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AN ECONOMETRIC INVESTIGATION OF LOW-BIRTH-WEIGHT IN THE UNITED-STATES

JOURNAL OF HEALTH ECONOMICS 1991年第1期10卷 81-99页

作者： JONES, AM UNIV YORK DEPT ECON & RELATED STUDIESYORK YO1 5DDN YORKSHIREENGLAND

Gravelle (1984) describes the pitfalls that can arise in the specification of empirical models of mortality rates. This paper concentrates on the low birth rates in the United States, a major correlate of the infant mortality rate and a continuing source of concern for health policymakers, and attempts to provide a methodological framework that addresses the issues raised by Gravelle.

关键词：非洲裔美国人/统计学和数值数据数据收集欧洲大陆世系人群/统计学和数值数据婴儿死亡率婴儿出生时低体重模型统计学妊娠结局产前保健/利用回归分析危险因素社会经济因素美国/流行病学女(雌)性人类婴儿新生妊娠

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Perceptions of community services among Asian and white stroke survivors and their carers: An exploratory study

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Ethnicity and Health 1999年第1-2期4卷 101-105页

作者： Perry, Sarah I. Hsu, Ronald T. Brooks, Wendy Cherry, Diane DepartmentofEpidemiologyandPublicHealth UniversityofLeicester.

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关键词：亚洲西部/人种学健康态度/人种学医疗护理提供者/统计学和数值数据社区卫生服务/利用英格兰人种群/统计学和数值数据欧洲大陆世系人群/统计学和数值数据卫生服务使用研究职业病人关系老年人女(雌)性人类男(雄)性

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Exploring a model to improve diversity among trainees in psychiatry

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HARVARD REVIEW OF PSYCHIATRY 2000年第2期8卷 91-93页

作者： Naidoo, U Sams, C Donlon, E Brigham & Womens Hosp Dept Psychiat 75 Francis St Boston MA 02115 USA

Examines a model to improve diversity among trainees in psychiatry in the U.S. Formation of the Harvard Longwood Psychiatry Residency Training Program (HLPRTP) in 1994; Efforts of the HLPRTP to improve minority recruitment efforts; Matching of one Afro-American resident who had done the Visiting Clerkship and one Asian who had met with several Diversity Committee members during the application process.

关键词：非洲裔美国人/统计学和数值数据亚裔美国人/统计学和数值数据波士顿教育医学研究生/组织和管理教育医学研究生/发展趋势欧洲大陆世系人群/统计学和数值数据西班牙裔美国人/统计学和数值数据医院教学/组织和管理实习医师和住院医师职务/统计学和数值数据少数民族/教育模型组织管理精神病学/教育精神病学/组织和管理精神病学/发展趋势人类

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Trying hard or doing good?

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ANNALS OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2000年第6期36卷 624-626页

作者： Martinez, R Emory Univ Dept Emergency Med Atlanta GA 30322 USA Natl Highway Traff Safety Adm US Washington DC 20590 USA

[Martinez R. Trying hard or doing good? Ann Emerg Med. December 2000;36:624-626.]

关键词：事故交通/死亡率事故交通/统计学和数值数据科罗拉多文化交叉比较欧洲大陆世系人群/统计学和数值数据西班牙裔美国人/统计学和数值数据死亡率/发展趋势患病率危险性评估敏感性与特异性女(雌)性人类男(雄)性

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Local recurrence following breast conservation therapy in African-American women with invasive breast cancer

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AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SURGERY 2000年第1期179卷 22-26页

作者： Connor, CS Touijer, AK Krishnan, L Mayo, MS Univ Kansas Med Ctr Dept Surg Kansas City KS 66160 USA Univ Kansas Med Ctr Dept Radiat Oncol Kansas City KS 66160 USA Kansas Canc Inst Dept Prevent Med Kansas City KS USA

BACKGROUND: African-American women have a lower survival rate than white women following a diagnosis of invasive breast cancer. Limited information is available regarding the impact of race on results of breast conservation therapy (BCT). METHODS: Local recurrence rates were compared in 71 African-American patients (73 breasts) and 204 white patients (208 breasts) with stage I and II breast cancer treated with BCT. RESULTS: Overall 5-year actuarial recurrence rates were 13% in African-Americans and 4% in whites (P = 0.075), These rates were 9% and 4%, respectively, if patients with local skin/soft tissue recurrences were excluded (P = 0.587). Exclusion of these skin/soft tissue failures eliminated any significant difference seen in recurrence between stage II African-American and white patients (P = 0.163), African-American women had less favorable recurrences, including tumor in more than one quadrant or local skin/soft tissue involvement (P = 0.001), CONCLUSIONS: Overall actuarial recurrence rates were slightly higher, but not significantly different, in African-American and white women following BCT, A much less favorable pattern of local recurrence was seen in the African-American patients (P = 0.001), which may represent the presence of more biologically aggressive tumors in these women. (C) 2000 by Excerpta Medica, Inc.

