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Class C Vps protein complex regulates vacuolar SNARE pairing and is required for vesicle docking/fusion

MOLECULAR CELL 2000年第3期6卷 661-671页

作者： Sato, TK Rehling, P Peterson, MR Emr, SD Univ Calif San Diego Sch Med Div Cellular & Mol Med La Jolla CA 92093 USA Univ Calif San Diego Sch Med Howard Hughes Med Inst La Jolla CA 92093 USA

In yeast, the Class C Vps protein complex (C-Vps complex), composed of Vps11, Vps16, Vps18, and Vps33, functions in Golgi-to-vacuole protein transport. In this study, we characterized and purified this complex and identified its interaction with the syntaxin homolog Vam3. Vam3 pairs with the SNAP-25 homolog Vam7 and VAMP homolog Vti1 to form SNARE complexes during vesicle docking/fusion with the vacuole. The C-Vps complex does not bind to Vam3-Vti1-Vam7 paired SNARE complexes but instead binds to unpaired Vam3. Antibodies to a component of this complex inhibited in vitro vacuole-to-vacuole fusion. Furthermore, temperature-conditional mutations in the Class C VPS genes destabilized Vam3-Vti1-Vam7 pairing. Therefore, we propose that the C-Vps complex associates with unpaired (activated) Vam3 to mediate the assembly of trans-SNARE complexes during both vesicle docking/fusion and vacuole-to-vacuole fusion.

关键词：衔接蛋白质类膜泡运输载体蛋白质类胞质小泡/代谢大肠杆菌真菌蛋白质类/遗传学真菌蛋白质类/代谢基因表达/生理学高尔基体/代谢膜融合/生理学膜蛋白质类/遗传学膜蛋白质类/代谢 Munc18蛋白质类神经组织蛋白质类/遗传学神经组织蛋白质类/代谢蛋白质转运/生理学 Qa-SNARE蛋白质类 SNARE蛋白质类酿酒酵母蛋白质类突触体相关蛋白质25 空泡/代谢膜泡运输蛋白质类酵母菌

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Constitutive phosphorylation of the Parkinson's disease associated α-synuclein

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JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY 2000年第1期275卷 390-397页

作者： Okochi, M Walter, J Koyama, A Nakajo, S Baba, M Iwatsubo, T Meijer, L Kahle, PJ Haass, C Univ Munich Adolf Butenandt Inst Dept Biochem D-80336 Munich Germany Univ Tokyo Grad Sch Pharmaceut Sci Dept Neuropathol & Neurosci Tokyo 1130033 Japan Showa Univ Sch Pharmaceut Sci Biol Chem Lab Tokyo Japan CNRS Biol Stn F-29682 Roscoff France

alpha-Synuclein has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease, since rare autosomal dominant mutations are associated with early onset of the disease and alpha-synuclein was found to be a major constituent of Lewy bodies. We have analyzed alpha-synuclein expression in transfected cell lines. In pulse-chase experiments alpha-synuclein appeared to be stable over long periods (t(1/2) 54 h) and no endoproteolytic processing was observed. alpha-Synuclein was constitutively phosphorylated in human kidney 293 cells as well as in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. In both cell lines phosphorylation was highly sensitive to phosphatases, since okadaic acid markedly stabilized phosphate incorporation. Phosphoamino acid analysis revealed that phosphorylation occurred predominantly on serine. Using site-directed mutagenesis we have identified a major phosphorylation site at serine 129 within the C-terminal domain of alpha-synuclein. An additional site, which was phosphorylated less efficiently, was mapped to serine 87. The major phosphorylation site was located within a consensus recognition sequence of casein kinase 1 (CK-1). In vitro experiments and two-dimensional phosphopeptide mapping provided further evidence that serine 129 was phosphorylated by CK-1 and CK-2. Moreover, phosphorylation of serine 129 was reduced in vivo upon inhibition of CK-1 or CK-2. These data demonstrate that alpha-synuclein is constitutively phosphorylated within its C terminus and may indicate that the function of alpha-synuclein is regulated by phosphorylation/dephosphorylation.

