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Smoking initiation and cessation in Norway and the United States: A comparison of two cross-sectional surveys

JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE 1998年第4期10卷 397-410页

作者： Smedslund, G Ahn, DK Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol N-7034 Trondheim Norway Stanford Univ Stanford CA 94305 USA

Purpose: Smoking prevalence in a population is affected by the proportion of adolescents who start to smoke, and the proportion of smokers who quit. Smoking prevalence has declined linearly in the US and in the state of California during the last 2 decades. Due to an increase in female smoking, the Norwegian smoking prevalence has been stable at around 35% since 1980, while other European countries have seen reductions of at least 10 percentage points. Methods. We compared data from two cross-sectional studies;one from Western and Central Norway (n = 5014), and one from Northern California (Stanford Five-City Project) (n = 2189). Results: Norwegian smoking prevalence figures were significantly higher in all age-sex groups younger than 60 years. The proportion of former smokers was not different, suggesting that the differences between the samples are due to higher smoking initiation in Not-way. University education was the most potent covariate of both ever-smoking and current smoking across samples and gender: Amount of physical exercise was associated with never-smoking in Norway, but not in the US. Having smoking parents was related to ever-smoking in women but not in men in both samples. Smoking parents also was related to current smoking in Norway but not in the US. Implications: Norway should increase efforts to prevent smoking initiation among adolescents, and especially among girls.

关键词：文化交叉比较横断面研究挪威吸烟/流行病学吸烟/预防和控制戒烟/统计学和数值数据美国青少年成年人老年人女(雌)性人类男(雄)性中年人

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Smoking cessation in pharmacies - Evaluation of the smoking cessation campaign "Tobacco Adieu!" among pharmacists in Basle

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SOZIAL-UND PRAVENTIVMEDIZIN 1999年第1期44卷 14-21页

作者： Gschwend, P Steffen, T Hersberger, K Ackermann-Liebrich, U Univ Basel Inst Sozial & Pravent Med CH-4051 Basel Switzerland

Now as in the past, tobacco consumption is a major health problem in Switzerland. Efforts to reduce tobacco consumption include different preventive strategies. Although dispensary pharmacists have increased their efforts in health promotion and prevention in recent years, their role in tobacco prevention has nor been documented so far: The "Tobacco Adieu!" campaign to support smoking cessation was introduced in pharmacies as a low threshold offer in Basle in 1996. This paper assesses the process and the effect of this effort. Participating pharmacies were interviewed during the evaluation and all consultations in this area were recorded in questionnaires. Customers requesting counselling from pharmacies during the campaign were also asked to fill in a questionnaire regarding their smoking behaviour and their experiences in the pharmacy. The offer was well accepted by the public: During the four week period, about 2'000 client contacts for smoking cessation took place in the 63 participating pharmacies. Compared to the pre-campaign situation, more intensive counselling look place. Clients who received counselling in the pharmacies generally attested to its good quality In addition to counselling, further care during the smoking cessation phase was offered-to clients who wanted to quit smoking. Follow-up visits were agreed in 76 percent of the cases. The project shows that smokers can be motivated to consider cessation and supported in the process by pharmacists. Therefore, pharmacies can be used as a low threshold offer in this context Expansion of this programme in public pharmacies seems justified. However;continuing education and a motivated team are the prerequisites for successful counselling of smokers in pharmacies.

关键词：药房/统计学和数值数据药房/发展趋势药剂师/发展趋势戒烟/统计学和数值数据瑞士青少年成年人老年人老年人 80以上女(雌)性人类男(雄)性中年人

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Lack of association between smoking and Crohn's disease but the usual association with ulcerative colitis in Jewish patients in Israel: A multicenter study

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AMERICAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2000年第2期95卷 474-478页

作者： Reif, S Lavy, A Keter, D Fich, A Eliakim, R Halak, A Broide, E Niv, Y Ron, Y Patz, J Odes, S Villa, Y Gilat, T Tel Aviv Sourasky Med Ctr Dept Gastroenterol IL-64239 Tel Aviv Israel Rambam Med Ctr Haifa Israel Kaplan Hosp Rehovot Israel Soroka Hosp Beer Sheva Israel Hadasah Mt Scopus Hosp Jerusalem Israel Asaf Harofe Hosp Zerifin Israel Belinson Hosp Petah Tiqwa Israel Wolfson Govt Hosp Holon Israel Shaarei Zedek Hosp Jerusalem Israel Tel Aviv Univ IL-69978 Tel Aviv Israel

