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Regiospecific internal desaturation of aliphatic compounds by a mutant Rhodococcus strain

APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY 1999年第12期65卷 5636-5638页

作者： Koike, K Ara, K Adachi, S Takigawa, P Mori, H Inoue, S Kimura, Y Ito, S Kao Corp Tochigi Res Labs Haga Tochigi 3213497 Japan

A mutant Rhodococcus strain lacking the ability to utilize 1-chlorohexadecane was found to cis-desaturate aliphatic compounds, such as 1-chlorohexadecane, n-hexadecane, and heptadecanonitrile, yielding corresponding products with a double bond mainly at the ninth carbon from the terminal methyl groups. A new oxidative pathway involving the cis desaturation step was suggested for alkane utilization by Rhodococcus spp.

关键词：烷烃类/代谢烃类/代谢烃类氯化/代谢质谱分析法突变腈类/代谢红球菌属/遗传学红球菌属/代谢谱学傅里叶变换红外

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Rhodococcus erythropolis DCL14 contains a novel degradation pathway for limonene

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APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY 1999年第5期65卷 2092-2102页

作者： van der Werf, MJ Swarts, HJ de Bont, JAM Wageningen Univ & Res Ctr Dept Food Technol & Nutrit Sci Div Ind Microbiol NL-6700 EV Wageningen Netherlands Wageningen Univ & Res Ctr Dept Biomol Sci Organ Chem Lab NL-6700 EV Wageningen Netherlands

Strain DCL14, which is able to grow on limonene as a sole source of carbon and energy, was isolated from a freshwater sediment sample. This organism was identified as a strain of Rhadococcus erythropolis by chemotaxonomic and genetic studies. R erythropolis DCL14 also assimilated the terpenes limonene-1,2-epoxide, limonene-1,2-diol, carveol, carvone, and (-)-menthol, while perillyl alcohol was not utilized as a carbon and energy source. Induction tests with cells grown on limonene revealed that the oxygen consumption rates with limonene-1,2-epoxide, limonene-1,2-diol, 1-hydroxy-2-oxolimonene, and carveol were high. Limonene-induced cells of R. erythropolis DCL14 contained the following four novel enzymatic activities involved in the limonene degradation pathway of this microorganism: a flavin adenine dinucleotide- and NADN-dependent limonene 1,a-monooxygenase activity, a cofactor-independent limonene-1,2-epoxide hydrolase activity, a dichlorophenol-indophenol-dependent limonene-1,2-diol dehydrogenase activity, and an NADPH-dependent 1-hydroxy-2-oxolimonene 1,2-monooxygenase activity. Product accumulation studies showed that (1S,2S,4R)-limonene-1,2-diol, (1S,4R)-1-hydroxy-2-oxolinuonene, and (3R)3-isopropenyl-6-oxoheptanoate were intermediates in the (4R)limonene degradation pathway. The opposite enantiomers [(LR,2R,4S)-limonene-1,2-diol, (1R,4S)-1-hydroxy-2-oxolimonene, and (3S)-3-isopropenyl-6-oxoheptanoate] mere found in the (4S)-limonene degradation pathway,while accumulation of (1R,2S,4S)-limonene-1,2-diol from (4S)-limonene was also observed. These results show that R, erythropolis DCL14 metabolizes both enantiomers of limonene via a novel degradation pathway that starts with epoxidation at the 1,2 double bond forming limonene-1,2-epoxide. This epoxide is subsequently converted to limonene-1,2-diol, 1-hydroxy-2-oxolimonene, and 7-hydroxy-4-isopropenyl-7-methyl-2-oxo-oxepanone, This lactone spontaneously rearranges to form 3-isopropenyl-6-oxobeptanoate. In the p

关键词：醇氧化还原酶类/代谢细菌蛋白质类生物降解环境环己烯类环氧水解酶类/代谢淡水/微生物学气相色谱-质谱法地质沉积物/微生物学磁共振波谱学分子序列数据氧化还原氧合酶类/代谢 RNA 细菌/遗传学 RNA 核糖体 16S/遗传学红球菌属/遗传学红球菌属/分离和提纯红球菌属/代谢萜类/化学萜类/代谢

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Physiological adaptations involved in alkane assimilation at a low temperature by Rhodococcus sp strain Q15

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APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY 1999年第7期65卷 2961-2968页

作者： Whyte, LG Slagman, SJ Pietrantonio, F Bourbonnière, L Koval, SF Lawrence, JR Inniss, WE Greer, CW Natl Res Council Canada Biotechnol Res Inst Montreal PQ H4P 2R2 Canada Univ Western Ontario London ON N6A 5C1 Canada Environm Canada Natl Water Res Inst Saskatoon SK S7N 3H5 Canada Univ Waterloo Waterloo ON N2L 3G1 Canada