关键词：氨基酸序列抗体特异性脑化学酪蛋白激酶Ⅱ 酪蛋白激酶类分子序列数据诱变定点神经组织蛋白质类/遗传学神经组织蛋白质类/免疫学神经组织蛋白质类/代谢 PC12细胞帕金森病/代谢磷蛋白类/遗传学磷蛋白类/免疫学磷蛋白类/代谢磷酰化蛋白激酶抑制剂蛋白激酶类/代谢蛋白质丝氨酸苏氨酸激酶/拮抗剂和抑制剂蛋白质丝氨酸苏氨酸激酶/代谢丝氨酸/遗传学突触核蛋白类 α突触核蛋白动物人类大鼠

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Syne-1, a dystrophin- and klarsicht-related protein associated with synaptic nuclei at the neuromuscular junction

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JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY 2000年第41期275卷 31986-31995页

作者： Apel, ED Lewis, RM Grady, RM Sanes, JR Washington Univ Sch Med Dept Anat & Neurobiol St Louis MO 63110 USA Washington Univ Sch Med Dept Pediat St Louis MO 63110 USA

We describe a novel protein, Syne-1, that is associated with nuclear envelopes in skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle cells. Syne-1 contains multiple spectrin repeats similar to those found in dystrophin and utrophin, as well as a domain homologous to the carboxyl-terminal of Klarsicht, a protein associated with nuclei and required for a subset of nuclear migrations in Drosophila. In adult skeletal muscle fibers, levels of Syne-1 are highest in the nuclei that lie beneath the postsynaptic membrane at: the neuromuscular junction. These nuclei are transcriptionally specialized, expressing genes for synaptic components at higher levels than extrasynaptic nuclei in the same cytoplasm. Syne-1 is the first protein found to be selectively associated with synaptic nuclei. Syne-1 becomes concentrated in synaptic nuclei postnatally. It remains synaptically enriched following denervation or degeneration/regeneration, and is also present at high levels in the central nuclei of dystrophic myotubes. The location and structure of Syne-1 suggest that it may participate in the migration of myonuclei in myotubes and/or their anchoring at the postsynaptic apparatus. Finally, we identify a homologous gene, syne-2, that is expressed in an overlapping but distinct pattern.

关键词：选择性剪接/遗传学氨基酸序列细胞系果蝇蛋白质类肌营养不良蛋白/化学荧光抗体技术基因表达谱昆虫蛋白质类/化学膜转运蛋白质类微丝蛋白质类分子序列数据肌纤维骨骼/细胞学肌纤维骨骼/代谢肌蛋白质类/化学肌蛋白质类/遗传学肌蛋白质类/代谢神经组织蛋白质类/化学神经组织蛋白质类/遗传学神经组织蛋白质类/代谢神经肌肉接头/化学神经肌肉接头/细胞学神经肌肉接头/代谢核被膜/化学核蛋白质类/化学核蛋白质类/遗传学核蛋白质类/代谢沉淀素试验蛋白质结合蛋白质亚型/化学蛋白质亚型/遗传学蛋白质亚型/代谢 RNA 信使/遗传学 RNA 信使/代谢受体蛋白质酪氨酸激酶类/化学受体蛋白质酪氨酸激酶类/遗传学受体蛋白质酪氨酸激酶类/代谢受体胆碱能序列比对双杂交系统技术动物人类小鼠

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Novel inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase localizes at membrane ruffles

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JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY 1999年第51期274卷 36790-36795页

作者： Mochizuki, Y Takenawa, T Univ Tokyo Inst Med Sci Dept Biochem Minato Ku Tokyo 1088639 Japan

We have cloned a novel inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase from the rat brain cDNA library. It contains two highly conserved 5-phosphatase motifs, both of which are essential for its enzymatic activity. Interestingly, the proline content of this protein is high and concentrated in its N- and C-terminal regions. One putative SH3-binding motif and six 14-3-3 zeta-binding motifs were found in the amino acid sequence. This enzyme hydrolyzed phosphate at the D-5 position of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate, and phosphatidylinositoI 4,5-bisphosphate, consistent with the substrate specificity of type II 5-phosphatase, OCRL, synaptojanin and synaptojanin 2, already characterized B-phosphatases. When the Myc-epitope-tagged enzyme was expressed in COS-7 cells and stained with anti-Myc polyclonal antibody, a signal was observed at ruffling membranes and in the cytoplasm. me prepared several deletion mutants and demonstrated that the 123 N-terminal amino acids (311-433) and a C-terminal proline-rich region containing 277 amino acids (725-1001) were essential for its localization to ruffling membranes. This enzyme might regulate the level of inositol and phosphatidylinositoI polyphosphates at membrane ruffles.

