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Violent mortality patterns in immigrants in Israel (1990-95)

MEDICINE SCIENCE AND THE LAW 1999年第2期39卷 173-181页

作者： Karasik, D Yakovenko, K Lipstein, E Hiss, J Tel Aviv Univ Sackler Fac Med Dept Anat & Anthropol IL-69978 Tel Aviv Israel Inst Forens Med IL-61490 Tel Aviv Israel

Since 1989, a large number of immigrants, mostly from the former Soviet Union, have arrived in Israel, increasing the local population (c. 5 million) by 700,000. The morbidity and mortality of this immigant population have been the concern of many investigations. In the present study we examine the mortality pattern of a sample of 1,000 immigrants, whose deaths occurred during the years 1990-95 and were examined at the L. Greenberg (National) Institute of Forensic Medicine. The sample was divided into two subgroups, natural and unnatural, according to manner of death. Seventy-five per cent of the victims in the violent death subgroup were males with a mean age of 44.6 (SD 17.3) years, while the females of the same category were 52.7 years old on average (SD 19.9). The age distribution of the whole sample showed peaks in the 25-34-year-old group for males and the 35-44-year-old group for females. The most frequent causes of death were accident (44.1%), suicide (12.6%) and homicide (7%). In 5% of cases the cause of death could not be determined. The pattern of mortality from violent causes in the immigrant population differed from that of the country of origin in all parameters. The incidence of unnatural death in immigrants resembled the local pattern in Israel, and was significantly lower than that of their homeland.

关键词：事故/统计学和数值数据死亡原因独立国家联合体/人种学杀人/统计学和数值数据以色列/流行病学死亡率自杀/统计学和数值数据暴力/统计学和数值数据成年人老年人女(雌)性人类男(雄)性中年人

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Vulnerability to assaultive violence: further specification of the sex difference in post-traumatic stress disorder

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PSYCHOLOGICAL MEDICINE 1999年第4期29卷 813-821页

作者： Breslau, N Chilcoat, HD Kessler, RC Peterson, EL Lucia, VC Henry Ford Hlth Syst Dept Psychiat & Biostat Res Epidemiol Detroit MI USA Harvard Univ Sch Med Dept Hlth Care Policy Cambridge MA 02138 USA

Background. We examine potential sources of the sex differences in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the community. Methods. Data were obtained from a representative sample of 2181 persons aged 18-45 years in the Detroit primary metropolitan statistical area, which is a six-county area containing more than four million residents. A random digit dialling method was used to select the sample and a computer-assisted telephone interview was used to obtain the data. DSM-IV PTSD was assessed with respect to a randomly selected trauma from the list of qualifying traumas reported by each respondent. Results, The lifetime prevalence of exposure and the mean number of traumas were lower in females than males. The overall conditional risk of PTSD (i.e. the probability of PTSD among those exposed to a trauma) was approximately twofold higher in females than males, adjusting for the sex difference in the distribution of trauma types. The sex difference was due primarily to females' greater risk following assaultive violence. The sex difference in the avoidance and numbing symptom group following assaultive violence exceeded the sex differences in other symptom groups. Conclusions. Future research should focus on sex differences in the response to assaultive violence, including potential explanations for females' greater probability to experience avoidance and numbing.

关键词：犯罪受害者/心理学犯罪受害者/统计学和数值数据横断面研究防御机制性别特性发病率密执安/流行病学危险因素应激障碍创伤后/诊断应激障碍创伤后/流行病学应激障碍创伤后/心理学暴力/心理学暴力/统计学和数值数据青少年成年人女(雌)性人类男(雄)性中年人

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Exposure to violence and victimization, depression, substance use, and the use of violence by young adolescents

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JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2000年第5期137卷 707-713页

作者： DuRant, RH Altman, D Wolfson, M Barkin, S Kreiter, S Krowchuk, D Wake Forest Univ Sch Med Brenner Ctr Child & Adolescent Hlth Dept Pediat Winston Salem NC 27157 USA Wake Forest Univ Sch Med Ctr Community Res Dept Publ Hlth Sci Winston Salem NC 27157 USA