OBJECTIVE: The association between smoking and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is well established, but data in Jewish patients in Israel were discrepant. The aim of this study was to examine the smoking habits of Jewish IBD patients in Israel in a large scale, multicenter study. METHODS: Patients with established IBD aged 18-70 yr were interviewed in relation to smoking and other habits. Two controls (one clinic and one neighborhood control matched by age, sex, community group, and education) were sought for each subject. RESULTS: A total of 534 patients (273 ulcerative colitis [UC], and 261 Crohn's disease [CD]), along with 478 clinic controls and 430 neighborhood controls, were interviewed. There was no significant difference in the smoking habits between CD patients and their controls. Of patients with CD, 24.5% Were current smokers, as compared to 19.9% Of clinic controls and 25.2% of neighborhood controls (NS). The odds ratio for CD in current smokers was 1.30 (95% confidence interval 0.85-1.99) versus clinic controls, and 0.96 (0.63-1.46) versus neighborhood controls. There were also no significant differences in the proportion of ex-smokers between the groups. Only 12.9% of UC patients were current smokers versus 21.9. % Clinic controls, and 26.4% community controls (p < 0.005). The proportions of ex-smokers were higher in UC patients 29.7% versus 25.9%, and 19.5% in their respective controls (p < 0.001 vs community controls). No significant differences were found in the proportions of never-smokers between IBD patients and controls. All the above trends were similar in four different parts of the country. The proportion of current smokers in UC decreased with the extent of disease (19.7% in proctitis, 13.6% in left-sided, and 4.5% in total colitis) (p < 0.05). Patients with UC were more likely to be light smokers(1-10 cigarettes/day), whereas patients with CD were more likely to be moderate smokers (11-20 cigarettes/day) in comparison to their controls. CO

关键词：病例对照研究结肠炎溃疡性/流行病学置信区间 Crohn病/流行病学教育程度以色列/流行病学犹太人/分类犹太人/统计学和数值数据比值比吸烟/流行病学戒烟/统计学和数值数据青少年成年人老年人女(雌)性人类男(雄)性中年人

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Nicotine replacement prescription practices of obstetric and pediatric clinicians

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OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2000年第2期96卷 261-265页

作者： Oncken, CA Pbert, L Ockene, JK Zapka, J Stoddard, A Univ Connecticut Ctr Hlth Dept Med Farmington CT 06030 USA Univ Massachusetts Div Prevent & Behav Med Worcester MA 01605 USA Univ Massachusetts Sch Publ Hlth Dept Biostat & Epidemiol Amherst MA 01003 USA

Objective: To assess smoking cessation counseling and nicotine replacement therapy prescription and recommendation practices among obstetric and pediatric providers. Methods: We sent out a self-administered survey to 61 obstetric and pediatric nurse practitioners and physicians at six community health centers in the Boston area. Results: Obstetric providers were more likely to view smoking cessation counseling as their responsibility in treating pregnant women than pediatric providers did in treating infants with mothers who smoked (mean +/- standard deviation [95% confidence interval] 4.5 +/- 0.76 [4.2, 4.8] versus 4.0 +/- 0.8 [3.7, 4.3] on a five-point scale;P < .05). Obstetric providers believed that smoking cessation counseling was more effective than did pediatric providers (3.45 +/-: 1.1 [3.0, 3.9] versus 2.8 +/- 0.8 [2.5, 3.1] on a five-point scale;P < .05) and were more likely to report provision of cessation assistance than pediatric providers (63% [44%, 82%] versus 17% [5%, 29%];P < .05). Obstetric providers were more likely to prescribe or recommend over-the-counter nicotine replacement therapy than pediatric providers (44% [25%, 63%] versus 11% [1%, 21%], P = .004). Reasons for not prescribing nicotine replacement differed according to specialty;however, perceived lack of efficacy was not a typical reason given by clinicians in either specialty. Only two of 47 practitioners who did not prescribe or recommend those therapies listed that as a factor in their decisions. Conclusion: We found that nicotine replacement therapies are commonly prescribed or recommended to pregnant smokers by obstetric providers, but less commonly to lactating women by pediatric providers. ((C) 2000 by The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.).

