肿瘤是威胁人类生命健康的主要疾病之一。尽管放射治疗(放疗)在许多恶性肿瘤的治疗中取得了显著成效,但由于正常组织的损伤和肿瘤细胞的放射抗性,放疗效果常常受到限制。传统的放疗方法存在靶向性差、治疗效果有限、对正常组织的辐射损伤等问题,这使得其治疗效果面临诸多挑战。为了克服这些缺陷并提高治疗效果,放疗增敏策略应运而生。近年来,纳米材料作为一种新型的放疗增敏剂,凭借其优异的物理化学特性和靶向性,成为了放疗增敏研究中的重要方向。纳米材料能够通过多种机制增强肿瘤细胞对辐射的敏感性,从而提高放疗的治疗效果,并减少对正常组织的损伤。本综述回顾了纳米材料在放疗增敏中的作用机制和研究进展,并总结了不同类型的纳米材料的优势与挑战,探讨了其在肿瘤放疗中的应用前景。Radiotherapy (RT) is a common treatment for various malignant tumors;however, its effectiveness is often limited by normal tissue damage and the radiation resistance of tumor cells. In recent years, the application of nanomaterials in tumor radiotherapy has become a research hotspot, particularly in radiosensitization. Nanomaterials can enhance the sensitivity of tumor cells to radiation through various mechanisms, thereby improving the therapeutic effects of RT. This review summarizes the mechanisms and recent advances in the use of different types of nanomaterials (such as metallic nanoparticles, carbon-based nanomaterials, and nano-drug carriers) in radiosensitization. Through strategies such as surface modification, drug loading, and targeted delivery, nanomaterials can enable precise targeted therapy, enhancing the efficacy of radiotherapy.
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