We examined physiological adaptations which allow the psychrotroph Rhodococcus sp. strain Q15 to assimilate alkanes at a low temperature (alkanes are contaminants which are generally insoluble and/or solid at low temperatures). During growth at 5 degrees C on hexadecane or diesel fuel, strain Q15 produced a cell surface-associated biosurfactant(s) and, compared to glucose-acetate-grown cells, exhibited increased cell surface hydrophobicity. A transmission electron microscopy examination of strain Q15 grown at 5 degrees C revealed the presence of intracellular electron-transparent inclusions and flocs of cells connected by an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) when cells were grown on a hydrocarbon and morphological differences between the EPS of glucose-acetate-grown and diesel fuel-grown cells. A lectin binding analysis performed by using confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM) showed that the EPS contained a complex mixture of glycoconjugates, depending on both the growth temperature and the carbon source. Two glycoconjugates [beta-D-Gal-(1-3)-D-GlcNAc and alpha-L-fucose] were detected only on the surfaces of cells groan on diesel fuel at 5 degrees C. Using scanning electron microscopy, we observed strain Q15 cells on the surfaces of octacosane crystals, and using CSLM, we observed strain Q15 cells covering the surfaces of diesel fuel microdroplets;these findings indicate that this organism assimilates both solid and liquid alkane substrates at a low temperature by adhering to the alkane phase. Membrane fatty acid analysis demonstrated that strain Q15 adapted to growth at a low temperature by decreasing the degree of saturation of membrane lipid fatty acids, but it did so to a lesser extent when it was groan on hydrocarbons at 5 degrees C;these findings suggest that strain Q15 modulates membrane fluidity in response to the counteracting influences of low temperature and hydrocarbon toxicity.

关键词：适应生理学烷烃类/代谢生物降解环境细胞膜/化学脂肪酸类/分析显微镜检查共焦显微镜检查电子显微镜检查电子扫描红球菌属/代谢红球菌属/生理学红球菌属/超微结构表面特性

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Long-range ¹H-¹⁵N heteronuclear shift correlation at natural abundance:: a tool to study benzothiazole biodegradation by two Rhodococcus strains

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APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY 2001年第4期67卷 1412-1417页

作者： Besse, P Combourieu, B Boyse, G Sancelme, M De Wever, H Delort, AM Univ Clermont Ferrand 2 Lab Synthese & Etude Syst Interet Biol UMR 6504 CNRS F-63177 Clermont Ferrand France Katholieke Univ Leuven Lab Soil Fertil & Soil Biol B-3001 Heverlee Belgium

The biodegradation of benzothiazole and 2-hydroxybenzothiazole by two strains of Rhodococcus was monitored by reversed phase high-pressure liquid chromatography and by H-1 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Both xenobiotics were biotransformed into a hydroxylated derivative of 2-hydroxybenzothiazole by these two strains. The chemical structure of this metabolite was determined by a new NMR methodology: long-range H-1-N-15 heteronuclear shift correlation without any previous N-15 enrichment of the compound. This powerful NMR tool allowed us to assign the metabolite structure to 2,6-dihydroxybenzothiazole.

关键词：苯并噻唑类生物降解环境色谱法高压液相/方法磁共振波谱学红球菌属/生长和发育红球菌属/代谢噻唑类/化学噻唑类/代谢

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Biodegradation of phenol in synthetic and industrial wastewater by Rhodococcus erythropolis UPV-1 immobilized in an air-stirred reactor with clarifier

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APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2002年第6期58卷 853-859页

作者： Prieto, MB Hidalgo, A Rodríguez-Fernández, C Serra, JL Llama, MJ Univ Basque Country Fac Sci Dept Biochem & Mol Biol Enzyme & Cell Technol Grp Bilbao 48080 Spain

Phenol biodegradation by suspended and immobilized cells of Rhodococcus erythropolis UPV-1 was studied in discontinuous and continuous mode under optimum culture conditions. Phenol-acclimated cells were adsorbed on diatomaceous earth, where they grew actively forming a biofilm of short filaments. Immobilization protected cells against phenol and resulted in a remarkable enhancement of their respiratory activity and a shorter lag phase preceding active phenol degradation. Under optimum operation conditions in a laboratory-scale air-stirred reactor, the immobilized cells were able to completely degrade phenol in synthetic wastewater at a volumetric productivity of 11.5 kg phenol m(-3) day(-1). Phenol biodegradation was also tested in two different industrial wastewaters (WW1 and WW2) obtained from local resin manufacturing companies, which contained both phenols and formaldehyde. In this case, after wastewater conditioning (i.e., dilution. pH, nitrogen and phosphorous sources and micronutrient amendments) the immobilized cells were able to completely remove the formaldehyde present in both waters. Moreover, they biodegraded phenols completely at a rate of 0.5 kg phenol m(-3) day(-1) in the case of WW1 and partially (but at concentrations lower than 50 mg l(-1)) at 0.1 and 1.0 kg phenol m(-3) day(-1) in the cases of WW2 and WW1, respectively.