Objective: To examine the relationships among exposure to violence;tobacco, alcohol, and other substance use;depression;church attendance;and the use of violence among very young adolescents. Methods: An 86-item confidential questionnaire was administered to 722 sixth grade students (mean age = 11.9 +/- 0.8 years) attending 4 middle schools selling neighborhoods in and around public housing. Results: Boys had a higher mean violence scale score than girls (P less than or equal to .0001), and students living in public housing had higher violence scale scores than other students (P less than or equal to .0001). Self-reported use of violence was significantly associated with exposure to violence (r = .45);age (r = .28);frequency: of church attendance (r = -.14);depression (r = .28);the probability of being alive at age 25 (r = -.09);the frequency of use of cigarettes (r = .39), alcohol (r = .37), and multiple substances (r = .38);and interest in a gang (r = .37). When all of these variables were analyzed with multiple linear regression, multiple substance use, exposure to violence, interest in a gang, male gender, cigarette smoking, and depression level accounted for 49.7% of the variation in the use of violence scale. Conclusion: Recent multiple substance use and lifetime exposure to violence and victimization were the strongest correlates with the frequency that these youth reported using violence and carrying weapons.

关键词：青春期行为犯罪受害者/心理学犯罪受害者/统计学和数值数据抑郁佐治亚线性模型问卷调查宗教危险因素社会经济因素物质相关性障碍暴力/心理学暴力/统计学和数值数据青少年儿童女(雌)性人类男(雄)性

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Alcohol, intelligence and violent crime in young males

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JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE 1998年第3期10卷 309-319页

作者： Welte, JW Wieczorek, WF Res Inst Addict Buffalo NY 14203 USA Ctr Hlth & Social Res Buffalo NY USA

Research has demonstrated a relationship between alcohol and violent behavior but proof of a causal connection remains elusive. A recent review concluded that the key task that remained was to identify sub-groups of the population for which alcohol promotes violence. Because alcohol might induce violence by causing cognitive disruption (e.g., misunderstood communication), less intelligent per-sons could be vulnerable because they start out closer to the lower limit of comprehension. Our objective is to investigate the effect of lower intelligence on the alcohol/violence relationship. This analysis uses data from the Buffalo Longitudinal Study of Young Men to investigate this hypothesis. Males, 16 to 19 years of age (N = 596), were selected from Buffalo, NY by random digit dialing. High-risk males were oversampled. Two interviews were conducted 18 months apart, including drinking, criminal offenses, and psychological traits. Verbal intelligence was measured by the Ammons Quick Test and visual-motor intelligence by the Trail Making Test. An analysis of covariance was conducted with wave 2 average alcohol consumption and both measures of intelligence as independent variables, violent offending as the dependent variable, and race wave 1 alcohol and wave 1 violence as covariates. Results show a positive main effect of wave 2 alcohol consumption, but also interactions with both verbal and visual-motor intelligence. These interactions indicate that the prevalence of violence increases significantly at low intelligence and high alcohol consumption levels. A parallel analysis with nonviolent offending as the dependent variable failed to find significant interactions. The combination of heavy drinking and lower intelligence is associated with a synergistic surge of violent behavior.

关键词：酒精中毒/流行病学酒精中毒/心理学因果律罪行/心理学罪行/统计学和数值数据智力纽约/流行病学危险因素暴力/心理学暴力/统计学和数值数据青少年人类男(雄)性

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Does psychiatric disorder affect the likelihood of violent offending? a critique of the major findings

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MEDICINE SCIENCE AND THE LAW 1999年第1期39卷 23-30页

作者： Mitchell, EW Univ Cambridge Inst Criminol Cambridge CB2 1TJ England

This paper reviews major studies that have examined a possible relationship between mental disorder and violent offending. Such studies have either examined (a) the prevalence of violence in the mentally disordered or (b) the prevalence of mental disorder among the violent. Indices of violence used include (a) arrest rate, (b) conviction rate and (c) prevalence of violent behaviour in psychiatric inpatients, representative community samples and birth cohorts. It is concluded that although the mentally disordered do face an elevated risk of violent behaviour/offending, this risk is largely confined to those suffering from severe or long-term psychotic symptoms or psychopathic disorders.

