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Alcohol, intelligence and violent crime in young males

JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE 1998年第3期10卷 309-319页

作者： Welte, JW Wieczorek, WF Res Inst Addict Buffalo NY 14203 USA Ctr Hlth & Social Res Buffalo NY USA

Research has demonstrated a relationship between alcohol and violent behavior but proof of a causal connection remains elusive. A recent review concluded that the key task that remained was to identify sub-groups of the population for which alcohol promotes violence. Because alcohol might induce violence by causing cognitive disruption (e.g., misunderstood communication), less intelligent per-sons could be vulnerable because they start out closer to the lower limit of comprehension. Our objective is to investigate the effect of lower intelligence on the alcohol/violence relationship. This analysis uses data from the Buffalo Longitudinal Study of Young Men to investigate this hypothesis. Males, 16 to 19 years of age (N = 596), were selected from Buffalo, NY by random digit dialing. High-risk males were oversampled. Two interviews were conducted 18 months apart, including drinking, criminal offenses, and psychological traits. Verbal intelligence was measured by the Ammons Quick Test and visual-motor intelligence by the Trail Making Test. An analysis of covariance was conducted with wave 2 average alcohol consumption and both measures of intelligence as independent variables, violent offending as the dependent variable, and race wave 1 alcohol and wave 1 violence as covariates. Results show a positive main effect of wave 2 alcohol consumption, but also interactions with both verbal and visual-motor intelligence. These interactions indicate that the prevalence of violence increases significantly at low intelligence and high alcohol consumption levels. A parallel analysis with nonviolent offending as the dependent variable failed to find significant interactions. The combination of heavy drinking and lower intelligence is associated with a synergistic surge of violent behavior.

关键词：酒精中毒/流行病学酒精中毒/心理学因果律罪行/心理学罪行/统计学和数值数据智力纽约/流行病学危险因素暴力/心理学暴力/统计学和数值数据青少年人类男(雄)性

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The nature and diurnal variation of criminal acts committed by patients with mood disorders

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2000年第1期23卷 53-59页

作者： Kageyama, J Ishii, T Hasegawa, N Saito, K Kusaka, K Tokyo Inst Technol Hlth Serv Ctr Meguro Ku Tokyo 1528550 Japan Tokyo Med & Dent Univ Med Res Inst Tokyo Japan Oodori Pk Mental Clin Sapporo Hokkaido Japan

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Psychopathy (PCL-R) predicts violent recidivism among criminal offenders with personality disorders in Sweden

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LAW AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR 1999年第2期23卷 205-217页

作者： Grann, M Långström, N Tengström, A Kullgren, G Karolinska Inst Div Forens Psychiat S-14104 Huddinge Sweden

Psychopathy as conceptualized with Hare's Psychopathy Checklist Revised, PCL-R, has attracted much research during the 1990s. In the Scandinavian countries, few studies that empirically support the validity of North American risk assessment techniques in our regional context have been published. The purpose of this paper is to explore the predictive power of the PCL-R in a population of personality-disordered violent offenders subjected to forensic psychiatric evaluation in Sweden. Following release from prison (n = 172), discharge from forensic psychiatric treatment (n = 129), or probation (n = 51), a total of 352 individuals were followed for up to 8 years (mean = 3.7 years) with reconviction for violent crime as endpoint variable (base rare 34%). As the estimate of predictive power;the area under the curve of a receiver operating characteristic (AUC of ROC) analysis was calculated. For PCL-R scores to predict 2-year violent recidivism, AUC of ROC was .72 (95% CI:.66-.78). In addition, the personality dimension of psychopathy (Factor I) and the behavioral component (Factor 2) both predicted 2-year recidivism significantly better than random: AUC of ROC .64 (95% CI:.57-.70) and .71 (95% CI:.65-.77), respectively. We conclude that psychopathy is probably as valid a predictor of violent recidivism in Swedish forensic settings as seen in previous North American studies.

关键词：反社会性人格障碍/心理学罪行/统计学和数值数据随访研究回归分析回顾性研究危险存活率分析瑞典暴力/心理学青少年成年人老年人女(雌)性人类男(雄)性中年人

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Illuminating crime - The impact of street lighting on calls for police service

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EVALUATION REVIEW 1998年第6期22卷 751-779页

作者： Quinet, KD Nunn, S Indiana Univ Bloomington IN 47405 USA

This study reports on an evaluation of the effects of street lights on crime in several Indianapolis neighborhood. Crime was measured in terms of calls for police service (CFS).. Using a quasiexperimental design, we performed analyses on four multiblock areas, three intersections, and two aggregated address groups. Two control areas were matched to two multiblock areas that received enhanced lighting. Of the nine target areas, six showed evidence of lower CFS volumes after more lighting. We analyzed the mean weekly CFS in the pre- and postinstallation periods. Two lighted areas had a lower mean weekly CFS after installation. The more illuminated target area experienced a greater reduction in average CFS for property and miscellaneous crimes than did the control area.

