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Is the male dog comparable to human? A histological study of the muscle systems of the lower urinary tract

ANATOMIA HISTOLOGIA EMBRYOLOGIA-JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE SERIES C 2002年第4期31卷 198-205页

作者： Stolzenburg, JU Schwalenberg, T Do, M Dorschner, W Salomon, FV Jurina, K Neuhaus, J Univ Leipzig Dept Urol D-04103 Leipzig Germany Univ Leipzig Inst Vet Anat D-04103 Leipzig Germany Univ Leipzig Dept Small Anim Med D-04103 Leipzig Germany

Because of their superficial anatomical resemblance, the male dog seems to be suitable for studying the physiologic and pathological alterations of the bladder neck of human males. The present study was carried out to compare and contrast the muscular anatomy of the male dog lower urinary tract with that of humans. The complete lower urinary tract, including the surrounding organs (bulb of penis, prostate, rectum and musculature of the pelvic floor) were removed from adult and newborn male dogs and histologically processed using serial section technique. Based on our own histological investigations, three-dimensional (3D)-models of the anatomy of the lower urinary tract were constructed to depict the corresponding structures and the differences between the species. The results of this study confirm that the lower urinary tract of the male dog bears some anatomical resemblance (musculus detrusor vesicae, prostate, prostatic and membranous urethra) to man. As with human males, the two parts of the musculus sphincter urethrae (glaber and transversostriatus) are evident in the canine bladder neck. Nevertheless, considerable differences in formation of individual muscles should be noted. In male dogs, no separate anatomic entity can be identified as vesical or internal sphincter. The individual course of the ventral and lateral longitudinal musculature and of the circularly arranged smooth musculature of the urethra is different to that of humans. Differences in the anatomy of individual muscles of the bladder neck in the male dog and man suggest that physiological interpretations of urethral functions obtained in one species cannot be attributed without qualification to the other.

关键词：狗/解剖学和组织学狗/生理学成像三维/方法免疫组织化学/兽医学肌骨骼/解剖学和组织学肌骨骼/细胞学肌平滑/解剖学和组织学肌平滑/细胞学种特异性尿道/解剖学和组织学尿道/生理学膀胱/解剖学和组织学膀胱/生理学泌尿道/解剖学和组织学泌尿道/细胞学泌尿道生理学动物人类男(雄)性

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A pilot study of protein sparing in healthy dogs using peripheral parenteral nutrition

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RESEARCH IN VETERINARY SCIENCE 2000年第1期69卷 47-52页

作者： Chandler, ML Guilford, WG Maxwell, A Barter, L Massey Univ Inst Vet Anim & Biomed Sci Palmerston North New Zealand Univ London Dept Vet Basic Sci London NW1 0TU England

Total parenteral nutrition is the standard nutritional support of dogs when the enteral route is contraindicated, but it can be difficult because of cost, technical difficulties, and potential complications. Peripheral parenteral nutrition (PPN) may be a feasible option for short-term support in some cases. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of PPN On nitrogen balance las an indicator of the effect on protein sparing), serum folate concentrations and serum insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I concentrations in fasting dugs. The effect of PPN On these parameters has not previously been reported in dogs. Using a cross-over design, three healthy adult fasting dogs were randomly assigned to three treatments: 5 per cent amino acid solution, 5 per cent glucose solution, and a control electrolyte solution. The solutions were administered into a peripheral vein at 60 mi kg(-1) per day for 4 days. The amino acid infusion resulted in a positive nitrogen balance and the glucose infusion produced less nitrogen loss than the control. Amino acid, but not glucose or electrolyte infusions, decreased serum folate concentrations. Amino acid and glucose infusions resulted in higher serum IGF-I concentrations than electrolyte infusions, although the differences were small and ICF-I decreased in all cases. In conclusion, these findings suggest that PPN increases nitrogen balance in healthy dogs undergoing short-term fasting. (C) 2000 Harcourt Publishers Ltd.

