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Social background of minority ethnic applicants to medicine and dentistry

BRITISH DENTAL JOURNAL 2000年第3期189卷 152-154页

作者： Bedi, R Gilthorpe, MS UCL Eastman Dent Inst Natl Transcultural Oral Hlth WHO Collaborating Ctr Disabil Culture & Oral Hlth London WC1X 8LD England

Aim To explore ethnic variations in social background of successful applicants to undergraduate United Kingdom medical and dental schools. Method Retrospective analyses of University and College Admissions Services data on all students to commence study in pre-clinical medicine and dentistry, during the academic years 1994/5, 1995/6 and 1996/7. Analyses were undertaken for two categories of social class, namely higher (professional and intermediate) and lower (skilled non-manual, skilled manual, partly skilled, and unskilled) social class. Results Over 15 thousand students were accepted to study medicine and dentistry during the three-year study period, of which 80% were from high social class backgrounds. More medical (80.9%) students were from high social class backgrounds than dental (73.3%) students (OR=1.54, 95% CI=1.39, 1.70). Social class differences were observed, with a greater proportion of higher social class students amongst the white students than amongst the minority ethnic students (OR=1.42, 95% CI=1.30, 1.55). This was more marked in dentistry (OR=1.48, 95% CI=1.22, 1.79) than in medicine (OR=1.35, 95% CI=1.22, 1.49). More students from higher social class backgrounds were observed in medicine than in dentistry amongst the black (OR=1.55, 95% CI=0.59, 4.00), Indian (OR=2.04, 95% CI=1.58, 2.62) and white (OR=1.44, 95% CI=1.26, 1.64) groups. Conclusions Significant inter-ethnic differences are observed in the social background of students entering medicine and dentistry. Dentistry accepted a greater proportion of students from lower social class backgrounds and from black and minority ethnic groups.

关键词：非洲裔美国人非洲大陆世系人群亚洲/人种学人种群/统计学和数值数据欧洲大陆世系人群少数民族/统计学和数值数据比值比回顾性研究社会阶级学生牙科/统计学和数值数据学生医科/统计学和数值数据人类

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Trends in the dental health work force

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JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DENTAL ASSOCIATION 1999年第12期130卷 1743-1749页

作者： Brown, LJ Lazar, V Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn Hlth Policy Resources Ctr Chicago IL 60611 USA

The dental workforce is changing in number and composition, and these changes may influence the future of dental practice. In this article, we will provide trends in and projections for the U.S. dental work force. However, simply focusing on the total change in numbers will not tell the whole story. Since the 1970s, different trends in the dental work force have occurred. Therefore, we will look at trends in dental school enrollments, graduates, women's participation in dentistry, full-time vs, part-time status, employment status and dentists' age distribution. We also will present projections for the dental work force as derived from the American Dental Association's Dental Workforce Model.(1).

关键词：年龄分布牙科学牙医师/统计学和数值数据牙医师/供应和分配牙医师女/统计学和数值数据人种群/统计学和数值数据性别分布学生牙科/统计学和数值数据美国女(雌)性人类男(雄)性

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Antibiotic prescribing by general dental practitioners in the Greater Glasgow Health Board, Scotland

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BRITISH DENTAL JOURNAL 2000年第12期188卷 674-676页

作者： Roy, KM Bagg, J Univ Glasgow Sch Dent Infect Res Grp Glasgow Lanark Scotland

Objective To investigate antibiotic prescribing patterns by general dental practitioners (GDPs) in the Greater Glasgow Health Board Area, Scotland. Study design A 10% sample of prescriptions were selected at random from 35, 545 prescriptions written by GDPs over a 6-month period. Main outcome measures Absolute and relative frequencies were used to describe the different classes of antibiotics used and the variations in prescribing practice. Results GDPs prescribed a wide range of antibiotics. Seventeen different antibiotics were prescribed with amoxycillin, metronidazole and penicillin V accounting for almost 90% of the prescriptions. In general the antibiotics were prescribed at the British National Formulary (BNF) recommended doses. There were, however, wide variations in the frequencies and durations of the prescriptions for all antibiotics. Conclusions The present study provides evidence of sub-optimal prescribing of antibiotics by dentists in Scotland, with considerable variation from the recommended frequencies and doses.

