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The supply of volunteer labor: The case of hospitals

Nonprofit Management and Leadership 1993年第1期4卷 23-45页

作者： Wolff, Nancy Weisbrod, Burton A. Bird, Edward J. Institute for Health Health Policy and Aging Research Rutgers University New Brunswick New Jersey 08903 30 College Avenue United States

Little is known about the labor market for volunteers, but even less is known about the supply of volunteers to particular industries. This article examines the supply of volunteer labor to one industry, hospitals, and the choices that volunteers make among hospitals with different ownership attributes. Survey data of volunteers at four hospitals located in Madison, Wisconsin, are used to estimate the importance of a number of factors influencing people's willingness to volunteer at hospitals. We found that job opportunities in the labor market and tax rates affect the supply of volunteers. We also found that volunteers are not indifferent to the type of hospital at which they volunteer;a federal government hospital, a nonprofit state‐owned teaching hospital, and other nonprofit hospitals were not perfect substitutes in the eyes of individual volunteers in our study. Copyright © 1993 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., A Wiley Company

关键词：医院大学/人力医院退伍军人/人力医院慈善/人力 Logistic模型所有权/统计学和数值数据概率社会经济因素时间和运动研究威斯康星人类

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Causes and Consequences of Rural Small Hospital Closures from the Perspectives of Mayors

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The Journal of Rural Health 1991年第3期7卷 222-245页

作者： Hart, L. Gary Pirani, Michael J. Rosenblatt, Roger A. Wami Rural Health Research Center Department of Family Medicine University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195 United States

ABSTRACT: Mayors of rural towns whose small general hospitals closed between 1980 and 1988 were surveyed. Only hospitals that were the sole hospitals in their towns and that had not reopened were included in the survey. Of the 132 hospitals meeting these criteria, 130 (98.5%) of the mayors of their communities responded to the survey. The typical study hospital had 31 beds, with an average daily census of 12. Three fourths of the hospital closures were in the North‐Central and South census regions. Half of the hospital closures were for hospitals that were 20 miles or more from another hospital. Mayors attributed the closure of their hospitals primarily to governmental reimbursement policies, poor hospital management and lack of physicians. To a lesser extent, they also implicated competition from other hospitals, reputation for poor quality care, lack of provider teamwork, and inadequate hospital board leadership. Respondents reported they had little warning that their hospitals were in imminent danger of closing. Warnings of six months or less were reported by 49 percent of the mayors;only 33 percent of mayors of towns with for‐profit hospitals reported having more than six months warning. Of the 132 hospital buildings that closed, only 38 percent were not in use in some capacity in the summer of 1989. Most were being utilized as some form of health care facility such as an ambulatory clinic, nursing home, or emergency room. More than three fourths of the mayors felt access to medical care had deteriorated in their communities after hospital closure, with a disproportionate impact on the elderly and poor. Nearly three fourths of the mayors also perceived that the health status of the community was worse because of the hospital closure, and more than 90 percent felt it had substantially impaired the community's economy. Copyright © 1991, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved

关键词：社区和机构的关系评价研究卫生设施关闭/统计学和数值数据卫生服务易得程度/统计学和数值数据卫生服务研究医院病床数 100张以下医院乡村/供应和分配地方政府所有权/统计学和数值数据医师/供应和分配问卷调查

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Strategic Activity and Financial Performance of U.S. Rural Hospitals: A National Study, 1983 to 1988

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The Journal of Rural Health 1994年第3期10卷 150-167页

作者： Mick, Stephen S. Morlock, Laura L. Salkever, David de Lissovoy, Gregory Malitz, Faye Wise, Christopher G. Jones, Alison Department of Health Services Management School of Public Health University of Michigan in Ann Arbor Ann Arbor Michigan United States Department of Health Policy and Management School of Hygiene and Public Health Johns Hopkins University Baltimore Maryland United States Department of Health Policy and Management School of Hygiene and Public Health Johns Hopkins University Baltimore Maryland United States Department of Health Policy Management of Hygiene and Public Health Johns Hopkins University Baltimore Maryland United States Department of Health Policy Management the School of Hygiene and Public Health Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore Maryland United States Department of Health Services School of Public Health at the University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan United States Arizona State University Tempe Arizona United States