关键词：氨基酸类/投药和剂量血液化学分析/兽医学导管插入术外周/兽医学交叉研究狗/代谢狗/生理学电解质/投药和剂量叶酸/血液食品剥夺/生理学葡萄糖/投药和剂量胰岛素样生长因子Ⅰ/分析等渗溶液/投药和剂量氮/尿营养状况/生理学胃肠外营养/兽医学试点项目蛋白质类/代谢随机分配尿分析/兽医学动物女(雌)性男(雄)性

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Nonlinear phenomena in the natural howling of a dog-wolf mix

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JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2000年第4期108卷 1435-1442页

作者： Riede, T Herzel, H Mehwald, D Seidner, W Trumler, E Böhme, G Tembrock, G Humboldt Univ Inst Biol D-10115 Berlin Germany Humboldt Univ Innovat Skolleg Theoret Biol D-10115 Berlin Germany Humboldt Univ Klinikum Charite Abt Phoniatrie D-10098 Berlin Germany Eberhard Trumler Stn D-57587 Birken Honigsessen Germany Free Univ Berlin Inst Vet Anat D-14195 Berlin Germany

It was reported to the first author that a female dog-wolf mix showed anomalously rough-sounding vocalization. Spectral analysis of recordings of the vocalization revealed frequency occurrences of subharmonics, biphonation (two independent pitches) and chaos. Since these nonlinear phenomena are currently widely discussed as integral to mammalian vocalization [Wilden et al., Bioacoustics 9, 171-196 (1988)] or as indicators of vocal pathologies [Herzel ct al., J. Speech Hearing Res. 37, 1008-1019 (1994);Riede ct al., Z. Sgtkde 62 Suppl: 198-203 (1997)], we sought to understand the production mechanism of the observed vocal instabilities. First the frequency of nonlinear phenomena in the calls was determined for the female and four additional individuals. It turned out that these phenomena appear, but much less frequently in the repertoire of the four other animals. The larynges of the female and two other individuals were dissected post mortem. There was no apparent asymmetry of the vocal folds but a slight asymmetry of the arytenoid cartilages. The most pronounced difference, however, was an upward extension of both vocal folds of the female. This feature is reminiscent of "vocal lips" (syn. "vocal membranes") in some primates and bats. Spectral analysis of the female's voice showed clear similarities with an intensively studied voice of a human who produces biphonation intentionally. Finally, the possible communicative relevance of nonlinear phenomena is discussed. (C) 2000 Acoustical Society of America. [S0001-4966(00)00510-5].

关键词：狗/生理学傅里叶分析杂交遗传声波谱图术种特异性声带/生理学发声动物/生理学狼/生理学动物女(雌)性人类男(雄)性

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Comparative study of propofol or propofol and ketamine for the induction of anaesthesia in dogs

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VETERINARY RECORD 2000年第20期146卷 571-574页

作者： Lerche, P Nolan, AM Reid, J Univ Glasgow Dept Vet Clin Studies Glasgow G61 1QH Lanark Scotland Univ Glasgow Dept Vet Preclin Studies Glasgow G61 1QH Lanark Scotland

The effects of propofol alone or propofol and ketamine for the induction of anaesthesia in dogs were compared. Thirty healthy dogs were premedicated with acepromazine and pethidine, then randomly allocated to either treatment. Anaesthesia was induced with propofol (4 mg/kg bodyweight intravenously) (group 1). or propofol and ketamine (2 mg/kg bodyweight of each intravenously) (group 2). Anaesthesia was maintained with halothane, delivered in a mixture of oxygen and nitrous oxide (1:2) via a non-rebreathing pain circuit. Various cardiorespiratory parameters were monitored at two, five, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 minutes after induction, and the animals were observed during anaesthesia and recovery, and any adverse effects were recorded. During anaesthesia, the heart rate, but not the systolic arterial pressure, was consistently higher in group 2 (range 95 to 102 beats per minute) than in group 1 (range 73 to 90 beats per minute). Postinduction apnoea was more common in group 2 (11 of 15) than in group 1 (six of 15). Muscle twitching was observed in three dogs in each group. Recovery times were similar in both groups. Propofol followed by ketamine was comparable with propofol alone for the induction of anaesthesia in healthy dogs.

关键词：麻醉静脉/兽医学麻醉药离解/投药和剂量麻醉药离解/副作用麻醉药静脉/投药和剂量麻醉药静脉/副作用血压/药物作用狗/生理学用药计划表心率/药物作用氯胺酮/投药和剂量氯胺酮/副作用二异丙酚/投药和剂量二异丙酚/副作用呼吸/药物作用动物女(雌)性男(雄)性

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Ground reaction force analysis of large breed dogs when walking after the amputation of a limb

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VETERINARY RECORD 2000年第6期146卷 155-159页

作者： Kirpensteijn, J Van den Bos, R Van den Brom, WE Hazewinkel, HAW Univ Utrecht Fac Vet Med Dept Clin Sci Compan Anim NL-3508 TD Utrecht Netherlands

Force plate analysis was used to measure ground reaction forces (GRF) and contact times, and calculate the centre of gravity at a walk of in dogs which had had a limb amputated, and the results were compared with the results from 22 normal dogs of the same weight. The loss of a limb caused significant changes in the GRF, impulses and contact times of the remaining limbs and in the location of the dogs' centre of gravity. The changes were greater in dogs which had lost a forelimb than in dogs which had lost a hindlimb.

