理过程/药物作用苯妥英/投药和剂量苯妥英/药理学安慰剂问题解决/药物作用言语学习/药物作用女(雌)性人类男(雄)性

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Exposure to trichloroethylene. III. Psychological functions

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Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health 1976年第4期2卷 220-224页

作者： Gamberale, F. Annwall, G. Olson, B.A. Sweden

The effect of exposure to the solvent trichloroethylene (TRI) on the performance of tests of numerical ability, reaction time (simple and choice), and short term memory was studied in 15 healthy male subjects. The subjects were tested individually on three different occasions during exposure to 540 and 1,080 mg/m³ of TRI in inspiratory air and under control conditions, respectively. At predetermined times during the three 70 min exposure periods, samples were taken of the subjects' alveolar air. Neither the reaction time tests nor the short term memory test showed any signs of performance decrement during exposure to TRI as compared to those administered under control conditions. However, a statistically significant decrement in performance was obtained on the test of numerical ability during exposure to TRI. The results as a whole indicate that there should not be any risk of an acute effect on central nervous functions at concentrations which do not considerably exceed the Swedish threshold limit value for the solvent (160 mg/m³).

关键词：选择行为/药物作用环境暴露记忆短时/药物作用心理过程/药物作用职业医学问题解决/药物作用肺泡/分析反应时间/药物作用时间因素三氯乙烯/分析三氯乙烯/毒性成年人人类男(雄)性

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