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Temporal aspects of the epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy in Great Britain: holding-associated risk factors for the disease

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VETERINARY RECORD 2000年第12期147卷 319-325页

作者： Wilesmith, JW Ryan, JBM Stevenson, MA Morris, RS Pfeiffer, DU Lin, D Jackson, R Sanson, RL Vet Labs Agcy Dept Epidemiol Weybridge KT15 3NB Surrey England Massey Univ Inst Vet Anim & Biomed Sci Palmerston North New Zealand AgriQual New Zealand Palmerston North New Zealand

The objectives of this study were first to describe the pattern of the epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in Great Britain in terms of the temporal change in the proportion of all cattle holdings that had experienced at least one confirmed case of ass to lune 30, 1997, and secondly to identify risk factors that influenced the date of onset of a holding's first confirmed BSE case. The analyses were based on the population of British cattle at risk, derived from agricultural census data collected between 1986 and 1996, and the BSE case data collected up to lune 30, 1997 The unit of interest was the cattle holding and included all those recorded at least once on annual agricultural censuses conducted between lune 30, 1986, and lune 30, 1996. The outcome of interest was the date on which clinical signs were recorded in a holding's first confirmed case of BSE, termed the BSE onset date. Univariate and multivariate survival analysis techniques were used to describe the temporal pattern of the epidemic. The BSE epidemic in Great Britain started in November 1986, with the majority of affected holdings having their BSE onset date after February 1992. After adjusting for the effect of the size and type of holding;holdings in the south of England (specifically those in the Eastern, South east and South west regions) had 2.22 to 2.43 (95 per cent confidence interval [CI] 2.07 to 2.58) times as great a monthly hazard of having a BSE index case as holdings in Scotland. After adjusting for the effect of region and type of holding, holdings with more than 53 adult cattle had 5.91 (95 per cent CI 5.62 to 6.21) times as great a monthly hazard of having a BSE index case as holdings with seven to 21 adult cattle. Dairy holdings had 3.06 (95 per cent CI 2.96 to 3.16) times as great a monthly hazard of having a BSE index case as beef suckler holdings. These analyses show that there were different rates of onset in different regions and in holdings of different sizes and t

关键词：牛疾病/诊断牛疾病/流行病学牛疾病/治疗疾病暴发流行/预防和控制疾病暴发流行/统计学和数值数据疾病暴发流行/兽医学脑病牛海绵状/诊断脑病牛海绵状/流行病学脑病牛海绵状/治疗动物房回顾性研究危险因素存活率分析时间因素动物牛

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Modelling the expected numbers of preclinical and clinical cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy in Switzerland

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VETERINARY RECORD 1999年第6期145卷 155-160页

作者： Doherr, MG Heim, D Vandevelde, M Fatzer, R Inst Virol & Immunoprophylaxis CH-3147 Mittelhausern Switzerland Swiss Fed Vet Off CH-3003 Bern Switzerland Univ Bern Swiss Reference Lab Anim TSEs Inst Anim Neurol CH-3012 Bern Switzerland

The objective of this study was to model the expected numbers of cattle incubating bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and the numbers of clinical cases of BSE in the Swiss cattle population between 1984 and 2005. The results were compared with the observed number of clinical BSE cases and with the results of a culling and testing scheme on herdmates of cattle with ass. The age distribution of the Swiss cattle population, the age-at-death distribution of the first 235 BSE cases and exposure information were used to calculate the expected number of infected cattle in each birth cohort and the resulting numbers of clinical cases and survivors incubating the disease for each year. The model which did not assume any underreporting of cases fitted the observed epidemic curve of clinical cases reasonably well, and predicted that the Swiss BSE epidemic would come to an end between 2003 and 2005. The age of survivors incubating BSE is increasing. The higher than expected incidence of subclinical cases observed in animals from the culling scheme is most probably the result of the heterogeneous distribution of infected animals and affected herds in the population, The results of the model need to be taken into account when designing surveillance and testing schemes for BSE.

关键词：年龄分布队列研究疾病暴发流行/兽医学脑病牛海绵状/流行病学脑病牛海绵状/病理学模型生物学患病率危险因素瑞士/流行病学动物牛女(雌)性

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Descriptive spatial analysis of the epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy in Great Britain to June 1997

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VETERINARY RECORD 2000年第14期147卷 379-384页

作者： Stevenson, MA Wilesmith, JW Ryan, JBM Morris, RS Lawson, AB Pfeiffer, DU Lin, D Massey Univ Inst Vet Anim & Biomed Sci Palmerston North New Zealand Vet Labs Agcy Dept Epidemiol Weybridge KT15 3NB Surrey England Univ Aberdeen Dept Math Sci Aberdeen AB24 3UE Scotland

This was a spatial analysis of the epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in Great Britain, based on agricultural census data collected between 1986 and 1996 and BSE case data collected up to lune 1997. Kernel smoothing techniques were used to plot the distribution of BSE-positive cattle holdings per inn holdings per square kilometre and the distribution of confirmed BSE cases per inn head of cattle per square kilometre. In the early stages of the epidemic reported BSE cases were scattered widely throughout Great Britain, with no clearly identifiable Focus. By June 1997, a statistically significant cluster of BSE-positive holdings was identifiable in the eastern part of the South west region of England. During the epidemic the highest densities of confirmed BSE cases per ton cattle per square kilometre occurred in the greater part of the South west region of England and within Dyfed in the south west of Wales. In Wales, a small number of holdings experienced large numbers of confirmed BSE cases. In the South west region of England a large number of holdings experienced small numbers of confirmed cases. By lune 1997. the distribution of BSE-positive holdings across Great Britain was largely determined by factors that influenced the amount of recycled infectious material they were exposed to.

