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The role of muscle receptors in the detection of movements

PROGRESS IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2000年第1期60卷 85-96页

作者： Proske, U Wise, AK Gregory, JE Monash Univ Dept Physiol Clayton Vic 3168 Australia

This review discusses the role of muscle receptors, in particular. that of muscle spindles, in the detection of movements, both passive and active, Emphasis is placed on the importance of conditioning the muscles acting at a joint before making measurements of thresholds to passive movements, to take into account muscle's thixotropic property. The detection threshold:movement velocity relation is discussed and described for a number of different joints. Implications for muscle spindles are considered from the generalisation that, when expressed in terms of proportion of muscle fascicle length change, detection thresholds are about the same at different joints. It is concluded that the available data supports the view that muscle spindles lie in parallel with only a portion of a muscle fascicle and not the whole fascicle. At the elbow joint, where it has been tested, movement detection threshold is lower juring passive movements than during contraction of elbow muscles. Both peripheral mechanisms and mechanisms operating within the central nervous system may be responsible for the rise in threshold. The signalling of movements by spindles during a contraction raises the question of how the central nervous system is able to extract the length signal under such circumstances, given that there is likely to be co-activation of alpha and gamma motoneurones. The evidence for a central subtraction of fusimotor-evoked impulses and some recent experiments relevant to this idea are described. In conclusion, a number of points of uncertainly have been revealed in this area and these should be the subject of future experiments. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词：关节/神经支配机械感受器/生理学运动(Motion) 运动(Movement)/生理学肌梭/生理学肌/神经支配动物人类

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SELECTIVE HYPERGRAVITY STIMULATION - ITS EFFECTS ON THE HUMAN BALANCE AND GAIT FUNCTIONS - A MODEL TO ASSESS, IN NORMAL GRAVITY CONDITIONS, SOME ASPECTS OF THE PERTURBATIONS INDUCED ON HUMAN-BODY BY MICROGRAVITY CONDITIONS

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ACTA ASTRONAUTICA 1990年第C期22卷 375-380页

作者： LAZERGES, M LaboratoiredephysiologieduPr.Bessou FacultedemedecineToulouse.

To assess on Earth some reactions of the muscle mechanoreceptors to transitions from normogravity to microgravity, we studied the effects of transitions from hypergravity to normogravity. Hypergravity was selectively applied to the extensor muscles by increasing their activity during half an hour by means of 2 rubber extensible springs stretched from shoulders to feet. Immediate effects and post effects of such a stimulation were measured on quantifying dynamic balance (angular or linear displacement) and gait functions (spatio-temporal parameters and inferior limb length variations). The main results are : (1) a post effect on the balance function, appearing 3 minutes after the end of the selective hypergravity stimulus and improving the efficiency of balance function compared with the basal one, (2) a post effect on the gait function, appearing immediately after the end of the selective stimulation. It concerns the measures which quantify the gait phases during which flexor muscles are active (swing phases). It decreases the efficiency of the gait function compared with the basal one. It disappears 3 minutes after the end of the selective hypergravity stimulation. According to these results, if the effects on the muscle mechanoreceptors of the transitions from normogravity to microgravity looks like those of transitions from hypergravity to normogravity, post effects could be a mechanism of the motor perturbations at the beginning of the orbital flights.

关键词：踝关节自动数据处理步态引力超重力膝关节行走机械感受器/生理学肌骨骼/生理学肌肉骨骼平衡失重模拟成年人女(雌)性人类男(雄)性

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ARM TREMOR AND PRECISION OF HAND FORCE CONTROL IN A SHORT AND LONG-TERM FLIGHT ON THE MIR-SPACE-STATION

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ACTA ASTRONAUTICA 1994年第C期33卷 49-55页

作者： GALLASCH, E KOZLOVSKAYA, I LOSCHER, WN KONEV, A KENNER, T [a]University of Graz Department of Physiology Harrachgasse 21 8010-Graz Austria[b]Institute for Biomedical Problems Choroschevskoje Schosse 76a Moscow Russia

To determine whether long and short time exposure of man in 0g alters normal physiological tremor patterns we recorded arm tremor using an accelerometer as well as hand forces and tremor during constant isometric contraction using a load cell. Arm tremor was decreased during both flights in amplitude and frequency. Shortly after the long term flight arm tremor amplitude was increased, indicating adaptive changes in the tonic reflex loop. Isometric hand tremor remained unchanged during the long and short time flight demonstrating that the contractile properties of hand muscles remained constant. Precision of hand force was decreased until the half duration of the long term flight.

