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PRINCIPLE APPROACHES TO SELECTION OF THE SHORT-ARM CENTRIFUGE REGIMENS FOR EXTENDED SPACE-FLIGHT

ACTA ASTRONAUTICA 1994年第C期33卷 221-229页

作者： VILVILIAMS, IF [a]Institute of Biomedical Problems Moscow Russia[b]Khoroshevskoye Shosse 76A Moscow D-7 123007 Russia

Eight +Gz regimens on the SAC varying in their values (within 0.8 to 1.6 G), exposures, schedules, etc. were analyzed. Some regimens were combined with water-salt supplements (WSS) or veloergometer training (VE). Weightlessness was simulated by 3- to 28-day water immersion. +3 Gz loads on the centrifuge with the radius of 7.5 m were applied prior to and post immersion. Regimens for human runs on the SAC as a novel, perspective countermeasure for interplanetary expeditions should be selected with due regard of the human tolerance, their efficiency, and subsequent verification and specification in orbital *** approaches showed that 3 days of exposure to 1.2 G combined with WSS and 6 days of exposure to G-loads from 0.8 to 1.6 G together with VE were most optimal.

关键词：加速度航天医学离心法/仪器和设备运动(Exercise) 运动疗法补液疗法超重力浸渍氯化钠/治疗应用宇宙飞行水电解质平衡/生理学抗失重措施失重模拟人类

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Fluid and salt supplementation effect on body hydration and electrolyte homeostasis during bed rest and ambulation

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ACTA ASTRONAUTICA 2002年第12期50卷 765-774页

作者： Zorbas, YG Kakurin, VJ Kuznetsov, NA Yarullin, VL European Fdn Environm Sci GR-16232 Athens Greece

Bed rest (BR) induces significant urinary and blood electrolyte changes, but little is known about the effect of fluid and salt supplements (FSS) on catabolism, hydration and electrolytes. The aim was to measure the effect of FSS on catabolism, body hydration and electrolytes during BR. Studies were done during 7 days of a pre-bed rest period and during 30 days of a rigorous bed rest period. Thirty male athletes aged, 24.6 +/- 7.6 years were chosen as subjects. They were divided into three groups: unsupplemented ambulatory control subjects (UACS), unsupplemented bed rested subjects (UBRS) and supplemented bed rested subjects (SBRS). The UBRS and SBRS groups were kept under a rigorous bed rest regime for 30 days. The SBRS daily took 30 ml water per kg body weight and 0.1 sodium chloride per kg body weight. Plasma sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) levels, urinary Na, K, Ca and Mg excretion, plasma osmolality, plasma protein level, whole blood hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (Hct) level increased significantly (p less than or equal to 0.05), while plasma volume (PV), body weight, body fat, peak oxygen uptake, food and fluid intake decreased significantly (p less than or equal to 0.05) in the UBRS group when compared with the SBRS and UACS groups. In contrast, plasma and urinary electrolytes, osmolality, protein level, whole blood Hct and Hb level decreased significantly (p less than or equal to 0.05), while PV, fluid intake, body weight and peak oxygen uptake increased significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) in the SBRS group when compared with the UBRS group. The measured parameters did not change significantly in the UACS group when compared with their baseline control values. The data indicate that FSS stabilizes electrolytes and body hydration during BR, while BR alone induces significant changes in electrolytes and body hydration. We conclude that FSS may be used to prevent catabolism and normalize body hydration status and electrolyt

关键词：适应生理学/生理学卧床休息血蛋白质类/代谢钙/血液钙/尿补液疗法镁/血液镁/尿容积渗克分子浓度氧耗量身体素质/生理学血浆容量/药物作用血浆容量/生理学钾/血液钾/尿跑钠/血液钠/尿钠膳食/治疗应用水电解质平衡/药物作用水电解质平衡/生理学青少年成年人人类男(雄)性

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EFFECTS OF 10 DAYS 6-DEGREES HEAD-DOWN TILT ON THE RESPONSES TO FLUID LOADING AND LOWER-BODY NEGATIVE-PRESSURE

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ACTA ASTRONAUTICA 1991年第C期23卷 19-24页

作者： BAISCH, F HEER, M BECK, L BLOMQVIST, CG KROPP, J SCHULZ, H HILLEBRECHT, A MEYER, M InstitutfurFlugmedizin DeutscheForschungsanstaltfurLuft-undRaumfahrtKolnFRG.

