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Metals and metallothionein in the liver of raccoons: Utility for environmental assessment and monitoring

JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A-CURRENT ISSUES 2000年第4期60卷 243-261页

作者： Burger, J Lord, CG Yurkow, EJ McGrath, L Gaines, KF Brisbin, IL Gochfeld, M Rutgers State Univ Div Life Sci CRESP Piscataway NJ 08854 USA Rutgers State Univ Environm & Occupat Hlth Sci Inst Piscataway NJ USA

The relationship between metallothionein levels and concentrations of several metals and radionuclides was examined in liver tissues of raccoons (Procyon lotor, n = 47) from the Department of Energy's Savannah River Site in South Carolina to determine the applicability of metallothioneins as an initial screening device for exposure assessment in free-living mammals and environmental monitoring. Using a fluorescent marker and a cell sorter to measure metallothionein, a significant positive correlation was found across animals between levels of metallothioneins and concentrations of selenium (Pearson's r = .30), mercury (Pearson's r = .31), and copper (Pearson's r = .30) in liver tissue. Arsenic, cobalt, silver, thallium, and tin were below detection limits in most or all liver samples. Other metals, including cadmium, chromium, radiocesium (Cs-137), copper, lead, manganese, strontium, and vanadium, showed only weak and nonsignificant correlations with metallothionein. Concentrations of mercury were correlated with concentrations of selenium (Pearson's r = .73), manganese (Pearson's r = .56), and strontium (Pearson's r = .57). In an posteriori test, there was a still unexplained positive correlation between mercury (Pearson r = .56), selenium (Pearson r = .54), and radiocesium (Pearson's r = .38) concentrations and background cellular autofluorescence, and a negative correlation of strontium with the latter (Kendall tau = -.38). Background cellular autofluorescence may represent a generalized cellular stress response, or a yet unidentified biomarker. To better understand which metals contribute to the induction of metallothionein, principle component analysis (PCA) was performed. The first three principle components explained 78% of the variance, with highest loadings being from mercury and radiocesium. Metallothionein levels did not correlate well with the principal components from the metals and radiocesium, while autofluorescent background levels tended to correlat

关键词：砷/分析体重铯放射性同位素/分析铜/分析环境监测环境污染/分析流式细胞术地理学肝/化学肝/酶学锰/分析汞/分析金属硫蛋白/分析金属/分析金属重/分析试验预期值浣熊硒/分析南卡罗来纳锶/分析动物男(雄)性

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Roe deer antlers as monitoring units for assessing temporal changes in environmental pollution by fluoride and lead in a German forest area over a 67-year period

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ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2000年第1期39卷 1-6页

作者： Kierdorf, H Kierdorf, U Univ Cologne Inst Zool D-50923 Cologne Germany Univ Giessen Inst Gen & Systemat Zool D-35390 Giessen Germany

Fluoride and lead concentrations were analyzed in antlers of adult roe bucks (Capreolus capreolus) collected between 1932 and 1998 in a forest area of 800 ha, that directly borders on the eastern suburbs of Cologne (Germany). Values ranged between 158 and 3,713 mg/kg dry weight for fluoride and from 0.4 to 12.0 mg/kg dry weight for lead, and varied significantly between periods (1932-49, 1950-59, 1960-69, 1970-79, 1980-89, 1990-98). antler bone levels of both contaminants decreased markedly during the 1980s and 1990s. As a consequence, mean fluoride and lead concentrations in antlers collected in the 1990s were significantly lower than those from all preceding periods. These findings indicate a pronounced decline in fluoride and lead pollution of the study area, which is attributed to reduced emissions from stationary sources and, in the case of lead, to the introduction of unleaded gasoline and the subsequent phasing out of leaded gasoline in Germany. Because antlers are replaced annually, grow during a seasonally fixed period of some months, and are regularly collected and kept by hunters, they are useful monitoring units for recording past and present environmental pollution by "bone-seeking" pollutants in a cost-effective way. Due to its relative abundance and its rather narrow home range, the roe deer is well suited as a monitoring species for assessing changes in ambient contaminant levels on a local scale.