关键词：抗菌药/投药和剂量药物处方/统计学和数值数据药物利用/统计学和数值数据开业医生牙科/统计学和数值数据苏格兰人类

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Career patterns of dental hygienists in Scotland

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BRITISH DENTAL JOURNAL 2000年第1期189卷 34-36页

作者： Callis, RD Wohlgemuth, BG Edinburgh Dent Inst Edinburgh EH3 9YW Midlothian Scotland Edinburgh Postgrad Dent Inst Edinburgh EH3 9YW Midlothian Scotland

Objective To study career patterns of dental hygienists in Scotland Subjects and methods Questionnaires were sent to all the dental hygienists enrolled with the General Dental Council in 1998 who had addresses in Scotland and those who were alumni of Scottish Schools of Dental Hygiene within the past 10 years. Results There was a 58.7% response (334 out of 569). A net loss of trained hygienists was not found. The results suggested that most would remain in employment for at least 30 years and about a third would retire early. Half were in full-time employment and 60% had been in continuous employment. Most of the remainder had personal reasons for ceasing work 39% had refused employment because of the poor level of pay. Conclusions The introduction of the a-year course has reduced output from schools of dental hygiene and demand for hygienists is high. Little hard information exists to support manpower planning in this area. This study suggests that there is little wastage of trained dental hygienists in Scotland. More data is required concerning employment opportunities and potential unmet demand for this group of PCDs to establish the number of training places required.

关键词：社区牙科学/统计学和数值数据牙科卫生人员/教育牙科卫生人员/统计学和数值数据牙科卫生人员/供应和分配教育专业再培训/统计学和数值数据就业/统计学和数值数据开业医生牙科/统计学和数值数据专业业务/统计学和数值数据退休/统计学和数值数据薪金和附加福利/统计学和数值数据苏格兰成年人人类中年人

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Ethnic and gender variations in university applicants to United Kingdom medical and dental schools

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BRITISH DENTAL JOURNAL 2000年第4期189卷 212-215页

作者： Bedi, R Gilthorpe, MS UCL Eastman Dent Inst WHO Collaborating Ctr Disabil Culture & Oral Hlth London WC1 8LD England

Aim To explore ethnic and gender variations amongst applicants to undergraduate United Kingdom medical and dental schools. Method Retrospective analyses of University and College Admissions Services (UCAS) data on all students applying to study pre-clinical medicine and dentistry, during the academic years 1994/5, 1995/6 and 1996/7. Information for each medical and dental applicant included age, gender, social class and ethnic group. Results Of all applicants, just over half (50.2%) were male, though a greater proportion of applicants to dentistry were male (54.1%) than for medicine (49.3%) (OR=1.21, 95% CI=1.15, 1.28). Over one third (36.4%) of all students were from minority ethnic groups, a larger proportion of which were dental students (48.3%) than were medical students (33.8%) (OR=1.83, 95% CI=1.73,1.94). There were also marked differences between medicine and dentistry when the ethnic groups were examined separately. The largest number of applicants from minority ethnic groups came from the Indian community, and this group increased in size annually by 4.1% (P<0.05) for medicine, and 29% (P<0.05) for dentistry. Conclusions Significant inter-ethnic and gender differences are observed amongst applicants to medicine and dentistry. Dentistry appears to be relatively more attractive to minority ethnic applicants.

关键词：非洲裔美国人/统计学和数值数据非洲大陆世系人群孟加拉国/人种学中国/人种学人种群/教育人种群/统计学和数值数据印度/人种学巴基斯坦/人种学回顾性研究入学标准性别因素社会阶级学生牙科/统计学和数值数据学生医科/统计学和数值数据妇女/教育女(雌)性人类男(雄)性

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Cognitive properties of sedation agents: comparison of the effects of nitrous oxide and midazolam on memory and mood

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BRITISH DENTAL JOURNAL 1999年第10期187卷 557-562页

作者： Thompson, JM Neave, N Moss, MC Scholey, AB Wesnes, K Girdler, NM Northumbria Univ Div Psychol Human Cognit Neurosci Unit Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST Tyne & Wear England Cognit Drug Res Ltd Reading RG30 1EA Berks England Univ Newcastle Upon Tyne Dent Sch & Hosp Dept Sedat Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4BW Tyne & Wear England