关键词：保险统计分析非洲大陆世系人群乳腺肿瘤/人种学乳腺肿瘤/外科学化学疗法辅助欧洲大陆世系人群/统计学和数值数据乳房切除术区段/统计学和数值数据肿瘤复发局部/人种学放射疗法辅助女(雌)性人类中年人

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Differences in perineal lacerations in black and white primiparas

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OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2000年第4期96卷 622-624页

作者： Howard, D Davies, PS Delancey, JOL Small, Y Univ Michigan Dept Obstet & Gynecol Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA Univ Michigan Sch Nursing Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA

Objective: To test the null hypothesis that there are no differences in incidence of perineal and vaginal lacerations in primiparous black and white women. Methods: We reviewed University of Michigan Hospital delivery records, from July 1996 to December 1998, of black and white women 18 years and older and at least 35 weeks' gestation who had their first vaginal delivery. Birth weight, episiotomy, gestational age, laceration, length of second stage, oxytocin use, epidural use, and operative vaginal delivery were analyzed by univariable and multivariable tests. Results: We analyzed 176 black women (mean age a standard deviation 23.7 +/- 4.7 years;range 18-41 years) and 1633 white women (27.8 +/- 5.4 years;18-49 years;P <.001). Black women were less likely to have second, third, or fourth degree lacerations (43% compared with 59%;P <.001). The mean length of second stage of labor was shorter in the black women (73 +/- 69 minutes;range 3-494 minutes compared with 106 +/- 78 minutes;range 2-642 minutes;P <.001). infants of black women weighed less (3292 +/- 490 g;1990-5190 g compared with 3429 +/- 470 g;1860-4953 g;P <.001). Multivariable analysis showed that black women were twice as likely to deliver with intact perineums than white women (P <.001). Conclusion: Black primiparas were less likely to deliver with second-degree or greater lacerations and more likely to deliver with their perineums intact. (Obstet Gynecol 2000;96:622-4. (C) 2000 by The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.).

关键词：非洲裔美国人/统计学和数值数据年龄因素出生体重会阴切开术/统计学和数值数据欧洲大陆世系人群/统计学和数值数据 Logistic模型分娩并发症/人种学产次会阴/损伤青少年成年人女(雌)性人类婴儿新生中年人妊娠

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Pathways to retirement: Patterns of labor force participation and labor market exit among the pre-retirement population by race, Hispanic origin, and sex

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JOURNALS OF GERONTOLOGY SERIES B-PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 2000年第1期55卷 S14-S27页

作者： Flippen, C Tienda, M Princeton Univ Off Populat Res Princeton NJ 08544 USA Univ Chicago Populat Res Ctr Chicago IL 60637 USA

Objectives. This study examines the pre-retirement labor force participation behavior of Black, White, and Hispanic men and women to determine how patterns of labor market exit differ among groups. Methods. We combine data from the first and second waves of the Health and Retirement Study and apply multinomial legit regression techniques to model labor force status in the first wave of the HRS and change over time. Results. Black, Hispanic, and female elderly persons experience more involuntary job separation in the years immediately prior to retirement, and the resulting periods of joblessness often eventuate in "retirement" or labor force withdrawal. Minority disadvantage in human capital, health, and employment characteristics accounts for a large part of racial and ethnic differences in labor force withdrawal. Nevertheless, Black men and Hispanic women experience more involuntary labor market exits than Whites with similar socioeconomic and demographic characteristics. Discussion. Workers most vulnerable to labor market difficulties during their youth confront formidable obstacles maintaining their desired level of labor force attachment as they approach their golden years. This has significant policy implications For the contours of gender and race/ethnic inequality among elderly persons, particularly as life expectancy and the size of the minority elderly population continue to increase.

关键词：非洲裔美国人/统计学和数值数据文化交叉比较就业/统计学和数值数据欧洲大陆世系人群/统计学和数值数据西班牙裔美国人/统计学和数值数据 Logistic模型人员减少/统计学和数值数据回归分析退休/统计学和数值数据性别因素社会经济因素美国老年人女(雌)性人类男(雄)性中年人

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The prevalence of dizziness and its association with functional disability in a biracial community population

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JOURNALS OF GERONTOLOGY SERIES A-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES AND MEDICAL SCIENCES 2000年第5期55卷 M288-M292页

作者： Aggarwal, NT Bennett, DA Bienias, JL de Leon, CFM Morris, MC Evans, DA Rush Alzheimers Dis Ctr Chicago IL 60612 USA Rush Inst Healthy Aging Chicago IL USA Rush Univ Dept Neurol Sci Chicago IL 60612 USA Rush Presbyterian St Lukes Med Ctr Chicago IL 60612 USA

Background Information regarding the prevalence of dizziness and its association with functional disability among African American and white residents from defined community populations is limited. Methods. A total of 6,158 persons 65 years and older (78.8% of age-eligible persons) completed in-home interviews that included three common measures of self-reported disability: the Katz Activities Of Daily Living (ADL) Scale, the Rosow-Breslau Functional Health Scale, and the Nagi Physical Disability Scale. A stratified random sample of 729 persons underwent a detailed evaluation that included questions on the frequency and severity of dizziness, which was defined as having an episode of dizziness or lightheadedness at least once a month. Results. The overall prevalence of dizziness in this population was 9.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 7.7-12.0). It increased with age. from 6.6% in those 65-74 years old, to 11.6% in those 75-84 years old, and to 18.4% in those persons greater than or equal to 85 years old. It was more common in women (odds ratio [OR] 2.03, 95% CI 0.99-4.19) but was not associated with race. After adjusting for age, sex, and race, dizziness was associated with greater disability on the Rosow-Breslau (OR 2.29, 95% CI 1.18-4.46) and Nagi (OR 2.54, 95% CI 1.48-4.36) measures but not on the Katz ADL Stale (OR 1.18, 95% CI 0.64-2.20).