关键词：臂/生理学臂/病理生理学握力/生理学等长收缩/生理学机械感受器/生理学肌骨骼/生理学精神运动性行为/生理学宇宙飞行震颤/病因学震颤/病理生理学人类

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Outputs of radula mechanoafferent neurons in Aplysia are modulated by motor neurons, interneurons, and sensory neurons

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JOURNAL OF NEUROPHYSIOLOGY 2000年第3期83卷 1621-1636页

作者： Rosen, SC Miller, MW Cropper, EC Kupfermann, I New York State Psychiat Inst Ctr Neurobiol & Behav New York NY 10032 USA Columbia Univ Coll Phys & Surg New York NY 10032 USA Univ Puerto Rico Inst Neurobiol San Juan PR 00901 USA Univ Puerto Rico Dept Anat San Juan PR 00901 USA Mt Sinai Sch Med Dept Physiol & Biophys New York NY 10029 USA Mt Sinai Sch Med Fishberg Res Ctr Neurobiol New York NY 10029 USA

Outputs of radula mechanoafferent neurons in Aplysia are modulated by motor neurons, interneurons, and sensory neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 83: 1621-1636, 2000. The gain of sensory inputs into the nervous system can be modulated so that the nature and intensity of afferent input is variable. Sometimes the variability is a function of other sensory inputs or of the state of motor systems that generate behavior. A form of sensory modulation was investigated in the Aplysia feeding system at the level of a radula mechanoafferent neuron (B21) that provides chemical synaptic input to a group of motor neurons (B8a/b, B15) that control closure and retraction movements of the radula, a food grasping structure. B21 has been shown to receive both excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs from a variety of neuron types. The current study investigated the morphological basis of these heterosynaptic inputs, whether the inputs could serve to modulate the chemical synaptic outputs of B21, and whether the neurons producing the heterosynaptic inputs were periodically active during feeding motor programs that might modulate B21 outputs in a phase-specific manner. Four cell types making monosynaptic connections to B21 were found capable of heterosynaptically modulating the chemical synaptic output of B21 to motor neurons B8a and B15. These included the following: I) other sensory neurons, e.g., B22;2) interneurons, e.g., B19;3) motor neurons, e.g., B82;and 4) multifunction neurons that have sensory, motor, and interneuronal functions, e.g., B4/5. Each cell type was phasically active in one or more feeding motor programs driven by command-like interneurons, including an egestive motor program driven by CBI-I and an ingestive motor program driven by CBI-2. Moreover, the phase of activity differed for each of the modulator cells. During the motor programs, shifts in B21 membrane potential were related to the activity patterns of some of the modulator cells. Inhibitory chemical synapses media

关键词：海螺/生理学电刺激电生理学摄食行为/生理学神经节无脊椎动物/细胞学神经节无脊椎动物/生理学中间神经元/生理学中间神经元/超微结构机械感受器/生理学膜电位/生理学运动神经元/生理学运动神经元/超微结构神经元传入/生理学神经元传入/超微结构信号传导/生理学刺激化学性动物

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Analysis of neural spike trains with interspike interval reconstruction

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BIOLOGICAL CYBERNETICS 2000年第4期82卷 305-311页

作者： Suzuki, H Aihara, K Murakami, J Shimozawa, T Univ Tokyo Dept Math Engn & Informat Phys Tokyo 1138656 Japan Japan Sci & Technol Corp CREST Kawaguchi Saitama 3320012 Japan Hokkaido Univ Res Inst Elect Sci Kita Ku Sapporo Hokkaido 0600812 Japan

As a method for the analysis of neural spike trains, we examine fundamental characteristics of interspike interval (ISI) reconstruction theoretically with a leaky-integrator neuron model and experimentally with cricket wind receptor cells. Both the input to the leaky integrator and the stimulus to the wind receptor cells are the time series generated from the Rossler system. By numerical analysis of the leaky integrator, it is shown that, even if ISI reconstruction is possible, sometimes the entire structure of the Rossler attractor may not be reconstructed with IST reconstruction. For analysis of the in vivo physiological responses of cricket wind receptor cells, we apply IST reconstruction, nonlinear prediction and the: surrogate data method to the experimental data. As a result of the analysis, it is found that there is a significant deterministic structure in the spike trains. By this analysis of physiological data, it is also shown that, even if ISI reconstruction is possible, the entire attractor may not be reconstructed.