关键词：截肢术/兽医学病例对照研究狗/生理学狗/外科学前肢/外科学步态后肢/外科学负重动物

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Effects of lorglumide and atropine on MgSO₄-induced gallbladder emptying in conscious dogs

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RESEARCH IN VETERINARY SCIENCE 2000年第2期69卷 129-133页

作者： Sterczer, A Szénási, G Vörös, K Pap, A Univ Vet Sci Budapest Dept Internal Med AOTE H-1078 Budapest Hungary Egis Pharmaceut Pharmacol Lab 1 H-1475 Budapest Hungary MAV Hosp Dept Gastroenterol Budapest Hungary

The aim of the study was to examine the possible involvement of cholecystokinin (by lorglumide) and cholinergic mechanisms (by atropine) in magnesium sulphate (MgSO4)-induced gallbladder contraction of conscious dogs. The gallbladder (GB) volume was determined by ultrasonography. The optimal dose of 80 mg kg(-1) of MgSO4 was determined from a MgSO4 dose-response curve using doses of 10, 20, 40, 80, 120 mg kg(-1). The largest dose of MgSO4 was less effective than the optimal dose. Peak gallbladder contraction (32 per cent) was achieved at 30 minutes. Atropine (50 mug kg(-1) s.c.) or lorglumide (1 mg kg(-1) p.o.) fully prevented Gs contraction. In conclusion, supraoptimal doses of MgSO4 have a diminishing effect. The sustained contraction of the gallbladder in response to the optimal dose of MgSO4 can be explained by an additive effect of the cholecystokinin release and a cholinergic trigger mechanism. Ultrasonography and MgSO4 stimulation proved to be a valuable technique for examination of gallbladder motility. (C) 2000 Harcourt Publishers Ltd.

关键词：阿托品/药理学胆囊收缩素/生理学狗/生理学剂量效应关系药物药物相互作用胆囊/药物作用胆囊/超声检查激素拮抗药/药理学硫酸镁/投药和剂量硫酸镁/药理学甲基纤维素/药理学毒蕈碱拮抗剂/药理学肌收缩/药物作用丙谷胺/类似物和衍生物丙谷胺/药理学动物女(雌)性

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Measurement of plasma oestradiol after an injection of a gonadotrophin as a test for neutered bitches

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VETERINARY RECORD 2000年第21期146卷 599-602页

作者： Jeffcoate, IA McBride, M Harvey, MJ Aughey, E Univ Glasgow Sch Vet Div Physiol Glasgow G61 1QH Lanark Scotland Univ Glasgow Sch Vet Dept Vet Clin Studies Glasgow G61 1QH Lanark Scotland Univ Glasgow Sch Vet Div Anat Dept Vet Preclin Studies Glasgow G61 1QH Lanark Scotland

Twenty-eight bitches with unknown reproductive histories were injected intravenously with either human chorionic gonadotrophin (hcc) or equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG) (pregnant mare's serum gonadotrophin) and their oestradiol responses were measured at the time of the injection and 90 minutes later. They were at various stages of the oestrous cycle as determined by histology and a progesterone assay for luteal function. Twenty-six of them were considered to be entire because they showed either an increase in plasma oestradiol over preinjection values or steady high values. The ovaries were removed from 25 of these animals and the other probably had a remnant of ovary because it came into oestrus some weeks later. In two remaining bitches no oestradiol could be detected either before or after the injection of gonadotrophin and they were predicted to have been neutered, which was confirmed at laparotomy. in the entire bitches, the highest plasma oestradiol concentration was measured during metoestrus and the lowest during anoestrus.