关键词：氨基酸序列碱基序列脑/酶学 COS细胞细胞膜/酶学克隆分子膜蛋白质类/遗传学膜蛋白质类/代谢分子序列数据神经组织蛋白质类/遗传学神经组织蛋白质类/代谢磷酸单酯水解酶类/遗传学磷酸单酯水解酶类/分离和提纯磷酸单酯水解酶类/代谢序列比对动物大鼠

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Characterization of four mammalian numb protein isoforms - Identification of cytoplasmic and membrane-associated variants of the phosphotyrosine binding domain

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JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY 1999年第46期274卷 33097-33104页

作者： Dho, SE French, MB Woods, SA McGlade, CJ Hosp Sick Children Arthur & Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Res Ctr Toronto ON M5G 1X8 Canada Univ Toronto Dept Med Biophys Toronto ON M5G 1X8 Canada

Numb is a membrane-associated, phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domain containing protein that functions as an intrinsic determinant of cell fate during Drosophila development. We have identified four isoforms of mammalian Numb with predicted molecular masses of 65, 66, 71, and 72 kDa that are generated by alternative splicing of the Numb mRNA. The different isoforms result from the presence of two sequence inserts within the PTB domain and the central region of the protein. The endogenous expression pattern of these isoforms, examined using specific antisera, varied in different tissues and cell lines, In addition, differentiation of P19 cells with retinoic acid leads to the specific loss of expression of the 71- and 72-kDa Numb proteins, suggesting that the expression of certain forms of Numb protein is regulated in a cell type-specific manner. Expression of Numb proteins fused to green fluorescent protein revealed that the form of the PTB domain with the alternatively spliced insert constitutively associated with the plasma membrane in polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. In contrast, the isoform without the insert was cytoplasmic, suggesting that different PTB domain isoforms may regulate the subcellular localization of Numb proteins. The membrane localization may be due, in part, to differential affinity for acidic phospholipids. The distinct expression and localization patterns of the different mammalian Numb isoforms suggest that they have distinct functional properties.

关键词：氨基酸序列载体蛋白质类/代谢细胞分化/药物作用细胞系细胞膜/代谢克隆分子基因表达调控绿色荧光蛋白质类免疫印迹法发光蛋白质类膜蛋白质类/化学膜蛋白质类/遗传学显微镜检查荧光分子序列数据神经组织蛋白质类/化学神经组织蛋白质类/遗传学磷脂类/代谢磷酸酪氨酸/代谢蛋白质结合蛋白质亚型重组融合蛋白质类维甲酸/药理学泛素蛋白连接酶类动物狗小鼠

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Regulation of complex formation of POB1/epsin/adaptor protein complex 2 by mitotic phosphorylation

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JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY 2000年第24期275卷 18399-18406页

作者： Kariya, K Koyama, S Nakashima, S Oshiro, T Morinaka, K Kikuchi, A Hiroshima Univ Sch Med Dept Biochem Minami Ku Hiroshima 7348551 Japan

RalBP1 and POB1, the downstream molecules of small GTP-binding protein Pal, are involved in receptor-mediated endocytosis together with Epsin and Eps15. The regulation of assembly of the complex of these proteins wits examined. RalBP1, POB1, Epsin, and Eps15 formed a complex with alpha-adaptin of AP-2 in Chinese hamster ovary cells, but the formation was reduced in mitotic phase. RalBP1, POB1, Epsin, and Eps15 were all phosphorylated in mitotic phase. The phosphorylated forms of POB1 and Epsin were recognized by the antibody MPM2, which is known to detect mitotic phosphoproteins. POB1 and Epsin were phosphorylated by p34(cdc2) kinase in vitro. Their phosphorylation sites (Ser(411) of POB1 and Ser(357) Of Epsin) were determined. Phosphorylated Epsin and Epsin(S357D) formed a complex with alpha-adaptin less efficiently than wild type Epsin. Although the EH domain of POB1 bound directly to Epsin, phosphorylation of Epsin inhibited the binding. Furthermore, Epsin(S357D) but not Epsin(S357A) lost the effect of Epsin on the insulin-dependent endocytosis, These results suggest that phosphorylation of Epsin in mitotic phase inhibits receptor-mediated endocytosis by disassembly of its complex with POB1 and alpha-adaptin.