关键词：鹿/代谢环境监测/方法环境污染/分析氟化物/分析德国角/化学铅/分析动物男(雄)性

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Temporal trends of persistent organochlorine contamination in Russia: A case study of Baikal and Caspian seal

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ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2003年第4期44卷 533-545页

作者： Tanabe, S Niimi, S Minh, TB Miyazaki, N Petrov, EA Ehime Univ Ctr Marine Environm Studies Matsuyama Ehime 7908566 Japan Univ Tokyo Ocean Res Inst Otsuchi Marine Res Ctr Otsuchicho Iwate 0281102 Japan Russian Acad Sci Siberian Div Limnol Inst Irkutsk 664033 Russia

To examine temporal trends of organochlorine (OC) contamination in Lake Baikal and the Caspian Sea, concentrations of persistent OCs, such as DDT and its metabolites (DDTs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hexachlorocyclohexane (HCHs), chlordane compounds (CHLs), tris(4-chlorophenyl)methane (TCPMe), and tris(4-chlorophenyl)methanol (TCPMOH), in the blubber of female seals were determined. Collections were made in 1992, 1993, 1995 and 1998. DDT concentrations in Baikal and Caspian seals showed a rapid decline during 1992 to 1998, while the concentrations of PCBs declined slowly. Elevated concentrations of HCHs were found in Caspian seals and there was no decline in their concentrations during 1993 to 1998, which could be due to extensive usage of HCHs around Caspian Sea in recent years. Trends of TCPMe and TCPMOH residues in Caspian seals were similar to that of DDTs. The pattern of PCB isomers in both Baikal seals and Caspian seals exhibited little temporal variations. Concentrations of non-ortho coplanar PCBs have declined at a faster rate than those of mono-ortho congeners. Compilation of available data on OC contamination in the North Pacific, Antarctic, Caspian Sea, Lake Baikal, and India suggested that the time trend of residues of contaminants during the 1990s were different among these regions. Residue levels of OC insecticides have declined slowly while PCBs remained at a steady state in the open oceans and the Antarctic. The magnitude of temporal variation in Lake Baikal seemed to be higher than that in the Caspian Sea. Residue concentrations of OCs have increased in Ganges River dolphins from 1989-92 to 1994-96, suggesting that tropical, developing countries are potential emission source of OCs.

关键词：脂肪组织/化学色谱法气相环境监测环境污染/分析烃类氯化/分析俄罗斯海豹类无耳水污染物化学性/分析动物女(雌)性

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NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS

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AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY 1975年第2期101卷 93-97页

作者： EICKHOFF, TC UNIV COLORADO MED CTRDIV INFECT DIS4200 E 9TH AVEDENVERCO 80220

Hospital associated infections, or nosocomial infections, are by no means a new problem. They undoubtedly existed from the time sick people were first gathered together for care. In the past 20 yr, however, several factors have operated to stimulate both an awareness of and an intense research interest in nosocomial infections. Such factors have included antimicrobial therapy and the emergence of drug resistance in bacteria, the mushrooming technology of modern medicine, and the diagnostic and therapeutic advances which have enabled us to, among other things, generate and maintain increasing populations of patients who are to some degree 'compromised' hosts. The field of nosocomial infections has not lacked competent investigators, nor for ardent advocates of one or another point of view, or control measure. Sound and careful epidemiologic studies in this area, however, are in continuing dire need, This commentary deals with several concerns: surveillance, environmental control, and the apparent dichotomy between research and its application.