This study examines the effect of 13 strategic management activities on the financial performance of a national sample of 797 U.S. rural hospitals during the period of 1983‐1988. Controlled for environment‐market, geographic‐region, and hospital‐related variables, the results show almost no measurable effect of strategic adoption on rural hospital profitability and liquidity. Where statistically significant relationships existed, they were more often negative than positive. These findings were not expected;it was hypothesized that positive effects across a broad range of strategies would emerge, other things being equal. Discussed are possible explanations for these findings as well as their implication for a rural health policy relying on individual rural hospital strategic adaptation to environmental change. Copyright © 1994, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved

关键词：卫生服务范围/统计学和数值数据数据收集财务管理医院/统计学和数值数据卫生服务研究/方法医院乡村/经济学医院乡村/统计学和数值数据模型经济学所有权/统计学和数值数据回归分析美国

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Changes in Aged Populations Served by Home Health Agencies

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Journal of Aging and Health 1990年第3期2卷 373-394页

作者： Swan, James H. Estes, Carroll L. California State University Long Beach United States University of California San Francisco United States

This article examines changes in clients served by home health agencies, and how changes are related to recent health care trends and local market structure. Two types of explanatory factors are examined: organizational measures and market factors. A theoretical model of isomorphism is tested, considering the effects of privatization within the context of the growth of chains and multifacility systems. Findings show that (a) system members are more likely than nonmembers to show increases in clients of all ages;(b) for-profits that are not system members are more likely to have increases in total clientele and in clients age 65-74, whereas for-profits' changes in clientele age 85 or over depends on their system membership-increasing among nonmembers, decreasing among members;and (c) agencies in states with home health “certificate of need” (CON) are more likely to have increases in clients age 65-74 and 85 and over. The results for total clientele and those age 65-74 support an isomorphism hypothesis. © 1990, Sage Publications. All rights reserved.

关键词：卫生服务易得程度卫生服务需求家庭医疗保健服务/组织和管理家庭医疗保健服务/利用模型统计学组织改革所有权/统计学和数值数据私有化/统计学和数值数据美国老年人人类

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Growth and decline in the supply of providers of medicare-covered home health services in the 80's: National and regional experience

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Home Health Care Services Quarterly 1994年第1期15卷 3-17页

作者： Scalzi, Cynthia C. Zinn, Jacqueline S. Guilfoyle, Michael J. Perdue, Sondra T. School of Nursing and Wharton School University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia United States Department of Health Administration Temple University Philadelphia United States University Data Center University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia United States Statistical Scientist United States

Using Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) data, this study documents national and regional patterns of market entry and exit in the home health industry from 1980 to 1990. Nationally, agency origination rates accelerated during the early 1980's, then dropped abruptly in the second half of the decade. The for-profit sector exhibited the greatest volatility. Of the 3,620 proprietary agencies in existence during the decade, 3,284 (90.7%) were new entrants, and 1,551 exited the market by 1990. Regional differences in growth rates and the timing of market entry are also evident. Both growth and decline in the home health industry appear. © 1994 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

关键词：数据收集地理学卫生设施私立/发展趋势卫生服务需求/统计学和数值数据卫生服务需求/发展趋势家庭医疗保健服务/统计学和数值数据家庭医疗保健服务/发展趋势 Medicare/统计学和数值数据 Medicare/发展趋势所有权/统计学和数值数据美国

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Home health care post-pps: Some california data

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Home Health Care Services Quarterly 1991年第2期12卷 35-52页

作者： Faherty, Bonnie Los Angeles CA 90024 Factor 3-234 10833 Le Conte Ave United States