Objectives To compare the effects of nitrous oxide and midazolam on cognition and mood. Design A three-way, counterbalanced, cross-over study, using patients receiving conscious sedation for routine dental treatment. Methods On each of three separate visits, patients performed a computerised test battery to determine baseline cognitive performance. Then, following administration of either midazolam, nitrous oxide, or no drug, patients re-performed the test battery. Finally, patients completed visual analogue scales assessing their subjective mood state. Results Relative to baseline performance, midazolam administration produced significantly slower reaction times compared with nitrous oxide and no-drug conditions. Furthermore, patients receiving midazolam were impaired in accuracy relative to the other conditions on many of the cognitive tasks, particularly those assessing the recall of information. Patient performance in nitrous oxide and control conditions did not significantly differ. These results could not be explained by differences in mood between the conditions, as subjective mood ratings during midazolam or nitrous oxide administration were very similar. Conclusions It is important for clinicians to be aware that perioperative recall of information is reduced in patients who have undergone midazolam sedation. This is an advantage for patients who are anxious, and do not wish to be aware of the operative treatment being performed. However, as the cognitive impairment is enduring, an adult escort and written postoperative instructions should be mandatory for midazolam sedation patients. In contrast, the use of nitrous oxide sedation does not significantly impair higher cognitive tasks and thus patients receiving nitrous oxide sedation can resume normal activities in the post-operative period.

关键词：情感/药物作用方差分析麻醉牙科/方法麻醉牙科/统计学和数值数据麻醉药吸入/药理学麻醉药静脉/药理学认知/药物作用清醒镇静/方法清醒镇静/统计学和数值数据牙科治疗焦虑/预防和控制牙科治疗焦虑/心理学记忆/药物作用咪达唑仑/药理学氧化亚氮/药理学青少年成年人女(雌)性人类男(雄)性中年人

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Periodontal conditions in 65-74 year old adults in France, 1995

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INTERNATIONAL DENTAL JOURNAL 1999年第3期49卷 182-186页

作者： Bourgeois, DM Doury, J Hescot, P Univ Lyon 1 Fac Odontol Lab Res Oral Hlth WHOCollaborat Ctr F-69372 Lyon France

In 1995, a study was undertaken in France to assess the periodontal health status of 603 noninstitutionalised elderly subjects aged 65-74 years. Thirty areas were identified in the Rhone-Alpes region, with a sampling method based on stratified quotas according to sex, place of residence and socio-economic group (S-EG). The CPITN index was used. The total prevalence of healthy dentate adults (n=483) was 16.5 per cent, whilst 16.3 per cent of the adults were edentulous. The prevalence of CPITN code 1+2 (low) was 50.7. The higher S-EG having fewer codes 1 and 2 (45.8 per cent) than the lower S-EG (49.7 per cent) and the medium S-EG (55.7 per cent). The total prevalence of periodontal disease (code 3+4) was 31.5. The prevalence of periodontal disease was lower in adults of medium socio-economic status and was also lower in adults living in urban residences. Overall, 66.9 per cent of the entire population needed oral hygiene instruction, 56.6 per cent scaling and 2.3 per cent complex periodontal treatment.

关键词：牙石/流行病学牙科刮治术/统计学和数值数据法国/流行病学牙龈出血/流行病学健康教育牙科/统计学和数值数据卫生服务需求/统计学和数值数据口腔无牙/流行病学口腔卫生/统计学和数值数据牙周疾病/流行病学牙周疾病/治疗牙周指数牙周袋/流行病学患病率农村卫生/统计学和数值数据性别因素社会阶级牙缺失/流行病学城市卫生/统计学和数值数据老年人女(雌)性人类男(雄)性

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A survey of alcohol and drug use among UK based dental undergraduates

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BRITISH DENTAL JOURNAL 2000年第6期189卷 314-317页

作者： Underwood, B Fox, K Red Lea Dent Practice Easingwold YO61 3AD N Yorkshire England

Objective This study was designed to investigate the prevalence of alcohol and drug use. Design Anonymous self-report questionnaire Setting A UK dental school in May 1998 Subjects and methods 1st-5th year dental undergraduates (n=264) were questioned on their use of alcohol and tobacco, cannabis and other illicit drugs whilst at dental school, and before entry. Results Eighty two per cent of male and 90% of female undergraduates reported drinking alcohol. Of those drinking, 63% of males and 42% of females drank in excess of sensible weekly limits (14 units for females, 21 units for males), with 56% of males and 58.5% of females 'binge drinking: Regular tobacco smoking (10 or more cigarettes a day) was found to have a statistically significant association with year of study, 4th-5th year undergraduates being eight times more likely to regularly smoke than their junior colleagues. Fifty five per cent of undergraduates reported cannabis use at least once or twice since starting dental school, with 8% of males and 6% of females reporting current regular use at least once a week. Conclusion Dental undergraduates are drinking above sensible weekly limits of alcohol, binge drinking and indulging in illicit drug use. Dental Schools should designate a teacher responsible for education of undergraduates regarding alcohol and substance abuse.