关键词：队列研究司法鉴定/立法和法学精神障碍/诊断精神障碍/流行病学危险精神分裂症/诊断精神分裂症/流行病学暴力/立法和法学暴力/统计学和数值数据人类

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The effect of an education program on violence in the emergency department

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ANNALS OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2002年第1期39卷 47-55页

作者： Fernandes, CMB Raboud, JM Christenson, JM Bouthillette, F Bullock, L Ouellet, L Moore, CF St Pauls Hosp Dept Emergency Med Ctr Hlth Evaluat & Outcome Sci Vancouver BC V6Z 1Y6 Canada St Pauls Hosp Dept Occupational Hlth & Safety Vancouver BC V6Z 1Y6 Canada Univ British Columbia Dept Surg Vancouver BC V5Z 1M9 Canada Univ British Columbia Dept Hlth Care & Epidemiol Vancouver BC V5Z 1M9 Canada Canadian HIV Trials Network Vancouver BC Canada

Study objective: We examine whether a specific educational effort reduces emergency department violence in the short term and quantify the amount of violence in the ED. Methods: Cross-sectional prospective surveys were conducted at a tertiary referral center at baseline (1998) and at 3 and 6 months (1999) after the Prevention and Management of Aggressive Behavior Program (PMABP). ED staff on all shifts for 7 alternate days in a 2-week period were surveyed. We measured the total and mean number of physical and violent events per survey. A generalized estimating equation Poisson regression model examined the effect of the program on the numbers of physically and verbally violent events per shift per employee, after adjusting for other covariates. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Results: Physical violence events per survey at baseline, 3 months posttraining, and 6 months posttraining were 0.27, 0.10, and 0.21, respectively. The number of reported violent interactions at the same intervals were 49, 19, and 46 (adjusted OR 1.0, 0.35 [95% CI 0.15 to 0.84], and 0.79 [95% Cl 0.48 to 1.40]), respectively. Verbal violence events per survey at baseline, 3 months posttraining, and 6 months posttraining were 0.85, 0.31, and 0.51, respectively. The number of reported interactions involving verbal violence at the same intervals were 154, 58, and 69 (adjusted OR 1.0, 0,31 [95% CI 0.21 to 0.46], and 0.47 [95% Cl 0.33 to 0.66]), respectively. Conclusion: Violent events are frequent in the ED. Education programs may reduce the number of events at least temporarily but do not clearly reduce violence in the long term.

关键词：英属哥伦比亚/流行病学横断面研究急诊室医院/统计学和数值数据在职培训职业卫生病人教育(主题) 泊松分布方案评价前瞻性研究暴力/预防和控制暴力/统计学和数值数据人类

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Violent injuries among adolescents: Declining morbidity and mortality in an urban population

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ANNALS OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2001年第3期37卷 292-300页

作者： Cheng, TL Wright, JL Fields, CB Brenner, RA O'Donnell, R Schwarz, D Scheidt, PC Childrens Natl Med Ctr Dept Gen Pediat & Adolescent Med Washington DC 20010 USA George Washington Univ Sch Med Childrens Res Inst Washington DC USA George Washington Univ Sch Publ Hlth Washington DC USA Childrens Natl Med Ctr Dept Emergency Med Washington DC 20010 USA NICHHD Bethesda MD 20892 USA Childrens Hosp Philadelphia Craig Dalsimer Div Adolescent Med Philadelphia PA 19104 USA

Study objective: Adolescent homicide rates are decreasing nationally for unclear reasons. We explore changes in intentional injury morbidity and mortality within the context of other injuries and specific causes. Methods: We performed surveillance of hospital, medical examiner, and vital records for nonfatal injury among adolescents age 10 to 19 years living in the District of Columbia from June 15, 1996, to June 15, 1998, and fatal injury from 1989 to 1998. Results: Over the 2-year study period, 15,190 adolescents were seen for injury, resulting in an event-based rate of 148 injuries per 1,000 adolescents per year;7% required hospitalization, and 0.8% died. Interpersonal intentional injuries accounted for 25% of all injuries, 45% of hospitalizations, and 85% of injury deaths. Assault morbidity decreased with no change noted for unintentional and self-inflicted injury. Firearm injuries, stabs, and assaults with other objects showed the largest decrease, with no decrease in unarmed assaults. Injury mortality peaked in 1993 and has declined since. Firearms caused 72% to 90% of all injury deaths from 1989 to 1998, most the result of homicide. Conclusion: There has been a decline in intentional injury rates over the study periods related to decreased weapon injury;data suggest a change in the lethality of fighting methods but no change in unarmed fighting behavior.