关键词：动作电位/生理学算法计算机模拟傅里叶分析蟋蟀科机械感受器/生理学模型神经学神经元传入/生理学非线性动力学数值分析计算机辅助随机过程风动物

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Softness discrimination with a tool

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JOURNAL OF NEUROPHYSIOLOGY 2000年第4期83卷 1777-1786页

作者： LaMotte, RH Yale Univ Sch Med Dept Anesthesiol New Haven CT 06520 USA

Softness discrirnination with a tool. J. Neurophysiol. 83: 1777-1786, 2000. The abilities of humans to discriminate the softness of rubber objects of differing compliance with a handheld tool (a stylus) was measured under experimental conditions that differed as to how the tool was used and the kind of sensory information available. When the subject actively tapped or pressed the compliant objects, they discriminated softness as well by means of a stylus as they did by contacting the objects directly with the fingerpad. Discrimination with the stylus was unaffected by whether the stylus was controlled by one or two fingers. While tapping or pressing a stylus held in a precision grip, the grip force increased before, reached a maximum at the same time as, and decreased in parallel with the compressional force. This relationship was suggestive of anticipatory motor control based on an internal model of the motor system and the physical properties of the object. Discrimination was significantly better when tapping as opposed to pressing the objects with the stylus. This was hypothesized as due to the presence of tactile cues generated by the rapid increase in force rate as the stylus struck and indented the object during tapping. During tapping, the magnitude and rate of compressional force produced by the stylus against the object were greater, the harder the object. An additional cue, possibly kinesthetic, during Dressing and tapping was the magnitude of indentation of the specimen by the stylus that was greater, the softer the object. Subjects could discriminate differences on softness by tactile cues alone in the absence of kinesthetic when compliant objects were tapped at approximately the same velocity by the experimenter against a stylus in contact with the subject's passive fingerpad. Discrimination deteriorated if the softer specimen of a pair was tapped with a slightly greater velocity than the harder and not possible if the specimens were pressed against the

关键词：声刺激顺应性抗压强度辨别(心理学)/生理学设备和供应指/生理学机械感受器/生理学运动神经元/生理学运动(Movement)/生理学神经元传入/生理学物理刺激精神运动性行为/生理学橡胶触觉/生理学人类

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Sensory fibers of the pelvic nerve innervating the rat's urinary bladder

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JOURNAL OF NEUROPHYSIOLOGY 2000年第4期84卷 1924-1933页

作者： Shea, VK Cai, R Crepps, B Mason, JL Perl, ER Univ N Carolina Dept Cell & Mol Physiol Sch Med Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA Columbia Univ Coll Phys & Surg Dept Pathol New York NY 10027 USA

Much attention has been given to the pelvic nerve afferent innervation of the urinary bladder;however, reports differ considerably in descriptions of afferent receptor types, their conduction velocities, and their potential roles in bladder reflexes and sensation. The present study was undertaken to do a relatively unbiased sampling of bladder afferent fibers of the pelvic nerve in adult female rats. The search stimulus for units to be studied was electrical stimulation of both the bladder nerves and the pelvic nerve. Single-unit activity of 100 L-6 dorsal root fibers, activated by both pelvic and bladder nerve stimulation, was analyzed. Sixty-five units had C-fiber and 35 units had A delta-fiber conduction velocities. Receptive characteristics were established by direct mechanical stimulation, filling of the bladder with 0.9% NaCl at a physiological speed and by filling the bladder with solutions containing capsaicin, potassium, or turpentine oil. The majority (61) of these fibers were unambiguously excited by bladder filling with 0.9% NaCl and were classified as mechanoreceptors. All mechanoreceptors with receptive fields on the body of the bladder had low pressure thresholds (less than or equal to 10 mmHg). Receptive fields of units with higher thresholds were near the ureterovesical junction, on the base of the bladder or could not be found. Neither thresholds nor suprathreshold responses could be related to conduction velocity. Bladder compliance and mechanoreceptor thresholds were influenced by the stage of the estrous cycle: both were lowest in proestrous rats and highest in metaestrous rats. Mechanoreceptors innervating the body of the bladder and the region near the ureterovesical junction showed two patterns of responsiveness to slow bladder filling. One group of units exhibited increasing activity with increasing pressure up to 40 mmHg, while the other group showed a peak in activity at pressures below 40 mmHg followed by a plateau or decrease in activity