关键词：罪行/预防和控制罪行/统计学和数值数据数据收集发病率印第安纳采光警察/利用问卷调查参考值危险性评估统计数据女(雌)性人类男(雄)性

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Psychopathy and offender types -: Results from a Portuguese prison sample

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 1999年第3-4期22卷 337-346页

作者： Gonçalves, RA Univ Minho Inst Educ & Psychol Dept Psychol P-4700 Braga Portugal

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The insanity defense: Five years of research (1993-1997)

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 1999年第3-4期22卷 213-240页

作者： Lymburner, JA Roesch, R Simon Fraser Univ Mental Hlth law & Policy Inst Dept Psychol Vancouver BC V5A 1S6 Canada

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Criminal behavior and emotional disorder: Comparing youth served by the mental health and juvenile justice systems

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JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL HEALTH SERVICES & RESEARCH 2000年第2期27卷 227-237页

作者： Rosenblatt, JA Rosenblatt, A Biggs, EE Univ Calif San Francisco Child Serv Res Grp San Francisco CA 94104 USA

This study explored whether youth involved in joint service systems differed from single-agency users in terms of types of crimes committed and clinical functioning. Data from 4, 924 youth involved in one county's public mental health and juvenile justice service systems were examined. Twenty percent of those youth receiving mental health services had recent arrest records, and 30% of youth arrested received mental health services. Of all youth arrested in the county, mental health service users had more arrests than non-mental health service users. A subsample of 94 mental health service users with arrests was matched on demographics with 94 mental health service users without arrests. Youth with arrests had a higher frequency of conduct disorder higher Child Behavior Checklist Externalizing and Total Problem Scale scores, and more functional impairment on the Child and Adolescent Functional Assessment Scale as compared to youth without arrests. Implications for behavioral health service delivery were discussed.

关键词：加利福尼亚/流行病学病例对照研究社区精神卫生服务/组织和管理社区精神卫生服务/统计学和数值数据罪行/人种学罪行/心理学罪行/统计学和数值数据体内外控制青少年犯罪/人种学青少年犯罪/心理学青少年犯罪/统计学和数值数据精神障碍/并发症精神障碍/流行病学精神障碍/人种学精神障碍/心理学患病率精神病状态评定量表青少年儿童女(雌)性人类男(雄)性中年人

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CRIMINAL VICTIMIZATION AMONG PRIMARY CARE MEDICAL PATIENTS - PREVALENCE, INCIDENCE, AND PHYSICIAN USAGE

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BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES & THE LAW 1991年第1期9卷 85-96页

作者： KOSS, MP WOODRUFF, WJ KOSS, PG THOMAS DAVIS MED CTR INC STAFF INTERNAL MEDTUCSONAZ UNIV ARIZONA DEPT PSYCHIATTUCSONAZ 85721 UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES INST NEUROPSYCHIATLOS ANGELESCA 90024

The study addressed the extent to which primary care physicians encounter crime victims in their practices. Crime prevalence and incidence rates were calculated from responses to a mailed survey of 2,291 women medical patients (45% response rate). The prevalence of crime victimization was 57%. The 12 month incidence of violent crime was 118 per 1,000 patients. Most notable was the finding that rape incidence was approximately 15 times higher than National Crime Survey estimates for women, even after adjustment for telescoping. Post-crime physician usage was documented by medical chart review. Although few crime victims required hospitalization for injuries, virtually all made out-patient physician visits in each of two post-crime years. The findings suggest that physicians are an important potential source of assistance for traumatized crime victims.

关键词：罪行/统计学和数值数据人口统计学发病率俄亥俄医师家庭/利用患病率问卷调查回顾性研究暴力创伤和损伤/流行病学创伤和损伤/病因学青少年成年人老年人女(雌)性人类男(雄)性中年人

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The causes and costs of crime and a controversial cure

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JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2000年第3期68卷 559-605页

作者： Lykken, DT Univ Minnesota Minneapolis MN 55455 USA

In spite of recent modest decreases, the epidemic of crime that began in the United States in the early 1960s has left us with a rate of violent crime that is still some 300% higher than it was 40 years ago. The usual suspects-poverry, the easy availability of street drugs and handguns, violent television programs-cannot account for this ominous trend. The fact that African Americans are responsible for nearly half of this violence, although they constitute only about one-eighth of the U.S. population, is the principal reason why the great improvement in race relations made over the past half-century has reached an asymptote. White fears, and Black resentment of these fears, are a grave threat to further progress. It is argued here that the main reason for this epidemic of crime and violence is the rapid recent increase in the proportion of the young people aged 15 to 24 who have grown up unsocialized. It is argued Further that most of these feral youngsters are sociopaths, defined as genetically normal children whose failure of socialization was due to their being domiciled with an immature, overburdened, unsocialized, or otherwise incompetent parent or parents.

关键词：罪行/经济学罪行/预防和控制罪行/统计学和数值数据环境行使父母职责人格障碍/遗传学贫困社会行为社会化美国/流行病学暴力青少年成年人人类男(雄)性

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Reconviction after discharge from a regional secure unit

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MEDICINE SCIENCE AND THE LAW 2000年第2期40卷 156-157页

作者： Falla, S Sugarman, P Roberts, L Kent Forens Psychiat Serv Trevor Gibbens Unit Maidstone ME16 9QQ Kent England

There are at present no published data on criminal conviction following discharge from medium-secure psychiatric facilities in the United Kingdom. The results of an audit at the Kent Forensic Psychiatry Service found a 7% rate for serious offences in an average follow-up period of three years and five months, a figure similar to high-security hospital studies. Only one serious offence was unknown to the clinical team. Reports on larger samples are awaited.

关键词：罪行/预防和控制罪行/统计学和数值数据英格兰随访研究医院精神病/统计学和数值数据精神障碍病人出院/统计学和数值数据人类

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