California home health data for the years 1982 through 1987 are analyzed to explore the effects of the implementation of the Prospective Payment System in 1983 and the increase in denial rate for Medicare reimbursed home care in late 1985. After 1983 the following declined: Average number of patients per agency, average number of visits per patient, number of freestanding agencies and percentage of reimbursement from Medicare. After 1985 there were declines in the number of patients served, total number of visits, average number of visits per aged client, and number of agencies (proprietary and non-profit) submitting annual reports. © 1991 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

关键词：加利福尼亚数据收集家庭医疗保健服务/利用 Medicare/统计学和数值数据所有权/统计学和数值数据方案评价预期支付系统/统计学和数值数据美国老年人人类

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Non-profit and for-profit organizations in home care services: A comparative analysis

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Home Health Care Services Quarterly 1993年第1期14卷 93-112页

作者： Schmid, Hillel The Hebrew University of Jerusalem The Paul Bacrwald School of Social Work Mt. Scopus Jerusalem 91905 Israel

The paper analyzes differences in the organizational, structural and strategic behavior of Non-Profit Organizations and For-Profit Organizations in Israel which provide home care services for the frail elderly. In contrast to other studies which have analyzed differences between institutions delivering various social services in the profit and non-profit sectors, this paper focuses on those organizations supplying home care services in the community. The findings suggest that NPO's have qualitative and operational advantages over FPO's. © 1993 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

关键词：所有权/组织和管理所有权/统计学和数值数据病人满意度/统计学和数值数据人员管理/统计学和数值数据方案评价/统计学和数值数据

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Living will legislation, nursing home care, and the rejection of artificial nutrition and hydration: An analysis of bedside decision-making in three states

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Journal of Health and Social Policy 1993年第3期4卷 43-64页

作者： Almgren, G. School of Social Service Admin University of Chicago Chicago IL 60637 969 E Sixtieth Street United States

Although state living will legislation establishing the boundaries of unwanted medical intervention has become almost universal, many states define artificial nutrition and hydration as a basic comfort measure rather than extraordinary intervention. In addition, several states have legislation prohibiting its withholding or withdrawal under any circumstances. Despite the recent growth in public awareness and controversy concerning artificial nutrition and hydration, there is little known about the actual influence of prohibitive legislation on bedside decisions involving its withdrawal. An analysis is undertaken of nursing home decision-making concerning the withdrawal of artificial nutrition and hydration in three states with typical variation in living will legislation specific to its legality. Data from interviews with 140 nursing home directors of nursing service responding to hypothetical case vignettes suggest that living will laws prohibiting the withdrawal of artificial nutrition and hydration have little influence over bedside decision-making in nursing homes. Factors found to be determinate of the likelihood of the withdrawal of artificial nutrition and hydration include the competency of the nursing home resident and form of nursing home ownership. State context exerts a significant influence over the likelihood of artificial nutrition and hydration withdrawal, but not in a direction consistent with language of living will legislation.

关键词：求死留言/立法和法学明尼苏达多元分析医护疗养所/立法和法学医护疗养所/统计学和数值数据所有权/统计学和数值数据胃肠外营养/标准回归分析威斯康星阻断疗法

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Role of education in reducing child labour: Evidence from rural Bangladesh

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JOURNAL OF BIOSOCIAL SCIENCE 2000年第3期32卷 301-313页

作者： Nath, SR Hadi, A BRAC Res & Evaluat Div Dhaka 1212 Bangladesh

This paper explores the hypothesis that the level of education of children and their parents plays a major role in reducing child labour. Data were generated from a sample survey of 3809 children aged 10-14 years living in 150 villages in two rural districts of Bangladesh. A significant inverse relationship was found between child labour and years of schooling. Age and education of children, parental education, land ownership of household and fathers' occupation were the determinants of child labour force participation. Child's years of schooling is the variable that has most influence on the probability of participation in the labour force, followed by father's and mother's education.

关键词：孟加拉国教育程度就业/统计学和数值数据住房/统计学和数值数据职业/统计学和数值数据所有权/统计学和数值数据双亲/教育贫困/统计学和数值数据农村人口青少年儿童儿童学龄前女(雌)性人类男(雄)性

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