关键词：波士顿/流行病学药物利用/统计学和数值数据尼古丁/治疗应用产科学儿科学戒烟/方法戒烟/统计学和数值数据成年人女(雌)性人类婴儿婴儿新生男(雄)性妊娠

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Second head and neck cancers and tobacco usage

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AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OTOLARYNGOLOGY 2003年第1期24卷 24-27页

作者： Tomek, MS McGuirt, WF Wake Forest Univ Baptist Med Ctr Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg Winston Salem NC 27157 USA

Objectives: To examine the relative incidence of second primary carcinomas in patients who continued smoking compared with those who had ceased smoking. Methods: This is a retrospective study based on review of the Wake Forest University-Baptist Medical Center Tumor Registry for the years 1985 through 2000. Ninety-one patients who had had an index head and neck tumor and who developed a second independent head and neck primary tumor, were identified. These cases were grouped into synchronous (different sites within 6 months) and metachronous (different site after 6 months or same site after 3 years) second tumors and were examined with respect to smoking history-specifically whether smoking had continued or ceased after the diagnosis of the index tumor. Results: Of the 91 patients identified with double head and neck tumors, 88 were tobacco users. Comprising the group of 54 patients with metachronous second primaries were 51 smokers-25 who had continued and 26 who had ceased tobacco use. Of the 26 patients who had quit smoking but had developed a second primary, 13 had stopped smoking even before the index primary had been diagnosed. The remaining 13 had stopped when the index primary was treated. Conclusions: A review of 91 patients with double head and neck primary tumors indicate no difference in the frequency of second tumors developing in a group of patients who continued to smoke after diagnosis of their index cancers relative to patients who stopped smoking. This finding suggests a critical cellular level of cumulative and persistent damage. Methods to reverse this genetic alteration are hypothesized to be potentially more significant than smoking cessation efforts in preventing subsequent head and neck cancers.

关键词：癌鳞状细胞/流行病学头颈部肿瘤/流行病学发病率肿瘤继发原发性/流行病学登记回顾性研究戒烟/统计学和数值数据烟草对健康的危害/并发症人类

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Cigarette advertising to counter new year's resolutions

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JOURNAL OF HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2000年第2期5卷 161-174页

作者： Basil, MD Basil, DZ Schooler, C Univ Lethbridge Fac Management Lethbridge AB T1K 3M4 Canada Healthworks Foote Cone & Belding New York NY USA

One process through which tobacco advertising may work is by reducing rates of quitting. Theories of addiction support the notion that relapse can be prompted by environmental cues. Further, because withdrawal symptoms occur over a predictable time frame, and because the most popular time to quit smoking is the beginning of the year, as a New Year's resolution, tobacco companies can make use of advertising to remind quitters of their need to smoke. Study 1 examined advertising in 10 popular magazines. It found a higher number of ads in January and February than the rest of the year after 1984. Study 2 examined cigarette advertising on the back cover of 10 other popular magazines. This study also found a higher rate of cigarette advertisements in January and February than for the rest of the year. The results suggest that cigarette marketers may be attempting to preempt quitting by cuing smoking behavior.

关键词：文献计量学决策假日期刊戒烟/统计学和数值数据烟草工业/统计学和数值数据人类

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FACTORS AFFECTING THE EFFICACY OF A COMMUNITY-BASED QUIT SMOKING PROGRAM

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HEALTH EDUCATION RESEARCH 1993年第4期8卷 537-546页

作者： CLARKE, V HILL, D MURPHY, M BORLAND, R ANTICANC COUNCIL VICTORIA CTR BEHAV RES CANC1 RATHDOWNE STCARLTONVIC 3053AUSTRALIA

Community-based Fresh Start courses have been running at local community centres throughout Victoria since February 1983. This paper describes the key features of this program and identifies the factors which relate to smoking cessation. Data were collected from 3298 participants who attended a program between February 1983 and June 1988. All participants were asked to complete three short questionnaires: on arrival at the course, at the conclusion of the course and a year after finishing the course. Although most participants had made previous unsuccessful quit attempts and perceived quitting to be difficult, attendance at the course had a major impact on their reported smoking. At the conclusion of the course at least 51% of participants had quit smoking and the remaining participants had reduced their smoking by an average of 50%. At the 1 year follow-up, at least 23% of participants were non-smokers and the remaining participants had reduced their smoking by an average of 21%. Successful quitting at the end of the course and at the 12 month follow-up was positively related to the number of sessions attended and the perceived likelihood of quitting, and negatively related to initial cigarette consumption.