In an international collaborative project six normal male subjects were studied before, during and after 10 days 6-degrees HDT. Fluid intake was controlled at 40 ml/(kg(bw).day). Urine volume and body weight were determined daily. Fluid loading and LBNP were performed in all three phases of the study. Body weight diminished by 2.6% because of fluid loss. Blood volume dimished by 13%. The responses to fluid loading were similar in the three phases of the study. Sixty minutes after end of infusion only 5.5% of the infused saline remained in the intravascular compartment. Excess interstitial fluid was eliminated in the next 24 hs but a negative balance was recorded also in the following day. The compliance of the lower limbs expressed as the rate of limb volume change / unit LBNP change was increased at the end of the HDT phase and during the post HDT phase. The set point of intravascular volume was defended, as shown by the response to FL. HDT increased the compliance of the lower limbs.

关键词：红细胞容量/生理学体液转移/生理学补液疗法头低位/生理学心率/生理学下身负压血浆容量/生理学每搏输出量/生理学水电解质平衡/生理学成年人人类男(雄)性

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FLUID-ELECTROLYTE CHANGES IN PHYSICALLY CONDITIONED SUBJECTS AFTER HYPOKINESIA AND CHRONIC HYPERHYDRATION

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ACTA ASTRONAUTICA 1995年第5期36卷 279-284页

作者： ZORBAS, YG VERENTSOV, GE FEDERENKO, YF EUROPEAN INST ENVIRONM CYBERNET HYPOKINET PHYSIOL LABGR-16232 ATHENSGREECE

The aim of this study was to determine whether fluid-electrolyte changes, which are developed during prolonged hypokinesia (decreased number of km per day), can be prevented or minimized with the use of a daily intake of fluid and salt supplementation (FSS). The experiments on hypokinesia (HK) were performed for 364 days on 18 endurance-trained male volunteers in the age range of 21-23 years, with an average maximum oxygen uptake of 67 ml kg(-1). All volunteers were divided into three equal groups: six volunteers were placed on a continuous regime of exercise of 14.0 km day(-1) and served as control subjects. Six volunteers were subjected to continuous HK without FSS and were considered as the unsupplemented hypokinetic subjects (UHS). The remaining volunteers were under continuous HK and FSS and were considered as the supplemented hypokinetic subjects (SHS). For the simulation of the hypokinetic effect, the UHS and SHS groups were kept continuously under an average of 2.7 km day(-1) for the duration of the experiment. Prior to exposure to HK, all volunteers were on the same exercise regime as the controls. During the pre-experimental period of 60 days and during the post-experimental period, urinary excretion of electrolytes and concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium in serum as well as serum osmolality were determined. An increased renal excretion of fluid and electrolytes and a decreased serum electrolyte concentration were observed in the SHS, while a decreased renal excretion of fluid and electrolytes and an increased serum electrolyte concentration were observed in the UHS, during the initial stages of the post-hypokinetic period. By day 30 of the post-hypokinetic period these changes were reverted back to the control levels. We concluded that chronic hyperhydration may be used to attenuate urinary and serum electrolyte changes in endurance-trained volunteers after exposure to prolonged HK.

