Researchers who examine multiple outcome Variables sometimes invoke a multivariate analysis of variance approach known as the "protected F test" to control for experimentwise Type I error rate. Unfortunately...
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Researchers who examine multiple outcome Variables sometimes invoke a multivariate analysis of variance approach known as the "protected F test" to control for experimentwise Type I error rate. Unfortunately, this procedure affords protection against experimentwise Type I error only in rare instances. The purpose of the present paper is to present the case against the protected F test and to discuss alternative methods of controlling for Type I error, including the Bonferroni adjustment and descriptive discriminant analysis. The latter approach is briefly elaborated as a truly multivariate solution for multivariate phenomena. The author cites multiple examples of proper and improper use of multivariate analysis of variance in research on child development.
1987年1月1日～2002年12月1日，由3项湖南省卫生厅课题、1项湖南省卫生厅及煤炭厅课题、美国中华医学基金(CMB)等资助，进行了研究。 医学现象是一个受多个因素影响的复杂系统，在医疗卫生工作的经验总结、效果考核、方案选择、绩效评定、素质评定、卫生与健康状况评估、水平评估、趋势分析等多个方面，迫切需要简易、实用、有效的综合评价方法，进行全面客观的评价。为此建立了医学综合评价方法的理论与应用体系。 一、基础理论 围绕评价指标选择方法、评价指标权重值赋值方法、常用多因素综合评价方法及合理选用等方面，在对医用综合评价方法学的系统研究中，适应医学科学的发展，在引进中丰富和完善了综合评价指标体系和方法。(一)提出或修订了几个疾病危害综合评价指标，如潜在寿命损失年数(Potential Years of Life Lost，PYLL)指标的计算及其应用，使评价和估计各种死因对人群健康的危害程度更为科学；预期劳动寿命(Expectancy of Working Life，EWL)的简化计算方法及其应用，为在中国分析危害特定职业人群健康和劳动能力的主要原因提供了科学方法；潜在健康生命损失天数(Potential Health Days of Life Lost，PHDLL)指标的提出及其应用，为评价疾病相对危害性提供了更全面的指标；可变构成总率随时间变动的指数分析法，把总率指数分解为小组率指数和小组人口构成影响指数，从而可明确分析总率随时间变动的两个影响因素的作用和关系。(二)提出两个新的临床诊断试验评价指标，如指标的提出及其应用，为定量评价临床征候的诊断价值提供了新指标；平均信息量指标的完善及其应用，为更好地评价临床诊断试验的鉴别诊断价值提供了科学依据。(三)一致性分析方法的完善，如信度系数新定义公式的提出及其应用，为评价专家评判结果准确程度提供了新的科学方法；一致系数指标的完善及其应用，为医学科研广泛应用一致性测度提供了科学依据；等级评价的信度系数的完善及其应用，为更加合理、准确地评价分析评判者评判结果和评价评判者优劣及选择评判专家提供了科学的方法。(四)高中生生存质量评定量表(HSS-QOLS)的研制，为评价我国高中生生存质量，研究促进高中生身心健康措施提供了科学的工具。(五)编著出版《医用综合评价方法》，为进一步推广和普及该方法奠定了基础。 二、实践应用 在10至20年理论与应用相结合的研究中，尽量扩大其在医学科研中的应用领域，因此收到了较好效果。(一)综合指数方法在人群健康疾病危害程度测量等领域中的应用方面，如用PHDLL指标定量地综合评价了心血管疾病对长沙市人群健康的危害程度，分析表明，心脑血管疾病中，对人群健康危害严重的疾病是脑血管疾病，其次是冠心病、肺心病；引进、利用死亡率差别指数分析湖南省1975年与1981年粗死亡率，进一步明确了造成二个年份粗死亡率差别影响因素中年龄构成因素与死亡率水平高低因素的比重，并与标准化死亡率进行了比较，认为该指标概念明确，使用方便，较标准化率更能获得较多的信息，为更进一步分析资料提供了科学的指标；应用潜在健康生命损失天数(PHDLL)、恢复耗损的潜在寿命百分数(Fulfillment 指数)、最终死于某死因概率三个指标从三个角度成功地定量综合评价了脑卒中对长沙市民生命的危害程度，为长沙市人群脑卒中疾病的防治效果考核或与其它地区比较提供了依据；将修订后的预期劳动寿命(EWL)用于湖南省矿工健康状况的综合评价，分析了导致井下工人EWL降低的主要因素，提出了通过加强安全措施和改善工作条件等途径来增加井下工人EWL的论断；应用PHDLL指标定量地综合评价脑血管疾病对人群健康的危害程度，分析表明，脑卒中各分型疾病中以脑出血危害程度最高，其次为脑血栓、脑栓塞、难分类及蛛网膜下腔出血，提出在脑卒中的防治中，对脑出血的防治重点是降低病死率，对脑血栓和脑栓塞则主要是加强康复、减少病残等。(二)秩和比方法在卫生保健、生殖健康、疾病危害程度测量的应用方面，如将秩和比法用于工业企业职业危害现况的综合评价，为卫生管理部门综合了解工业企业职业危害现况和促进职业病防治工作提供了科学依据；用于改水改厕工作的综合评价，为进一步评价医学卫生保健措施提供了科学依据等。(三)综合评分方法在人群健康与疾病危害程度测量中的应用方面，如将综合评分法用于慢性中风患者生命质量的影响因素研究中，为中风患者生命质量的改善提供参考依据；用于278例脑血管病患者生命质量评价研究，提出在脑血管病的康复治疗过程中应根据患者不同时期的不同特点采用相应措施；用于对长沙市1994年部分城区人群中278例脑卒中患者生命质量及影响因素分析等。(四)Topsis 法在高层次管理干部综合素质评价中的应用方面，如将加权Topsis法用于湖南省卫生管理干部综合素质的评
Many social scientists appear to possess an overconfidence in the reliability of research results from a single, small-sample, inferential study. In this article, the authors speculate that "user-friendly" s...