关键词：死亡原因哥伦比亚特区杀人/发展趋势回顾性研究市区人口/统计学和数值数据暴力/统计学和数值数据创伤和损伤/死亡率创伤枪击/死亡率青少年儿童女(雌)性人类男(雄)性

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Violence in the workplace: new perspectives in forensic mental health services in the USA

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BRITISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2000年第4期176卷 339-344页

作者： Fletcher, TA Brakel, SA Cavanaugh, JL Rush Presbyterian St Lukes Med Ctr Sect Psychiat & Law Isaac Ray Ctr Inc Chicago IL 60612 USA

Background This paper reviews current research on workplace violence in the USA and offers suggestions concerning the roles that mental health professionals with forensic expertise can play in this expanding field. Aims To clarify the role of the mental health professional in evaluating issues related to workplace violence. Method Manual and computer literature searches were performed. Results The incidence of reported workplace violence is on the rise and can be devastating beyond the immediate injury. Forensically oriented mental health professionals can assist companies by providing pre-employment screenings, fitness-for-duty evaluations and threat assessment by using the results of current research on potentially violent individuals. Conclusions With the growing interest in workplace violence come many opportunities for mental health professionals to assist companies in assessment, intervention and prevention. Declaration of interest This paper was financially supported by the Isaac Ray Center, Inc. (Section of Psychiatry and the Law, Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center), Chicago, Illinois, USA.

关键词：司法精神病学精神卫生服务/组织和管理人员选用专业业务研究设计美国暴力/预防和控制暴力/统计学和数值数据工作场所人类

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Violence, homicide and suicide: strong correlation and wide variation across districts

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BRITISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 1999年第5期175卷 462-466页

作者： Kennedy, HG Iveson, RCY Hill, O Chase Farm Hosp N London Forens Serv Enfield EN2 8JL Middx England Royal Free Hosp Sch Med London England St Lukes Hosp London England

Background The clinical assessment and management of the risk of violence and suicide by people with mental illness may have to focus on environmental as well as individual factors. Aims To investigate possible associations between violence, homicide and suicide rates, population density and indices of deprivation, with particular reference to inner-city boroughs. Method Coroners' statistics in London for homicide and suicide were obtained. with police-reported homicide and violence rates as a validity check. Correlations were made between these data and population density, the Jarman under-privileged areas score, and the Mental Illness Needs Index for each of the 32 London boroughs. Results Homicide rates had a 14.3-fold range, suicide a 4.4-fold range and interpersonal violence a 6.6-fold range. The variables under study were strongly correlated with each other. Rates were highest in boroughs with high population density and deprivation scores. The associations persisted when covarying for deprivation, age structure or population density. Conclusions Because violence, homicide and suicide are so closely correlated. they are likely to be valid indices of the differences between adjacent boroughs;this has implications for the delivery of preventive and mental health services and for clinical management of risk. Declaration of interest None.

关键词：年龄因素杀人/统计学和数值数据伦敦/流行病学人口密度贫困区统计学非参数自杀/统计学和数值数据市区人口/统计学和数值数据暴力/统计学和数值数据青少年成年人老年人儿童儿童学龄前人类婴儿婴儿新生中年人

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Variations in admissions to hospital for head injury and assault to the head - Part 1: age and gender

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BRITISH JOURNAL OF ORAL & MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY 1999年第4期37卷 294-300页

作者： Gilthorpe, MS Wilson, RC Moles, DR Bedi, R Univ London Eastman Dent Inst Oral Hlth Care Sci Biostat Unit WHO Collaborating Ctr Oral Hlth Disabil & Culture London WC1X 8LD England Univ Birmingham Sch Med Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth Birmingham B15 2TT W Midlands England

The study retrospectively investigated variations in the use of secondary healthcare for head injury, particularly assault. A total of 25 300 emergency head-related admission were examined over a two-year period, of which 3756 were for assault. More males were admitted during summer and holiday periods, while there were fewer female patients with head injuries and the incidence varied less, The largest number of admissions was among men aged 15-44 and most assaults occurred at weekends. Females were more likely than males to die from all head injuries (OR=1.31) and violent head injuries (OR=2.38). Women (15+) stayed longer in hospital than males. Injuries among males ape primarily associated with social occasions. Females experience head injuries all the year round suggesting that these injuries are the result of domestic violence, There are important demographic differences in numbers of patients and duration of hospital care required to treat these avoidable injuries.

关键词：年龄分布置信区间颅脑损伤/流行病学急症英格兰/流行病学住院时间/统计学和数值数据住院时间/发展趋势比值比病人入院/统计学和数值数据病人入院/发展趋势季节性别分布暴力/统计学和数值数据暴力/发展趋势青少年成年人老年人儿童儿童学龄前女(雌)性人类男(雄)性中年人

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