关键词：人体质量指数体重钙/血液钙/尿补液疗法运动机能减退/药物疗法运动机能减退/病理生理学镁/血液镁/尿容积渗克分子浓度氧耗量/生理学身体耐力/生理学钾/尿休息/生理学跑/生理学钠/尿氯化钠/治疗应用水电解质平衡/药物作用水电解质平衡/生理学青少年成年人人类男(雄)性

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EFFECT OF POTASSIUM AND CALCIUM LOADING ON HEALTHY-SUBJECTS UNDER HYPOKINESIA AND PHYSICAL EXERCISE WITH FLUID AND SALT SUPPLEMENTS

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ACTA ASTRONAUTICA 1995年第3期36卷 183-189页

作者： ZORBAS, YG NAEXU, KA FEDERENKO, YF EUROPEAN INST ENVIRONM CYBERNET HYPOKINET PHYSIOL LABGR-16232 ATHENSGREECE

The objective of this investigation was to determine the acute responses to the electrolyte challenges under hypokinesia and physical exercise (PE) of different intensities with fluid and salt supplementation (FSS). The studies were performed on 12 physically healthy male volunteers aged 19-24 years under 364 days of hypokinesia (decreased number of steps per day) with a set of PE with FSS. The volunteers were divided into two equal groups. The first group was subjected to a set of intensive PE and the second group was submitted to a set of moderate PE. Both groups of subjects consumed daily water and salt supplements that aimed to increase the body hydration level. For simulation of the hypokinetic effect all subjects were kept under an average of 3000 steps per day. Functional tests with a potassium chloride (KCl) and calcium lactate (Cal) load were performed during the hypokinetic period of 364 days and the 60-day prehypokinetic period that served as control, while both groups of subjects consumed daily calcium and potassium supplements. The concentration of electrolyte and hormone levels in the blood and their excretion rate in urine were determined. Renal excretion of calcium and potassium and the blood concentration thereof increased markedly in both groups of subjects. With the potassium chloride load tests the increased potassium excretion Was accompanied by higher aldosterone and insulin blood levels, and with the calcium lactate load tests the increased calcium excretion was accompanied by a decreased parathyroid content in the blood. FSS and PE, regardless of intensity, failed to attenuate calcium and potassium losses. Additional intake of KCl and Cal also failed to normalize potassium and calcium abnormalities. It was concluded that during the KCl and Cal loading tests, the increased losses of potassium and calcium in the hypokinetic subjects were due to the inability of their bodies to retain these electrolytes, and that electrolyte abnormalities could

关键词：醛固酮/血液钙/血液钙/代谢钙/药理学钙/尿膳食运动(Exercise)/生理学补液疗法运动机能减退/血液运动机能减退/药物疗法运动机能减退/代谢运动机能减退/尿胰岛素/血液甲状旁腺素/血液钾/血液钾/代谢钾/药理学钾/尿氯化钠/药理学水电解质平衡/药物作用水电解质平衡/生理学体重减轻成年人人类男(雄)性

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STUDY OF WATER-SALT METABOLISM AND RENAL-FUNCTION IN COSMONAUTS

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ACTA ASTRONAUTICA 1975年第3-4期2卷 175-188页

作者： NATOCHIN, YV KOZYREVSKAYA, GI GRIGORYEV, AI SECHENOV EVOLUTIONARY PHYSIOL & BIOCHEM INST LENINGRAD 194223USSR

In manned space flights the renal function and water-salt metabolism undergo substantial changes. With the reserve capabilities of kidneys in mind, their function and regulation of the water-salt balance were investigated in cosmonauts postflight and in Earth-bound simulation experiments with the aid of water loading, hormonal injections (pituitrin, engiotensin, DOCA, ACTH); water- and ion-release were also studied during LBNP and physical exercises. The cosmonauts who performed space flights of 2 to 5 days showed water retention and increased urine excretion of salts during the first postflight days in response to a water load. After the 18-day flight water excretion remained unchanged whereas salt excretion increased. The capacity for osmotic concentration and urine dilution did not alter. The study of the hormonal effect in simulation experiments of different duration demonstrated a normal renal response to the hormonal excretion. After the LBNP tests and physical exercises the water- and salt-excretion declined; a correlation between the level of water- and salt-excretion and the level of these loads was established. The data on the blood- and urine-ionic composition, excretion of nitrogen metabolites, and hormones postflight as well as the results of load and functional tests suggest that changes in the renal function of cosmonauts in weightlessness are associated with regulatory effects on the kidney rather than disturbances in the function of nephron cells.