关键词：生物降解环境生物反应器显微镜检查电子扫描氧/代谢酚/代谢红球菌属/代谢红球菌属/超微结构水污染物化学性/代谢

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An extractive membrane biofilm reactor for degradation of 1,3-dichloropropene in industrial waste water

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APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 1999年第6期52卷 853-862页

作者： Katsivela, E Bonse, D Krüger, A Strömpl, C Livingston, A Wittich, RM Tech Univ Crete Dept Environm Engn Lab Biochem Engn & Environm Biotechnol Chania 73100 Greece GBF Natl Res Ctr Biotechnol Div Microbiol D-38124 Braunschweig Germany Solvay Deutschland GmbH D-30174 Hannover Germany Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med Dept Chem Engn & Chem Technol London SW7 2BY England

A bacterial biofilm, capable of mineralising a technical mixture of cis- and tr trans-1,3-dichloropropene (DCPE), was enriched on the biomedium side of an extractive membrane biofilm reactor (EMBR). The membrane separates the biomedium from the industrial waste water, in terms of pH, ionic strength and the concentration of toxic chemicals. The biofilm, attached to a silicone membrane? is able to mineralise DCPE after its diffusion through the membrane. Five bacterial strains with degradation capabilities were isolated from the metabolically active biofilm and further investigated in batch experiments. Two of them, Rhodococcus erythropolis strains EK2 and EK5, can grow with DCPE as the sole carbon source. Pseudomonas sp. EK1 utilises cis-3-chloroallylalcohol and cis-3-chloroacrylic acid, whereas the metabolite trans-3-chloroacrylic acid represents a dead-end product of the pathway of this strain. The other two strains, Delftia sp. EK3 and EK4, although unable to grow with DCPE as the carbon source, can transform DCPE and its upper-pathway intermediates at reasonable conversion rates. They may represent helper functions of the biofilm consortium, which mineralised up to 12.5 mmol DCPE per hour per gram of biomass protein. Higher feed rates in the EMBR (up to 15 mmol per hour per 100-1 bioreactor volume) and shock loads corresponding to concentrations up to 1.8 mmol l(-1) led to a significant increase in the freely floating bacterial biomass in the reactor medium (OD546 = 0.2) At the standard operating feed rate of 1.8 mmol h(-1), the free biomass concentration was very low (OD546 = 0.04).

关键词：烯丙化合物/代谢生物降解环境生物膜生物反应器/微生物学革兰氏阴性菌/分离和提纯革兰氏阴性菌/代谢革兰氏阴性菌/生理学危害废弃物工业废弃物假单胞菌属/分离和提纯假单胞菌属/代谢假单胞菌属/生理学红球菌属/分离和提纯红球菌属/代谢红球菌属/生理学时间因素水污染物化学性

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Transformation of 2,2′-dichlorodiisopropyl ether in mixed and pure culture

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APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2001年第3-4期56卷 491-495页

作者： Hauck, R Adrian, L Wendler, P Amidjojo, M Hegemann, W Görisch, H Fachgebiet Tech Biochem Inst Biotechnol Sekr GG1 D-13353 Berlin Germany Fachgebiet Siedlungswasserwirtsch Inst Tech Umweltschutz D-10623 Berlin Germany

An aerobic enrichment culture derived from a groundwater contaminated with organic and chloroorganic compounds was adapted to the transformation of 2,2 ' -dichlorodiisopropyl ether (DDE) in a continuous fixed-bed bioreactor. Continuous DDE removal efficiencies over 90% were achieved with a model water containing 3.3 mM methanol as co-substrate at DDE loading rates of up to 150 pmol l(-1) day(-1) with a hydraulic retention time of 24 h. In batch cultures, a stoichiometric release of 2 mu mol chloride per pmol DDE transformed was observed. From the mixed culture, a strain was isolated that is able to grow on DDE as the sole energy and carbon source, tolerating DDE concentrations of up to 1 mM. Based on 16S rRNA sequencing, the strain is affiliated with the genus Rhodococcus.