关键词：辣椒辣素/药理学化学感受器细胞/药物作用化学感受器细胞/生理学电生理学机械感受器/生理学神经纤维/生理学神经元传入/生理学氯化钾/药理学大鼠 Sprague-Dawley 感觉/生理学膀胱/神经支配动物女(雌)性大鼠

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SPATIAL-ORGANIZATION OF PRECENTRAL CORTEX IN AWAKE PRIMATES .1. SOMATOSENSORY INPUTS

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JOURNAL OF NEUROPHYSIOLOGY 1978年第5期41卷 1107-1119页

作者： WONG, YC KWAN, HC MACKAY, WA MURPHY, JT UNIV TORONTO DEPT PHYSIOL TORONTO M5S 1A8 ONTARIO CANADA

A large population of single units was recorded extracellularly in the precentral forelimb area of awake monkeys (Macaca arctoides]. Single units received information about either cutaneous stimulation (C-neurons), or limb part rotations about joints (J-neurons), or both. Receptive fields (RF) of C-neurons varied in size according to their location at the periphery. Distal limb C-neurons generally had smaller RF than proximal limb C-neurons. Most J-neurons responded to rotation of only a single joint;a small number responded to rotation of 2, but always contiguous, joints. Both C- and J-neurons receiving bilateral inputs were found only in cytoarchitectonic area 6. Cortical neurons with identical peripheral receptive fields, but subserving different sensory modalities, were found in vertically arranged aggregates. When the data was presented on an unfolded precentral cortex, multiple horizontal clusters, each of which consisted of several adjacent vertical aggregates, were revealed. These clusters were irregularly shaped and interleaved with other clusters. Segregation of horizontal clusters in terms of various forelimb joints revealed a nested organization with the proximal joint enclosing a central core of distal joint zones.

关键词：传入通路/生理学脑图前肢/神经支配额叶/解剖学和组织学额叶/生理学直鼻猴亚目猕猴属机械感受器/生理学神经纤维/生理学神经元/生理学躯体感觉皮质/解剖学和组织学躯体感觉皮质/生理学觉醒状态/生理学动物

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PHYSIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES AND RECEPTIVE-FIELDS OF MECHANOSENSORY NEURONS IN HEAD GANGLION OF LEECH - COMPARISON WITH HOMOLOGOUS CELLS IN SEGMENTAL GANGLIA

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JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LONDON 1976年第3期263卷 489-+页

作者： YAU, KW STANFORD UNIV SCH MED DEPT NEUROBIOL STANFORD CA 94305 USA HARVARD UNIV DEPT NEUROBIOL BOSTON MA 02115 USA

The properties of specific sensory cells in the cerebral ganglion of the leech [Hirudo medicinalis] were compared with those of homologous neurons in the segmental ganglia. In the cerebral ganglion, cells were identified that had electrical properties, sensory modalities and adaptation properties similar to those of touch (T), pressure (P) and nociceptive (N) cells in the segmental ganglia. The cell bodies of these neurons were situated in characteristic positions that could be correlated with those in the segmental ganglia. Several lines of evidence suggested that they were primary sensory neurons. Fewer T, P and N neurons were identified in the cerebral ganglion than would be expected from its 6 constituent segmental ganglia. The receptive fields of identified T, P and N cells were situated on the external surface of the head and the interior of the mouth with considerable overlap. They were generally smaller in size than those situated on the main part of the body. The receptive fields were displaced anteriorly so that some of them were situated in segments anterior to those of the innervating cells. The morphology of the sensory cells in the head ganglion was studied by intracellular injection of horseradish peroxidase. The general branching characteristics of the cells and the structural appearance of their processes resembled those of homologous cells in the segmental ganglia. The routes taken to the periphery by some of the cells showed individual variation. This variability was confirmed by electrophysiological evidence, and differed from the constancy seen in segmental sensory cells. Sensory cells in the cerebral ganglion seem to resemble homologous cells in the segmental ganglia with respect to their organization and physiological properties.

关键词：动作电位神经节/细胞学神经节/生理学头部水蛭/生理学机械感受器/生理学膜电位神经元/生理学动物

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REFLEXES FROM HEART

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PROGRESS IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES 1975年第3期18卷 201-221页

作者： LINDEN, RJ UNIV LEEDS DEPT CARDIOVASC STUDIESLEEDSENGLAND

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