关键词： 17-羟基皮质甾醇类/代谢 17-羟基皮质甾醇类/尿体重利尿饮水电解质/血液电解质/代谢内环境稳定肾/生理学下身负压宇宙飞行血管升压素类/血液血管升压素类/代谢水/代谢水电解质平衡/生理学失重失重模拟人类

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UNDERSTANDING METABOLIC ALTERATIONS IN SPACE-FLIGHT USING QUANTITATIVE MODELS - FLUID AND ENERGY-BALANCE

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ACTA ASTRONAUTICA 1986年第6-7期13卷 441-457页

作者： LEONARD, JI GE MATSCO 600 MARYLAND AVE SW WASHINGTON DC 20024 USA

This report summarizes many of the results obtained during the Skylab program, on metabolic changes during weightlessness. The examination of the data was conducted following an integrated multi-disciplinary and multi-experimental approach. Emphasis is given on several major aspects of metabolic adaptation to space flight;fluid-electrolyte regulation, mechanisms of hormone disturbances, energy balance and etiology of weight loss. The aim is to obtain a composite picture of the fluid, electrolyte and energy response to weightlessness.

关键词：适应生理学/生理学能量代谢/生理学体液转移/生理学宇宙飞行水电解质平衡/生理学失重人类

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Metamorphosis in the summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus:: Thyroidal status influences salinity tolerance

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JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1999年第4期284卷 414-424页

作者： Schreiber, AM Specker, JL Univ Rhode Isl Grad Sch Oceanog Narragansett RI 02882 USA Univ Rhode Isl Dept Biol Sci Kingston RI 02881 USA

Metamorphosis in the summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus) is controlled by thyroid hormones (TH) and takes place as the larvae move from a salinity of about 35 parts per thousand (ppt) in the ocean to salinity ranging from 0-35 ppt in estuaries. Historically, the role of TH in juvenile and adult teleost osmoregulation has been ambiguous, and it is not known if TH influences larval teleost osmoregulatory development. This study addresses the influence of thyroxine (T4) on the development of tolerance to low (5 ppt) and high salinity (45 and 50 ppt) as determined by salinity tolerance tests. In untreated larvae, tolerance to both low and high salinity was high during early premetamorphosis (early pre-M) and decreased or was very low from late prometamorphosis (late pro-M) through mid-metamorphic climax (mid-MC). Salinity tolerance in creased 2-3-fold during late MC when whole-animal T4 levels are highest, and reached maximum tolerance at the juvenile stage. The early induction of metamorphosis by exposing larvae in pre-M to exogenous T4 reduced tolerance to low salinity during early and mid-MG, though tolerance of fish that had developed into juveniles was not impaired. In contrast, T4 increased high salinity tolerance during early and mid-MG, and the juvenile stage. This T4-induced heterochrony in salinity tolerance with regards to developmental stage suggests that the effects of T4 on salinity tolerance may be uncoupled from accelerated metamorphosis. Treatment of larvae with thiourea (TU, an inhibitor of T4 synthesis) inhibited metamorphosis and reduced tolerance to high salinity, but did not affect tolerance to low salinity Reduced tolerance to high salinity by TU was only partially counteracted by T4 treatment, suggesting that TU also affects hypoosmoregulatory activity by an extrathyroidal mechanism. Our findings suggest that in the summer flounder T4 plays a more important role in the development of hypoosmoregulatory ability than hyperosmoregulatory ability

关键词：适应生理学/生理学鲽/生理学幼虫/生理学变态生物学/生理学海水氯化钠存活率硫脲/药理学甲状腺/药物作用甲状腺/生理学甲状腺素/药理学水电解质平衡/药物作用水电解质平衡/生理学动物

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The effects of a liquid ethanol diet on nutritional status and fluid balance in the rat

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ALCOHOL AND ALCOHOLISM 2001年第4期36卷 298-303页

作者： Piano, MR Artwohl, J Kim, SD Gass, G Univ Illinois Dept Med Surg Nursing Chicago IL 60612 USA Univ Illinois Sch Kinesiol Chicago IL 60608 USA Baxter Labs Round Lake IL USA

