This paper begins with a discussion of the definition of an outbreak. It considers the portion of outbreaks in the general pattern of food-borne infectious disease. The methods used to identify outbreaks are described...
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This paper begins with a discussion of the definition of an outbreak. It considers the portion of outbreaks in the general pattern of food-borne infectious disease. The methods used to identify outbreaks are described and the importance of the potential benefits and the economic impact of outbreak recognition and control and are discussed. The paper concludes by illustrating the economic impact of intervention using three infectious diseases botulism, Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157 as case studies of outbreaks.
Background: In October 2000, 41 people were infected during an outbreak of adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis. Such nosocomial outbreaks are frequently reported in long-term care institutions, even though simple measures...
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Background: In October 2000, 41 people were infected during an outbreak of adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis. Such nosocomial outbreaks are frequently reported in long-term care institutions, even though simple measures to prevent or limit such occurrences are well documented. This study describes the significant direct costs incurred as a result of this nosocomial outbreak that involved patients and staff. Methods: The costs measured in this study were grouped into the following 4 categories: medical, investigative, preventive, and lost productivity. Information about costs incurred by the hospital was gathered from a number of sources. Results: The outbreak cost the hospital US $29,527 ($1085 for medical costs, $8210 for investigative costs, $3048 for preventive measures, and $17,184 for lost productivity). Conclusion: This study demonstrates the substantial expense incurred by 1 hospital as a result of an outbreak of a preventable disease. The measures necessary to prevent such a costly outbreak are simple and, therefore, cost-effective.
Outbreaks of dermatophilosis in nine herds of dairy cattle in Israel were studied retrospectively The outbreaks might have been associated with the exposure of the animals to intense showering during the spring and su...
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Outbreaks of dermatophilosis in nine herds of dairy cattle in Israel were studied retrospectively The outbreaks might have been associated with the exposure of the animals to intense showering during the spring and summer months of May to October, in addition to calving and postcalving stress. The acute exudative form of dermatophilosis occurred in the first-calving cows during the six weeks after they calved. The morbidity rate ranged from 10-0 to 66-6 per cent and the period of morbidity ranged from eight to 19 days. Mortality or culling occurred in four of the herds and ranged from 1-6 to 17-1 per cent. The disease also resulted in a gradual loss of condition, a decrease in milk production and marked increases in the somatic cell counts in milk.
AIDS is rapidly becoming a major health problem in developing countries. Limited empirical information is available about the impact of AIDS on the household, the community, the health sector and the broader economy. ...
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AIDS is rapidly becoming a major health problem in developing countries. Limited empirical information is available about the impact of AIDS on the household, the community, the health sector and the broader economy. Special problems exist in estimating the direct economic costs of AIDS in developing countries, including large out-of-pocket expenditures on health care and shortages of drugs and supplies;the difficulties of valuing resources used in caring for people with AIDS;and the lack of treatment alternatives. The calculation of indirect costs is complicated by difficulties in calculating the value of non-market production and international comparisons of the value of healthy life years lost may be erroneous, due to the higher level of average wages in developed countries. Existing evidence on the impact of AIDS at the household, community, sectoral and macroeconomic level is reviewed. Special attention is given to the impact of AIDS on the health sector and the resource allocation decisions which are made at this level. A policy-relevant research strategy would include addressing the particular information needs of the health sector, as well as studies which can help to inform government policy to mitigate the impact of AIDS at the household, community, sectoral and macroeconomic levels.
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