关键词：日常生活活动非洲裔美国人/统计学和数值数据年龄分布芝加哥残疾鉴定欧洲大陆世系人群/统计学和数值数据 Logistic模型纵向研究患病率性别分布市区人口眩晕/并发症眩晕/人种学老年人女(雌)性人类男(雄)性

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Type 2 diabetes among North American children and adolescents: An epidemiologic review and a public health perspective

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JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2000年第5期136卷 664-672页

作者： Fagot-Campagna, A Pettitt, DJ Engelgau, MM Burrows, NR Geiss, LS Valdez, R Beckles, GLA Saaddine, J Gregg, EW Williamson, DF Narayan, KMV Ctr Dis Control & Prevent Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot Div Diabet Translat 4770 Buford Highway NEMS-K68 Atlanta GA 30341 USA Sansum Med Res Inst Santa Barbara CA USA Indian Hlth Serv Headquarters Diabet Program Albuquerque NM USA

Objectives: To review the magnitude, characteristics, and public health importance of type 2 diabetes in North American youth. Results: Among 15- to 19-year-old North American Indians, prevalence of type 2 diabetes per 1000 was 50.9 for Pima Indians, 4.5 for all US American Indians, and 2.3 for Canadian Cree and Ojibway Indians in Manitoba. From 1967-1976 to 1987-1996, prevalence increased 6-fold for Pima Indian adolescents. Among African Americans and whites aged 10 to 19 years in Ohio, type 2 diabetes accounted for 33% of all cases of diabetes. Youth with type 2 diabetes were generally 10 to 19 years old, were obese and had a family history of type 2 diabetes, had acanthosis nigricans, belonged to minority populations, and were more likely to be girls than boys. At follow-up, glucose control was often poor, and diabetic complications could occur early. Conclusions: Type 2 diabetes is an important problem among American Indian and First Nation youth. Other populations have not been well studied, but cases are now occurring in all population groups, especially in ethnic minorities. Type 2 diabetes among youth is an emerging public health problem, for which there is a great potential to improve primary and secondary prevention.

关键词：非洲裔美国人/统计学和数值数据糖尿病 2型/人种学欧洲大陆世系人群/统计学和数值数据印第安人北美洲/统计学和数值数据马尼托巴/流行病学公共卫生登记/统计学和数值数据美国/流行病学青少年儿童女(雌)性人类男(雄)性

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Race, grade level, and cigarette smoking: The 1999 National Youth Tobacco Survey

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JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE 2000年第16期92卷 1360-1360页

作者： Faulkner, DL Farrelly, MC Hersey, JC Res Triangle Inst Atlanta GA 30341 USA

In the United States, the prevalence of cigarette smoking has remained consistently lower among African-American adolescents than among their white counterparts (1), and previous studies (2–4) have not been able to explain the race differential. One fruitful area of research is the examination of how the race gap varies by grade level. This information could provide direction for additional research on the topic. Therefore, a cross-sectional analysis of the 1999 National Youth Tobacco Survey (NYTS) was performed to answer the question, “At which grade level do race differences in adolescent cigarette smoking first become apparent?” The NYTS was designed to provide nationally representative data about tobacco use among students in grades 6–12. The 1999 NYTS was administered in the fall of 1999. More than 15 000 students completed anonymous, self-administered questionnaires in 131 schools across the country. The school response rate was 90%, and the student response rate was 93%, for an overall response rate of 84%. A weighting factor was applied to each student record to adjust for nonresponse and the various probabilities of selection, including those resulting from the oversampling of African-Americans and Hispanics (5). To determine the racial category, respondents were asked, “Which one of these groups best describes you?” The response options were “American Indian or Alaska Native,” “Asian,” “Black or African-American,” “Hispanic or Latino,” “Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander,” and “White.” To determine smoking status, respondents were asked, “During the past 30 days, on how many days did you smoke cigarettes?” Respondents who had not smoked in the last month were considered nonsmokers, and those who had smoked on 1 or more days were classified as current smokers. STATA (6) was used to calculate weighted percentages and their 95% confidence intervals. Table 1 reveals that among 6th, 7th, and 8th graders, there were no statistically significant race diffe

关键词：非洲裔美国人/统计学和数值数据年龄因素欧洲大陆世系人群/统计学和数值数据患病率院校吸烟/流行病学美国/流行病学青少年儿童女(雌)性人类男(雄)性

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