关键词：需氧生活生物降解环境生物反应器氯化物/代谢培养基生态系统乙醚类/代谢淡水/微生物学基因 rRNA 分子序列数据 RNA 核糖体 16S/遗传学红球菌属/分类红球菌属/遗传学红球菌属/生长和发育红球菌属/代谢序列分析 DNA 水污染化学性

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Effects of surfactant mixtures, including Corexit 9527, on bacterial oxidation of acetate and alkanes in crude oil

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APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY 1999年第4期65卷 1658-1661页

作者： Bruheim, P Bredholt, H Eimhjellen, K Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol Fac Chem & Biol Dept Biotechnol N-7491 Trondheim Norway

Mixtures of nonionic and anionic surfactants, including Corexit 9527, were tested to determine their effects on bacterial oxidation of acetate and alkanes in crude oil by cells pregrown on these substrates, Corexit 9527 inhibited oxidation of the alkanes in crude oil by Acinetobacter calcoaceticus ATCC 31012, while Span 80, a Corexit 9527 constituent, markedly increased the oil oxidation rate. Another Corexit 9527 constituent, the negatively charged dioctyl sulfosuccinate (AOT), strongly reduced the oxidation rate. The combination of Span 80 and AOT increased the rate, but not as much as Span 80 alone increased it, which tentatively explained the negative effect of Corexit 9527, The results of acetate uptake and oxidation experiments indicated that the nonionic surfactants interacted with the acetate uptake system while the anionic surfactant interacted with the oxidation system of the bacteria. The overall effect of Corexit 9527 on alkane oxidation by A. calcoaceticus ATCC 31012 thus seems to be the sum of the independent effects of the individual surfactants in the surfactant mixture. When Rhodococcus sp, strain 094 was used, the alkane oxidation rate decreased to almost zero in the presence of a mixture of Tergitol 15-S-7 and AOT even though the Tergitol 15-S-7 surfactant increased the alkane oxidation rate and AOT did not affect it. This indicated that there was synergism between the two surfactants rather than an additive effect like that observed for ii. calcoaceticus ATCC 31012.

关键词：乙酸盐类/代谢不动杆菌乙酸钙/药物作用不动杆菌乙酸钙/生长和发育不动杆菌乙酸钙/代谢烷烃类/代谢脂类氧化还原/药物作用石油/代谢红球菌属/药物作用红球菌属/生长和发育红球菌属/代谢表面活性剂/药理学

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Biodesulfurization

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CURRENT OPINION IN MICROBIOLOGY 1999年第3期2卷 257-264页

作者： McFarland, BL MicroBioTech Consulting Davis CA 95616 USA

Microbial sulfur-specific transformations have been identified that selectively desulfurize organic sulfur compounds in fossil fuels. Recent discoveries related to biodesulfurization mechanisms may lead to commercial applications of biodesulfurization through engineering recombinant strains for over-expression of biodesulfurization genes, removal of end product repression, and/or by combining relevant industrial and environmental traits with improvements in bioprocess design.

关键词：细菌/代谢生物降解环境红球菌属/代谢硫化合物/代谢噻吩类/代谢

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Degradation of alicyclic molecules by Rhodococcus ruber CD4

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APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 1999年第1期52卷 85-90页

作者： Schumacher, JD Fakoussa, RM Univ Bonn Inst Mikrobiol & Biotechnol D-53115 Bonn Germany

The present work describes investigations on the bacterial degradation of the alicyclic molecule cyclododecane. It represents a structure where the initial degradative steps have to be similar to a "subterminal" attack as there is no "terminal" part of the molecule. We were able to show that the gram-positive bacterium Rhodococcus ruber CD4 DSM 44394 oxidizes cyclododecane to the corresponding alcohol and ketone, the latter being subject to ring fission by a Baeyer-Villiger oxygenase. This key enzyme is an NADPH- and O-2-dependent flavoprotein with a substrate specificity for bigger rings. The further metabolism of the resulting lactone gives rise to an omega-hydroxyalkanoic acid that is susceptible to common beta-oxidation. Due to its alicyclic character and its ring size, cyclododecane is comparable to aliphatic bridge components that are an important element in the coal texture. They contribute to the three-dimensional coal structure and thus could serve as a valuable target for the oxidative abilities of R. ruber CD4 to reduce the molecular mass of coal.

关键词：生物降解环境烃类脂环/化学烃类脂环/代谢氧化还原氧合酶类/代谢红球菌属/酶学红球菌属/生长和发育红球菌属/代谢

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