关键词：交叉感染/流行病学交叉感染/预防和控制经济学医院环境污染/分析设备和供应医院/标准输注胃肠外/副作用微生物学专家委员会脓毒症/病因学灭菌导尿管插入术/副作用泌尿道感染/病因学人类

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Great and blue tits as indicators of heavy metal contamination in terrestrial ecosystems

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ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 1999年第1期44卷 81-85页

作者： Eens, M Pinxten, R Verheyen, RF Blust, R Bervoets, L Univ Instelling Antwerp Dept Biol B-2610 Wilrijk Belgium Univ Antwerp Ruca Dept Biol B-2020 Antwerp Belgium

Although there are abundant data on heavy metal contamination in the feathers of seabird species and birds of prey, relatively few studies have addressed the use of passerine birds as indicators of point-source contamination. Concentrations of three essential elements (Al, Zn, and Cu) and two toxic metals (Cd and Pb) were determined in the outer tail feathers of great and blue tits (Parus major and Parus caeruleus), insectivorous passerines, at a presumed polluted site (in an urban area close to household waste incinerators) and at a reference site tin a nature reserve. For the great tit, both Cd and Cu levels were significantly higher at the polluted site than in the nature reserve. For the blue tit, Cd, Pb, and Cu levels a ere significantly higher at the polluted site than at the reference site. There were striking differences in metal levels between blue and great tits inhabiting the same polluted site: lead, zinc, and copper were significant higher in the smaller blue tit than in the great tit. We suggest that tit (Parus) species, which have been important models in behavioral and ecological research, may be very useful as biomonitors for local contamination. (C) 1999 Academic Press.

关键词：环境监测/方法环境污染/分析羽毛/化学金属重/分析垃圾处理鸣禽鸟/生理学动物

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关于土壤卫生基准的若干问题

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中华预防医学杂志 1987年第5期21卷 289-290页

作者：蔡诗文中国预防医学科学院环境卫生与卫生工程研究所

土壤环境对人体健康的影响是间接、潜在和多途径的,有毒有害物主要是通过与土壤相连接的环境因素——空气、水和植物而间接地进入人体,很难找出直接的暴露-效应关系。因此,土壤卫生标准的研究方法,不可能套用大气或地面水水质卫生标准... 详细信息

土壤环境对人体健康的影响是间接、潜在和多途径的,有毒有害物主要是通过与土壤相连接的环境因素——空气、水和植物而间接地进入人体,很难找出直接的暴露-效应关系。因此,土壤卫生标准的研究方法,不可能套用大气或地面水水质卫生标准的研究方法,必须根据土壤环境的特殊性,建立起一套自成

关键词：环境污染/分析土壤污染物/分析最高容许浓度

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“电化学方法在环境检测中的应用”研究讨论会

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中国环境科学 1984年第1期 23-24页

作者：丁昌璞

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An evaluation of the Baltimore Community Lead Education and Reduction Corps (CLEARCorps) program

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EVALUATION REVIEW 1998年第3期22卷 373-402页

作者： Duckart, JP 1]The Shriver Center

This evaluation examines the effectiveness of the Baltimore Community Lead Education and Reduction Corps (CLEARCorps) program in reducing lead dust levels in low-income urban housing in Baltimore, Maryland, through minor lead-reduction activities and tenant lead-poisoning prevention education. Lead dust data collected before and after lead-reduction activities show statistically significant mean declines for floors, window sills, and window wells. Limited data using sign tests also show that follow-up lead dust levels collected 6 months after the CLEARCorps intervention were significantly lower than preintervention lead levels, although there are many important limitations of this analysis, the findings suggest that in-place management may be an effective method in reducing childhood lead poisoning in high-risk areas.

关键词：巴尔的摩儿童福利/统计学和数值数据社区网络/统计学和数值数据置信区间粉尘/分析环境监测/方法环境监测/统计学和数值数据环境污染/分析健康教育/统计学和数值数据住房/标准铅/分析铅中毒/流行病学铅中毒/预防和控制纵向研究规划制订/标准方案评价/统计学和数值数据市区人口儿童儿童学龄前女(雌)性人类男(雄)性

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