关键词：饮酒/流行病学卡方分布大麻滥用/流行病学性别比率吸烟/流行病学统计学非参数学生牙科/统计学和数值数据物质相关性障碍/流行病学成年人女(雌)性人类男(雄)性

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Management of patients needing antibiotic prophylaxis in a dental education setting.

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Journal of dental education 2000年第4期64卷 276-282页

作者： Johnson, T.E. Froeschle, M.L. Lange, B.M. Marx, D.B. Department of Dental Practice Management University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Dentistry Lincoln 68583-0754 United States

The management of antibiotic prophylaxed (ABX) patients at an educational institution was evaluated to identify areas for improvement. Management criteria, reflecting guidelines to prevent oral-induced hematogenous microbial seeding, were pretested and applied to 1,225 record entries of eighty-five patients needing ABX for dental treatment between 1991 and 1996. Seven hundred twenty-two of the visits had 857 management or documentation problems, including no documentation indicating whether or not patients premedicated (n = 281);incomplete, insufficient, or repeated treatment (n = 214);and preventive concerns (n = 172), among others. The proportion of providers' patient visits with one or more management problems differed significantly (p < 0.001) by provider type, as did the distribution of problem categories (documentation, treatment, preventive, and scheduling concerns p < 0.001;compliance issues p < 0.005). Fifty-one percent of postgraduates' and 39 percent of faculty's record entries omitted patients' ABX status. Improved documentation, outcome measures, and patient, faculty and student education are indicated.

关键词：抗生素预防/统计学和数值数据抗生素预防/利用卡方分布口腔医疗质量评定/方法口腔医疗质量评定/统计学和数值数据牙科医疗/统计学和数值数据教育牙科内布拉斯加回顾性研究院校牙科学生牙科/统计学和数值数据人类

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Use of discriminant and regression analyses to modify a clinical certification board examination.

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Journal of dental education 1999年第6期63卷 459-463页

作者： Gerrow, J.D. Boyd, M.A. Scott, D.A. Boulais, A.P. Faculty of Dentistry Dalhousie University Canada.

The National Dental Examining Board of Canada (NDEB) conducts mandatory, high stakes, pass/fail, certification examinations for dental licensure. One of these examinations was a seven-part, simulated clinical examination in which candidates were required to perform procedures on typodonts. These requirements were two intracoronal and two extracoronal preparations, an amalgam restoration, a provisional crown, and a diagnostic wax-up. Feedback from candidates and examiners indicated that one or more of the requirements may not have been contributing effectively to the overall evaluation of candidates. The NDEB's Clinical Examination Committee therefore requested that an in-depth statistical analysis be performed to identify potential areas of concern and to provide a basis for modifying the examinations. The results of two examination sessions with a total of 168 candidates were subjected to both a discriminant and a logistic regression analysis. Every candidate had results for each of the seven requirements, and no candidate participated in both sessions of the examination. The discriminant analysis revealed that six of the seven requirements could be used to reliably assign examinees according to their true pass/fail classifications. Stepwise discriminant analysis resulted in a 98.81 percent classification success rate with a corresponding 2.50 percent false-positive classification error rate. The logistic regression analysis showed that five components correctly predicted 99.40 percent with a 1.25 percent false-positive rate. The Clinical Examination Committee concluded that one requirement (diagnostic wax-up) should be eliminated and that a second requirement (PFM preparation) be significantly modified and reevaluated. This study demonstrates the usefulness of statistical methods in the analysis and modification of a clinical certification board examination.

关键词：加拿大证明/统计学和数值数据临床工作能力/统计学和数值数据牙冠(假体)/统计学和数值数据牙科汞合金牙模型牙修复体设计/统计学和数值数据牙修复永久/分类牙修复永久/统计学和数值数据判别分析教育考核/统计学和数值数据假阳性反应反馈许可证牙科/统计学和数值数据 Logistic模型结果评价(卫生保健) 可重复性结果蜡类人类

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