关键词：衔接蛋白质类膜泡运输 CHO细胞载体蛋白质类/遗传学载体蛋白质类/代谢共有序列仓鼠亚科 DNA结合蛋白质类/遗传学 DNA结合蛋白质类/代谢胞吞作用胰岛素/代谢大分子物质有丝分裂诱变定点神经组织蛋白质类/遗传学神经组织蛋白质类/代谢神经肽类/遗传学神经肽类/代谢磷蛋白类/遗传学磷蛋白类/代谢磷酰化信号传导构效关系膜泡运输蛋白质类 ralGTP结合蛋白质类/生理学动物

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A previously undescribed intron and extensive 5′ upstream sequence, but not Phox2a-mediated transactivation, are necessary for high level cell type-specific expression of the human norepinephrine transporter gene

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JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY 1999年第10期274卷 6507-6518页

作者： Kim, CH Kim, HS Cubells, JF Kim, KS Univ Tennessee Coll Med Dept Neurol Memphis TN 38163 USA Univ Tennessee Coll Med Dept Anat & Neurobiol Memphis TN 38163 USA Vet Affairs Connecticut Hlth Care Syst Dept Psychiat West Haven CT 06516 USA Yale Univ Sch Med West Haven CT 06516 USA

The synaptic action of norepinephrine is terminated by NaCl-dependent uptake into presynaptic noradrenergic nerve endings, mediated by the norepinephrine transporter (NET), NET is expressed only in neuronal tissues that synthesize and secrete norepinephrine and in most cases is co-expressed with the norepinephrine-synthetic enzyme dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH), To understand the molecular mechanisms regulating human NET (hNET) gene expression, we isolated and characterized an hNET genomic clone encompassing approximately 9.5 kilobase pairs of the 5' upstream promoter region. Here we demonstrate that the hNET gene contains an as-yet-unidentified intron of 476 base pairs within the 5'-untranslated region. Furthermore, both primer extension and 5'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends analyses identified multiple transcription start sites from mRNAs expressed only in NET-expressing cell lines. The start sites clustered in two subdomains, each preceded by a TATA-like sequence motif, As expected for mature mRNAs, transcripts from most of these sites each contained an additional G residue at the 5' position. Together, the data strongly support the authenticity of these sites as the transcriptional start sites of hNET. We assembled hNET-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter constructs containing different lengths of hNET 5' sequence in the presence or the absence of the first intron, Transient transfection assays indicated that the combination of the 5' upstream sequence and the first intron supported the highest level of noradrenergic cell-specific transcription. Forced expression of the paired-like homeodomain transcription factor Phox2a did not affect hNET promoter activity in NET-negative cell lines, in marked contrast to its effect on a DBH-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter construct. Together with our previous studies suggesting a critical role of Phox2a for noradrenergic-specific expression of the DBH gene, these data support a model in which distinct, or

关键词：氨基酸序列碱基序列载体蛋白质类/遗传学 DNA 互补/分析 DNA 互补/遗传学基因组人同源盒结构域蛋白质类/遗传学内含子/遗传学分子序列数据神经组织蛋白质类/遗传学去甲肾上腺素质膜转运蛋白质类器官特异性协同转运子转录因子/遗传学转录激活转染肿瘤细胞培养的人类

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Neurodegeneration prevented by lentiviral vector delivery of GDNF in primate models of Parkinson's disease

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SCIENCE 2000年第5492期290卷 767-773页