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Many social scientists appear to possess an overconfidence in the reliability of research results from a single, small-sample, inferential study. In this article, the authors speculate that "user-friendly" statistics packages have the potential to exacerbate statistical misinterpretation by providing researchers with a tool to explore data easily and identify what is interpreted as "reliable" relationships. This article contains an empirical demonstration of the potential problems that arise when a large number of statistical tests are interpreted. Results show that statistically significant results may be unreliable. Also, a zero relationship can erroneously appear as a medium to large effect size relationship when a small sample is used (e.g., n = 30). The authors suggest the need for multiple replications as the criterion of a reliable finding.
Study objective: We sought to examine how a cohort of published emergency medicine research is cited in scientific journals. Methods: Data were collected on all research submitted to the 1991 Society for Academic Emer...
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Study objective: We sought to examine how a cohort of published emergency medicine research is cited in scientific journals. Methods: Data were collected on all research submitted to the 1991 Society for Academic Emergency Medicine meeting and subsequently published. Outcome measures included all citations of these studies found in journals listed in the Science Citation Index, as well as the impact factors (citations per manuscript per year) of citing journals. Results: Two hundred four of the 493 submitted studies were published and met study entry criteria;the average article was cited 2.04 times a year during the study period. Twelve percent were never cited, and 39% were cited only once or twice. Thirty percent were published in non-emergency medicine journals, and these were cited at least twice as often (and by almost 3 times as many journals) as apparently similar studies published in emergency medicine journals. The percentage of studies never cited by anyone was about threefold higher when published in emergency medicine journals. Forty-two percent of the citations of research published in emergency medicine journals came from within the specialty. Emergency medicine journals provided only 16% of the citations of emergency medicine research published in non-emergency medicine journals because these studies were cited 3 times as often by authors in other disciplines. Rejection of research for presentation at the meeting did not predict the number or quality of citations or citing journals. Conclusion: Research submitted to the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine meeting and subsequently published is cited about as often as the average scientific journal article but receives more impact, is cited more widely, and is more likely to he cited by a broader range of authors when published by non-emergency medicine journals. The ability of emergency medicine journals to compete with larger non-emergency medicine journals for their larger audiences may help sha
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