关键词：脑病牛海绵状/流行病学流行病学方法患病率动物牛

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The risk of transmission of nvCJD by blood transfusion and the potential benefits of leucodepletion

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TRANSFUSION SCIENCE 1998年第4期19卷 331-332页

作者： Turner, M SNBTC.

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Natural and experimental oral infection of nonhuman primates by bovine spongiform encephalopathy agents

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 1999年第7期96卷 4046-4051页

作者： Bons, N Mestre-Frances, N Belli, P Cathala, F Gajdusek, DC Brown, P Univ Montpellier 2 Ecole Prat Hautes Etud Lab Neuromorphol Fonct F-34095 Montpellier 5 France Ctr Natl Etud Vet & Alimentaires F-69342 Lyon 07 France CNRS Inst Alfred Fessard F-91198 Gif Sur Yvette France NINDS Cent Nervous Syst Studies Lab NIH Bethesda MD 20892 USA

Experimental lemurs either were infected orally with the agent of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) or were maintained as uninfected control animals. Immunohistochemical examination for proteinase-resistant protein (prion protein or PrP) was performed on tissues from two infected but still asymptomatic lemurs, killed 5 months after infection, and from three uninfected control lemurs, Control tissues shelved no staining, whereas PrP was detected in the infected animals in tonsil, gastrointestinal tract and associated lymphatic tissues, and spleen. In addition, PrP was detected in ventral and dorsal roots of the cervical spinal cord, and within the spinal cord PrP could be traced in nerve tracts as far as the cerebral cortex. Similar patterns of PrP immunoreactivity were seen in two symptomatic and 18 apparently healthy lemurs in three different French primate centers, all of which had been fed diets supplemented with a beef protein product manufactured by a British company that has since ceased to include beef in its veterinary nutritional products. This study of BSE-infected lemurs early in their incubation period extends previous pathogenesis studies of the distribution of infectivity and PrP in natural and experimental scrapie, The similarity of neuropathology and PrP immunostaining patterns in experimentally infected animals to those observed in both symptomatic and asymptomatic animals in primate centers suggests that BSE contamination of zoo animals may have been more widespread than is generally appreciated.

关键词：动物动物园脑/病理学消化系统/病理学脑病牛海绵状/流行病学脑病牛海绵状/病理学脑病牛海绵状/传播法国/流行病学狐猴属灵长类疾病/流行病学灵长类疾病/病理学朊病毒/分离和提纯脊髓/病理学动物传染病/流行病学动物牛

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Ecosystems supporting clusters of sporadic TSEs demonstrate excesses of the radical-generating divalent cation manganese and deficiencies of antioxidant co factors Co, Se, Fe, Zn - Does a foreign cation substitution at prion protein's Cu domain initiate TSE?

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MEDICAL HYPOTHESES 2000年第2期54卷 278-306页

作者： Purdey, M High Barn Farm Taunton TA4 3PX Somerset England

Analyses of food chains supporting isolated clusters of sporadic TSEs (CWD in N Colorado, scrapie in Iceland, CJD in Slovakia) demonstrate a consistent 2 1/2+ fold greater concentration of the pro-oxidant divalent cation, manganese (Mn), in relation to normal levels recorded in adjoining TSE-free localities. Deficiencies of the antioxidant co factors Cu/Se/Zn/Fe and Mg, P and Na were also consistently recorded in TSE foodchains. Similarities between the clinical/pathological profile of TSEs and Mn delayed psycho-neurotoxicity in miners are cited, and a novel theory generated which suggests that sporadic TSE results from early life dependence of TSE susceptible genotypes on ecosytems characterised by this specific pattern of mineral imbalance. Low Cu/Fe induces an excessive absorption of Mn in ruminants and an increased oxidation of Mn2+ into its pro oxidant species, Mn3+, which accumulates in mitochondria of CNS astrocytes in Mn SOD deficient genotypes. Deficiencies of scavenger co factors Cu/Zn/Se/Fe in the CNS permits Mn3+ initiated chain reactions of auto-oxidant mediated neuronal degeneration to proliferate, which, in turn, up-regulates the expression of the Cu-metalloprotein, prion protein (PrP). Once the rate of PrP turnover and its demand for Cu exceeds the already depleted supply of Cu within the CNS, PrP can no longer bind sufficient Cu to maintain its conformation. Mn3+ substitutes at the vacated Gu domain on PrP, thus priming up a latent capacity for lethal auto-oxidative activity to be carried along with PrP like a 'trojan horse';where Mn3+ serves as the integral 'infectious' transmissible component of the misfolded PrP-cation complex. The Mn overactivation of concanavalin A binding to glycoprotein and Mn-initiated autoxidation results in a diverse pathological profile involving receptor capping, aggregation/modification of CNS membrane/cytoskeletal proteins. TSE ensues. The BSE/nv CJD strain entails a 'synthetic' induction of the same CNS mineral distur