作者： Kordower, JH Emborg, ME Bloch, J Ma, SY Chu, YP Leventhal, L McBride, J Chen, EY Palfi, S Roitberg, BZ Brown, WD Holden, JE Pyzalski, R Taylor, MD Carvey, P Ling, ZD Trono, D Hantraye, P Déglon, N Aebischer, P Rush Presbyterian St Lukes Med Ctr Dept Neurol Sci Chicago IL 60612 USA Rush Presbyterian St Lukes Med Ctr Dept Pharmacol Chicago IL 60612 USA Univ Lausanne Sch Med Div Surg Res Lausanne Switzerland Univ Lausanne Sch Med Gene Therapy Ctr Lausanne Switzerland Univ Wisconsin Dept Med Phys Madison WI 53706 USA Univ Wisconsin Dept Radiol Madison WI 53706 USA Univ Geneva Fac Med Dept Genet & Microbiol Geneva Switzerland Serv Hosp Frederic Joliot CEA Dept Rech Med Direct Rech MedCNRSUnite Rech Associe 2210 Orsay France Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne Swiss Fed Inst Technol CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland

Lentiviral delivery of glial cell Line-derived neurotrophic factor (Lenti-GDNF) was tested for its trophic effects upon degenerating nigrostriatal neurons in nonhuman primate models of Parkinson's disease (PD). We injected lenti-GDNF into the striatum and substantia nigra of nonlesioned aged rhesus monkeys or young adult rhesus monkeys treated 1 week prior with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Extensive GDNF expression with anterograde and retrograde transport was seen in all animals. In aged monkeys, Lenti-GDNF augmented dopaminergic function. In MPTP-treated monkeys, lenti-GDNF reversed functional deficits and completely prevented nigrostriatal degeneration. Additionally, Lenti-GDNF injections to intact rhesus monkeys revealed Long-term gene expression (8 months). In MPTP-treated monkeys, lenti-GDNF treatment reversed motor deficits in a hand-reach task. These data indicate that GDNF delivery using a Lentiviral vector system can prevent nigrostriatal degeneration and induce regeneration in primate models of PD and might be a viable therapeutic strategy for PD patients.

关键词： 1-甲基-4-苯基-1 2 3 6-四氢吡啶衰老抗原 CD/分析二羟苯丙氨酸/类似物和衍生物二羟苯丙氨酸/代谢疾病模型动物多巴胺/代谢基因表达遗传载体胶质细胞源性神经营养因子慢病毒属/遗传学猕猴新纹状体/代谢新纹状体/病理学神经变性/预防和控制神经生长因子类神经组织蛋白质类/遗传学神经组织蛋白质类/代谢神经组织蛋白质类/治疗应用神经元/酶学帕金森病/代谢帕金森病/病理学帕金森病/病理生理学帕金森病/治疗帕金森障碍/代谢帕金森障碍/病理学帕金森障碍/病理生理学帕金森障碍/治疗精神运动性行为黑质/代谢黑质/病理学酪氨酸单氧化酶/代谢动物女(雌)性

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Morphologic differentiation of HL-60 cells is associated with appearance of RPTPβ and induction of Helicobacter pylori VacA sensitivity

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JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY 2000年第20期275卷 15200-15206页

作者： Padilla, PI Wada, A Yahiro, K Kimura, M Niidome, T Aoyagi, H Kumatori, A Anami, M Hayashi, T Fujisawa, J Saito, H Moss, J Hirayama, T Nagasaki Univ Inst Trop Med Dept Bacteriol Nagasaki 852 Japan Nagasaki Univ Inst Trop Med Dept Biochem Nagasaki 8528523 Japan Nagasaki Univ Fac Engn Dept Appl Chem Nagasaki 8528523 Japan Nagasaki Univ Hosp Dept Pathol Nagasaki 8528501 Japan Kansai Med Univ Dept Microbiol Moriguchi Osaka 5708506 Japan Dana Farber Canc Inst Dept Tumor Immunol Boston MA 02115 USA NHKBI Pulm Crit Care Med Branch NIH Bethesda MD 20892 USA