关键词：狗/生理学雌二醇/血液动情期/生理学促性腺素类/投药和剂量卵巢切除术/兽医学动物女(雌)性

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Assessment of the respiratory actions of intramuscular morphine in conscious dogs

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RESEARCH IN VETERINARY SCIENCE 1999年第2期67卷 141-148页

作者： Cullen, LK Raffe, MR Randall, DA Bing, DR Murdoch Univ Div Vet & Biomed Sci Murdoch WA 6150 Australia Univ Minnesota Dept Small Anim Clin Sci Coll Vet Med St Paul MN 55108 USA Childrens Hosp Infant Diagnost & Res Ctr St Paul MN 55102 USA

The actions on the respiratory system of 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 mg kg(-1) morphine given intramuscularly were studied in conscious dogs. Dogs breathed oxygen with 0, 2 and 4 per cent CO2, in that order, through a mask attached to a flow sensor and connected to a respiratory mechanics monitor. When a steady state period of respiration was reached breathing pure oxygen, respiratory rate, tidal volume, respiratory minute volume, peak expiratory flow rate and end tidal CO2 (PetCO(2)) were measured. The respiratory minute volume and PetCO(2) were measured when the dogs breathed 2 and 4 per cent CO2 in oxygen, the points plotted onto a graph and the gradient of the line, describing the PCO2/ventilation response, plus the intercept with the y-axis were determined. Measurements for each morphine dose were taken before injection and at 30 minutes, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 8 hours post injection. The incidence of panting after morphine was dose related and it occurred in all dogs given the high dose. Morphine reduced the gradients of the PCO2/ventilation response lines and raised the intercept. Other changes were increased respiratory minute volume and peak expiratory flow and decreased PetCO(2) and tidal volume. (C) 1999 Harcourt Publishers Limited.

关键词：镇痛药阿片类/投药和剂量镇痛药阿片类/药理学血压/药物作用体温/药物作用二氧化碳/药理学狗/生理学剂量效应关系药物心率/药物作用吗啡/投药和剂量吗啡/药理学呼吸/药物作用动物女(雌)性男(雄)性

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Anesthesia of the sighthound

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CLINICAL TECHNIQUES IN SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE 1999年第1期14卷 38-43页

作者： Court, MH Tufts Univ Sackler Sch Grad Biomed Sci Dept Pharmacol & Expt Therapeut Boston MA 02111 USA Tufts Univ Sch Vet Med Dept Clin Sci N Grafton MA 01536 USA

The sighthounds are an ancient group of dog breeds that have been selectively bred for high-speed pursuit of prey by sight. Probably as a consequence of this selection process, these dogs have a number of idiosyncrasies that can potentially adversely affect their anesthetic management. These include (1) nervous demeanor which can lead to stress-induced clinical complications, such as hyperthermia; (2) lean body conformation with high surface-area-to-volume ratio, which predisposes these dogs to hypothermia during anesthesia; (3) hematological differences such as a higher packed cell volume and lower serum protein compared with other dog breeds which may complicate interpretation of preanesthetic blood work; (4) Impaired biotransformation of drugs by the liver resulting in prolonged recovery from certain intravenous anesthetics, especially thiopental; and increased risks of drug interactions. Safe anesthetic management of sighthounds should include sedative premedication and appropriate use of analgesic drugs to minimize perioperative stress. Thiopental, or any other thiobarbiturate, should not be used in these dogs. Propofol, ketamine/diazepam combination, and methohexital are recommended alternative intravenous anesthetics. Avoid coadministration of agents that inhibit drug biotransformation, such as chloramphenicol. Inhalation anesthesia using isoflurane is the preferred anesthetic maintenance technique. Core body temperature should be monitored closely and techniques to minimize hypothermia should be employed both during anesthesia and into the recovery period.

关键词：麻醉/方法麻醉/兽医学麻醉药/投药和剂量麻醉药/药代动力学人体质量指数体温狗/生理学系谱应激心理学兽医学/方法动物

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Relationship between QT interval and heart rate in Alderley Park beagles

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VETERINARY RECORD 1999年第9期145卷 248-250页

作者： Davis, AS Middleton, BJ Zeneca Pharmaceut Anim Welf Grp Macclesfield SK10 4TG Cheshire England Zeneca Pharmaceut Nonclin Stat Unit Macclesfield SK10 4TG Cheshire England

The QT interval and heart rate were measured from the electrocardiogram of 1608 Alderley Park beagles, and the mean QT intervals for 28 values of heart rates between 84 and 192 beats per minute were calculated. These were analysed by linear regression and ranked by Pearson's correlation coefficient for each of eight equations, all of which have been proposed to describe the relationship between QT interval and heart rate. The equation QT=b(root RR), upon which the calculation of QT(c) using Bazett's formula is based, did not adequately describe the relationship. QT=b(root RR) was a more adequate one-parameter equation. The first-ranked equation was 1/QT=a+b(HR), but its use presents practical and interpretational difficulties;consequently, the second-ranked equation, QT=a+b(log(e)HR), is recommended for routine use.

关键词：狗/生理学心电描记术/兽医学心脏传导系统/生理学心率/生理学线性模型参考值动物

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