关键词：氨基酸序列抗氧化剂/代谢阳离子二价铜/缺乏克-亚综合征/流行病学克-亚综合征/病因学疾病暴发流行生态系统脑病牛海绵状/流行病学脑病牛海绵状/病因学自由基铁/缺乏模型生物学分子序列数据朊病毒病/流行病学朊病毒病/病因学朊病毒/化学羊瘙痒症/流行病学羊瘙痒症/病因学硒/缺乏绵羊锌/缺乏动物牛人类

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BSE and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: never say never

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ACTA NEUROPATHOLOGICA 2002年第6期103卷 627-628页

作者： Budka, H Dormont, D Kretzschmar, H Pocchiari, M van Duijn, C Univ Vienna Inst Neurol A-1097 Vienna Austria Austrian Reference Ctr Human Prion Dis A-1097 Vienna Austria Ecole Prat Hautes Etud Ctr Rech Serv Sante Armees Commissariat Energie Atom F-92265 Fontenay Aux Roses France Univ Munich Inst Neuropathol German Reference Ctr Human Prion Dis DGNN D-81377 Munich Germany Ist Super Sanita Virol Lab I-00161 Rome Italy Erasmus Univ Dept Epidemiol & Biostat NL-3000 DR Rotterdam Netherlands

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Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease--identifying prions and carriers.

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AORN journal 2003年第2期78卷 204-208,210页

作者： Belkin, Nathan L Nathan L. Belkin PhD is retired lives in Clearwater Fla.

Two major obstacles to be overcome in minimizing the possibility of transmitting Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease or variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease are associated with identifying the prion on disinfected surgical instruments and identifying carriers of the protease-resistant form of the prion. New developments indicate that the means for doing both soon may be available.

关键词：带病原状态/诊断克-亚综合征/诊断克-亚综合征/流行病学克-亚综合征/传播脑病牛海绵状/流行病学脑病牛海绵状/预防和控制脑病牛海绵状/传播设备污染朊病毒/分离和提纯灭菌/方法外科器械/微生物学成年人动物牛女(雌)性人类男(雄)性

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Scrapie in Britain during the BSE years

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Nature 2000年第6796期406卷 584-585页

作者： Gravenor, Mike B. Cox, D.R. Hoinville, Linda J. Hoek, Alies McLean, Angela R. Institute for Animal Health Compton Berkshire RG20 7NN United Kingdom Department of Statistics University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3TG 1 South Parks Road United Kingdom Epidemiology Department Veterinary Laboratories Agency Addelestone Surrey KT15 3NB United Kingdom

The experimental transmission of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) to sheep raised the possibility that some sheep in the United Kingdom could have been infected during the 1980s after exposure to BSE-contaminated feed. In contrast to new diseases that have appeared in a number of feline species and wild ungulates, the symptoms of BSE in sheep are very similar to another transmissible spongiform encephalopathy called scrapie, which has been endemic in Britain for over 200 years. Although so far no cases of BSE in sheep have been found, these may have been misdiagnosed as scrapie. Here we present data describing the historical changes in scrapie incidence, and find no evidence for a peak in scrapie incidence before, during or after the BSE outbreak, making it unlikely that a substantial epidemic of BSE has occurred in the sheep population. A postal survey of 11,554 sheep farms requested information on the length of time farmers had been involved in farming sheep and the year in which scrapie had first appeared in their flock. The response rate was 61%, and 15% of the relevant responders reported ever having had scrapie. For each year we calculated how many responders were farming, how many had not yet had any scrapie, and how many acquired their first case that year. If the force of infection per farm (FI) is the rate at which farms acquire cases, we define the first-case force of infection (FI sub(1)), as the number acquiring a first case in a given year divided by the number of farms at risk of doing so.

关键词：克-亚综合征疾病暴发流行/兽医学脑病牛海绵状/流行病学脑病牛海绵状/传播大不列颠/流行病学发病率羊瘙痒症/流行病学羊瘙痒症/传播绵羊动物牛人类

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Emerging diseases - Hunt for mad cow in sheep reassuring

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SCIENCE 2000年第5481期289卷 849-849页

作者： Balter, M

Experts on brain-riddling spongiform diseases have grown steadily more uneasy over signs that so-called mad cow disease or bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), which is linked to a lethal human illness, may be lurking in sheep. A study in the 10 August issue of Nature now offers evidence that BSE is not rampant in sheep after all, although scientists are far from ready to let their guard down.

关键词：克-亚综合征/流行病学诊断鉴别疾病暴发流行脑病牛海绵状/诊断脑病牛海绵状/流行病学发病率羊瘙痒症/诊断羊瘙痒症/流行病学绵羊绵羊疾病/诊断绵羊疾病/流行病学动物牛人类

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