Phorbol la-myristate Is-acetate (PMA) induces differentiation of human leukemic HL-60 cells into cells with macrophage-like characteristics and enhances the susceptibility of HL-60 cells to the Helicobacter pylori VacA toxin (de Bernard, M., Moschioni., M., Papini, E., Telford, J. L., Rappuoli, Il., and Montecucco, C. (1998) FEES Lett. 436, 218-222). We examined the mechanism by which HL-60 cells acquire sensitivity to VacA, in particular, looking for expression of RPTP beta, a VacA-binding protein postulated to be the VacA receptor (Yahiro, K., Niidome, T., Kimura, M., Hatakeyama, T., Aoyagi, H., Kurazono, H., Imagawa, K., Wads, A, Moss, J., and Hirayama, T. (1999) J. BioL Chem, 274, 36693-36699). PMA induced expression of RPTP beta mRNA and protein as determined by RNase protection assay and indirect immunofluorescence studies, respectively. Vitamin D-3 and interferon-gamma, which stimulate differentiation of HL-60 cells into monocyte-like cells, also induced VacA sensitivity and expression of RPTP beta mRNA, whereas 1.2% Me,SO and retinoic acid, which stimulated the maturation of HL-60 into granulocyte-like cells, did not. RPTP beta antisense oligonucleotide inhibited induction of VacA sensitivity and expression of RPTP beta. Double immunostaining studies also indicated that newly expressed RPTP beta colocalized with VacA in PMA-treated HL-60 cells. In agreement with these data, BHK-21 cells, which are insensitive to VacA, when transfected with the RPTP beta cDNA, acquired VacA sensitivity. All data are consistent with the conclusion that acquisition of VacA sensitivity by PMA-treated HL-60 cells results from induction of RPTP beta, a protein that functions as the VacA receptor.

关键词：细菌蛋白质类/毒性细胞分化/药物作用细胞分化/生理学细胞存活/药物作用胆骨化醇/药理学基因表达调控 HL-60细胞幽门螺杆菌干扰素γ/药理学动力学神经组织蛋白质类/遗传学寡核苷酸类反义/药理学蛋白质酪氨酸磷酸酶类/遗传学受体样蛋白质酪氨酸磷酸酶类 5类受体细胞表面/遗传学十四酰佛波乙酯/药理学硫代核苷酸类/药理学转录遗传维甲酸/药理学空泡/药物作用人类

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Functional cooperation of two independent targeting domains in syntaxin 6 is required for its efficient localization in the trans-Golgi network of 3T3L1 adipocytes

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JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY 2000年第2期275卷 1261-1268页

作者： Watson, RT Pessin, JE Univ Iowa Dept Physiol & Biophys Iowa City IA 52242 USA

To identify the targeting domains of syntaxin 6 responsible for its localization to the trans-Golgi network (TGN), we examined the subcellular distribution of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) epitope-tagged syntaxin 6/syntaxin 4 chimerae and syntaxin 6 truncation/deletion mutants in 3T3L1 adipocytes, Expression of EGFP-syntaxin 6 resulted in a perinuclear distribution identical to endogenous syntaxin 6 as determined both by confocal fluorescence microscopy and subcellular fractionation, Furthermore, both the endogenous and the expressed EGFP-syntaxin 6 fusion protein were localized to a brefeldin A-insensitive but okadaic acid-sensitive compartment characteristic of the TGN, In contrast, EGFP-syntaxin 6 constructs lacking the H2 domain were excluded from the TGN and were instead primarily localized to the plasma membrane. Although syntaxin 4 was localized to the plasma membrane, syntaxin 6/syntaxin 4 chimerae and syntaxin 6 truncations containing the H2 domain of syntaxin 6 were predominantly directed to the TGN. Importantly, the syntaxin 6 H2 domain fused to the transmembrane domain of syntaxin 4 was also localized to the TGN, demonstrating that the H2 domain was sufficient to confer TGN localization. In addition to the H2 domain, a tyrosine-based plasma membrane internalization signal (YGRL) was identified between the H1 and H2 domains of syntaxin 6, Deletion of this sequence resulted in the accumulation of the EGFP-syntaxin 6 reporter construct at the plasma membrane. Together, these data demonstrate that syntaxin 6 utilizes two distinct domains to drive its specific subcellular localization to the TGN.

关键词： 3T3细胞脂细胞/代谢脂细胞/超微结构脂肪组织/代谢基因文库高尔基体/代谢高尔基体/超微结构绿色荧光蛋白质类发光蛋白质类/生物合成发光蛋白质类/遗传学膜蛋白质类/遗传学膜蛋白质类/代谢诱变神经组织蛋白质类/遗传学神经组织蛋白质类/代谢 Qa-SNARE蛋白质类重组融合蛋白质类/生物合成序列缺失转染动物小鼠

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