Objective: To examine the relationships among exposure to violence;tobacco, alcohol, and other substance use;depression;church attendance;and the use of violence among very young adolescents. Methods: An 86-item confi...
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Objective: To examine the relationships among exposure to violence;tobacco, alcohol, and other substance use;depression;church attendance;and the use of violence among very young adolescents. Methods: An 86-item confidential questionnaire was administered to 722 sixth grade students (mean age = 11.9 +/- 0.8 years) attending 4 middle schools selling neighborhoods in and around public housing. Results: Boys had a higher mean violence scale score than girls (P less than or equal to .0001), and students living in public housing had higher violence scale scores than other students (P less than or equal to .0001). Self-reported use of violence was significantly associated with exposure to violence (r = .45);age (r = .28);frequency: of church attendance (r = -.14);depression (r = .28);the probability of being alive at age 25 (r = -.09);the frequency of use of cigarettes (r = .39), alcohol (r = .37), and multiple substances (r = .38);and interest in a gang (r = .37). When all of these variables were analyzed with multiple linear regression, multiple substance use, exposure to violence, interest in a gang, male gender, cigarette smoking, and depression level accounted for 49.7% of the variation in the use of violence scale. Conclusion: Recent multiple substance use and lifetime exposure to violence and victimization were the strongest correlates with the frequency that these youth reported using violence and carrying weapons.
Background. We examine potential sources of the sex differences in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the community. Methods. Data were obtained from a representative sample of 2181 persons aged 18-45 years in t...
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Background. We examine potential sources of the sex differences in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the community. Methods. Data were obtained from a representative sample of 2181 persons aged 18-45 years in the Detroit primary metropolitan statistical area, which is a six-county area containing more than four million residents. A random digit dialling method was used to select the sample and a computer-assisted telephone interview was used to obtain the data. DSM-IV PTSD was assessed with respect to a randomly selected trauma from the list of qualifying traumas reported by each respondent. Results, The lifetime prevalence of exposure and the mean number of traumas were lower in females than males. The overall conditional risk of PTSD (i.e. the probability of PTSD among those exposed to a trauma) was approximately twofold higher in females than males, adjusting for the sex difference in the distribution of trauma types. The sex difference was due primarily to females' greater risk following assaultive violence. The sex difference in the avoidance and numbing symptom group following assaultive violence exceeded the sex differences in other symptom groups. Conclusions. Future research should focus on sex differences in the response to assaultive violence, including potential explanations for females' greater probability to experience avoidance and numbing.
作者：
DeJong, WHarvard Univ
Sch Publ Hlth Dept Hlth & Social Behav Boston MA 02115 USA
Subjects in two studies were shown portraits of 32 young women who varied widely in physical attractiveness. Subjects were told that hall of these women had been victims of a crime and half had not. Their job was to s...
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Subjects in two studies were shown portraits of 32 young women who varied widely in physical attractiveness. Subjects were told that hall of these women had been victims of a crime and half had not. Their job was to sort the portraits correctly into those two categories. In both studies, attractive women were more often categorized as victims of rape. In Study 2, attractive women were not more likely to be categorized as having been beaten and robbed. Correlation analyses showed that the association between physical attractiveness and presumed criminal victimization was significantly higher for rape than for being beaten and robbed.
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