关键词：年龄因素澳大利亚社区卫生服务随访研究健康教育预防卫生服务方案评价性别因素戒烟/方法戒烟/心理学戒烟/统计学和数值数据青少年成年人老年人老年人 80以上女(雌)性人类男(雄)性中年人

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Subtypes of precontemplating smokers defined by different long-term plans to change their smoking behavior

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HEALTH EDUCATION RESEARCH 2000年第4期15卷 423-434页

作者： Dijkstra, A De Vries, H Leiden Univ Dept Clin & Hlth Psychol NL-2300 RB Leiden Netherlands Masstricht Univ Dept Hlth Educ NL-6200 MD Maastricht Netherlands

Many smokers are not motivated to quit smoking. In the Stages of Change model these smokers are called precontemplators, When developing interventions designed to motivate these smokers to quit, it is of importance to know whether this group is homogeneous or not, In the present study, different groups of precontemplators were distinguished according to their long-term quitting smoking plan: 861 precontemplators were asked to indicate the one plan that best fitted their own plans with regard to their smoking behavior: (1) planning to never quit and not planning to cut down (n = 194), (2) planning to never quit but planning to cut down (n = 186), (3) planning to quit somewhere in the future but not within the next 5 years (n = 290), (4) planning to quit within the next 5 years (n = 136) and (5) planning to quit within the next year but not within the next 6 months (n = 54). These groups of smokers were compared on several variables cross-sectionally and longitudinally. The results indicate that the psychological factors that will have to be targeted in smoking cessation interventions in efforts to motivate smokers to quit could be assessed reliably in precontemplators, Furthermore, precontemplators with different quitting plans differed on several cognitive variables and the quitting plans at pre-test were predictive of quitting activity after 7 months. Precontemplators who received self-help smoking cessation materials made forward changes in quitting plans and these changes seemed to follow a certain order, Forward changes in plans were differentially related to positive outcome expectations, to self-efficacy expectations depending on the quitting plan and not to changes in negative outcomes. The present study is one step in mapping the psychology of low motivation to change behavior.

关键词：选择行为认知模型心理学动机荷兰规划技术戒烟/心理学戒烟/统计学和数值数据青少年成年人老年人儿童女(雌)性人类男(雄)性中年人

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Evaluating the effectiveness of a smoking cessation intervention designed for nurses

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NURSING STUDIES 1999年第4期36卷 301-311页

作者： Rowe, K Clark, JM Univ Southampton Fac Med & Hlth Sch Nursing & Midwifery Southampton SO16 6YD Hants England Queens Univ Belfast Belfast BT7 1LQ Antrim North Ireland

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of offering an individualised approach to smoking cessation to qualified nurses and student nurses in Northern Ireland, Twenty-two qualified nurses and 32 student nurses enrolled in the intervention. A further 23 qualified nurses and 33 student nurses expressed interest in giving up smoking, bur did not wish to be included in the intervention, They were assigned to the comparison group. Objective verification utilising salivary cotinine measurements of continuous abstinence at 6 months and 1 year demonstrated that 24% of student and qualified nurses in the intervention groups stopped smoking compared with 7% of those in the comparison groups. Both of these differences are statistically significant (Fisher's Exact Probability Test p = < 0.05). This suggests that the individualised approach as used in this study is an appropriate method of helping motivated nurses to quit. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词：医务工作者的态度北爱尔兰护士/心理学护士/统计学和数值数据护士男/心理学护士男/统计学和数值数据方案评价/方法方案评价/统计学和数值数据问卷调查戒烟/方法戒烟/统计学和数值数据学生护理/心理学学生护理/统计学和数值数据时间因素青少年成年人女(雌)性人类男(雄)性中年人

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History of alcohol or drug problems, current use of alcohol or marijuana, and success in quitting smoking

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ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 1999年第1期24卷 149-154页

作者： Humfleet, G Muñoz, R Sees, K Reus, V Hall, S Univ Calif San Francisco San Francisco CA 94143 USA

previous research suggests higher rates of smoking, and smoking cessation failure, in alcohol- and drug-abusing populations. The present study examined the relationship of alcohol/drug treatment history and current alcohol and marijuana consumption with success in smoking cessation treatment in a smoking clinic population. Participants were 199 smokers;23% reported a history of alcohol/drug problems, 12.6% reported a history of drug treatment, 78.7% reported alcohol use, and 21.3% reported marijuana use during treatment. Results indicate no significant differences in abstinence rates based on history of alcohol/drug problem or treatment. Differences were found for any current alcohol use but not for marijuana use. Both alcohol use at baseline and any alcohol use during treatment predicted smoking at ail follow-up points. Alcohol users had significantly lower quit rates than did participants reporting no use. Neither use of marijuana at baseline nor during treatment predicted outcome. These findings suggest that even low to moderate levels of alcohol consumption during smoking cessation may decrease treatment success. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd.

关键词：饮酒/心理学方差分析行为成瘾卡方分布吸大麻烟/心理学前瞻性研究可重复性结果回顾性研究戒烟/心理学戒烟/统计学和数值数据物质相关性障碍/并发症物质相关性障碍/心理学治疗结果成年人女(雌)性人类男(雄)性中年人

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