The liquid ethanol diet is a widely used method of ethanol administration. The purpose of this study was to evaluate fluid balance using a multitude of physiological parameters (electrolytes, osmolality, total serum proteins, fluid intake/output and body weight), during and after the introduction of liquid ethanol diet. Animals were randomized into four different dietary protocols (two control and two ethanol groups) and were placed in metabolic cages for 16 days. Serum electrolytes, as well as the above parameters, were measured before, during and I week after the introduction of 9% (v/v) ethanol-containing diet (Lieber-DeCarli: LD). After the first night on 9% (v/v) ethanol LD, animals had significantly decreased diet consumption, urine output and body weight, However, a major finding of this study was that, during the habituation phase, the electrolyte values remained within the normal range for rats and, in particular, serum sodium was not altered at any time point measured in this study. Based upon the findings from this study, it is recommended that body weight be carefully monitored as a measure of the animal's equilibration and physiological adaptation during the initiation of a liquid ethanol diet, since neither the serum sodium nor calculated osmolality values were changed. Our results also highlight the need to offer water to animals during the habituation phase of ethanol consumption. This is because ethanol rats that were offered water ad libitum lost less weight than groups that did not receive water ad libitum, despite consuming the same amount of LD diet.

关键词：方差分析体重/药物作用体重/生理学脱水/血液脱水/化学诱导电解质/血液电解质/尿乙醇/血液乙醇/药理学乙醇/尿营养状况/药物作用容积渗克分子浓度大鼠 Sprague-Dawley 水电解质平衡/药物作用水电解质平衡/生理学动物男(雄)性大鼠

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Blood volume regulating hormones, fluid and electrolyte modifications during 21 and 198-day space flights (Altair-MIR 1993)

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ACTA ASTRONAUTICA 1995年第8-12期36卷 733-742页

作者： Vorobiev, D Maillet, A Fortrat, JO Pastushkova, L Allevard, AM Sigaudo, D Cartier, R Patricot, M AndreDeshays, C Kotovskaya, A Grigoriev, A Gharib, C Gauquelin, G [*] Laboratoire de Physiologie de l'Environnement 69373 Lyon France [**] Institute of Biomedical Problems 123007 Moscow Russia [?] Hopital Cardiologique Lyon France [?] Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud France [?] CNES Paris France

During the Altair MIR' 93 mission we studied several parameters involved in blood volume regulation. The experiment was done on two cosmonauts before (B-60, B-30), during (D6, D12, D18 for French and D7, D12, D17 for Russian) and after the flight (R+1, R+3 and R+7). Space flight durations were different for two cosmonauts: for the Russian the flight duration was 198 days and for the French 21 days. On board the MIR station only urinary (volume and electrolytes, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and catecholamines) and salivary (cGMP and cortisol) samples were collected, centrifuged and stored in freezer. Lithium was used as a tracer to know exactly the 24 h urine output (CNES urine collection Kit). Before and after flight, blood was drawn with an epicite needle and vacutainer system for hormonal assays (renin, antidiuretic hormone, cGMP, ANP and aldosterone) in two positions: after 30 min rest in upright seated position and after 90 min of supine position. Salivary samples were collected simultaneously. During flight a decrease of diuresis and ANP and an increase of osmolality were found. No modifications of hematocrit, but an increase of salivary cGMP and cortisol were also observed. The decrease of urinary ANP is in favor of hypovolemia as described in previous flights. The postflight examinations revealed changes in fluid-electrolyte metabolism which indicate a hypohydration status and a stimulation of hormonal system responsible for water and electrolyte retention in order to readapt to the normal gravity.

关键词：醛固酮/血液醛固酮/尿心钠素/血液心钠素/尿血量/生理学儿茶酚胺类/尿环GMP/血液环GMP/尿利尿氢化可的松/血液低血压直立性容积渗克分子浓度肾素-血管紧张素系统/生理学唾液宇宙飞行血管升压素类/尿水电解质平衡/生理学失重人类男(雄)性

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