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The causes and costs of crime and a controversial cure

JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2000年第3期68卷 559-605页

作者： Lykken, DT Univ Minnesota Minneapolis MN 55455 USA

In spite of recent modest decreases, the epidemic of crime that began in the United States in the early 1960s has left us with a rate of violent crime that is still some 300% higher than it was 40 years ago. The usual suspects-poverry, the easy availability of street drugs and handguns, violent television programs-cannot account for this ominous trend. The fact that African Americans are responsible for nearly half of this violence, although they constitute only about one-eighth of the U.S. population, is the principal reason why the great improvement in race relations made over the past half-century has reached an asymptote. White fears, and Black resentment of these fears, are a grave threat to further progress. It is argued here that the main reason for this epidemic of crime and violence is the rapid recent increase in the proportion of the young people aged 15 to 24 who have grown up unsocialized. It is argued Further that most of these feral youngsters are sociopaths, defined as genetically normal children whose failure of socialization was due to their being domiciled with an immature, overburdened, unsocialized, or otherwise incompetent parent or parents.

关键词：罪行/经济学罪行/预防和控制罪行/统计学和数值数据环境行使父母职责人格障碍/遗传学贫困社会行为社会化美国/流行病学暴力青少年成年人人类男(雄)性

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Crime, criminals, and cures: Medical model revisited

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JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2000年第3期68卷 607-613页

作者： Sampson, RJ Univ Chicago Dept Sociol Chicago IL 60637 USA

David Lykken's target article assesses the causes of crime and advocates a controversial "cure"-parental licensure. Although Lykken gets many of the facts about criminals right, ultimately the disease metaphor breaks down. Crime requires three things-motivated offenders ("criminals"), suitable targets or victims, and the absence of capable guardians to prevent the act. Typical of medical model approaches, failure to consider the convergence in time and space of the three necessary elements for crime results in a misdiagnosis. In this invited commentary, I briefly note three reasons why Lykken's cure, along with the medical model in general, is unlikely to bear fruit.

关键词：罪行/预防和控制罪行/发展趋势家庭/心理学心理学理论人类

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Beyond prediction to explanation in risk assessment research - A comparison of two explanatory theories of criminality and recidivism

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2000年第2期23卷 91-112页

作者： Krauss, DA Sales, BD Becker, JV Figueredo, AJ Univ Arizona Dept Psychol Tucson AZ 85721 USA

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Reconviction after discharge from a regional secure unit

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MEDICINE SCIENCE AND THE LAW 2000年第2期40卷 156-157页

作者： Falla, S Sugarman, P Roberts, L Kent Forens Psychiat Serv Trevor Gibbens Unit Maidstone ME16 9QQ Kent England

There are at present no published data on criminal conviction following discharge from medium-secure psychiatric facilities in the United Kingdom. The results of an audit at the Kent Forensic Psychiatry Service found a 7% rate for serious offences in an average follow-up period of three years and five months, a figure similar to high-security hospital studies. Only one serious offence was unknown to the clinical team. Reports on larger samples are awaited.

关键词：罪行/预防和控制罪行/统计学和数值数据英格兰随访研究医院精神病/统计学和数值数据精神障碍病人出院/统计学和数值数据人类

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Public opinion and punitivity

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 1999年第3-4期22卷 373-392页

作者： Kury, H Ferdinand, T Univ Freiburg Freiburg Germany So Illinois Univ Dept Psychol Carbondale IL 62901 USA

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Factors predicting continued violence into young adulthood

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JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENCE 1999年第1期22卷 3-20页

作者： Scholte, EM Leiden Univ Dept Educ Psychol NL-2333 AE Leiden Netherlands

The delinquent behaviour of a sample of 150 Dutch adolescent to young adult juveniles was examined. These juveniles were arrested because of status offences and delinquency. Arrested adolescent juveniles reported more delinquent behaviour than adolescents in the normal youth population. At the onset of adulthood the number of previously arrested youth reporting serious delinquent behaviour had substantially dropped. This developmental pattern is comparable to the pattern found in the general population of normal adolescents. It suggests that the delinquency of many arrested juveniles is largely adolescence-limited, similar to the delinquency of normal youth. However, about one-third of the arrested juveniles continued to engage in delinquent behaviour into young adulthood. A longitudinal analysis of factors predicting continued violence into adulthood revealed that serious delinquency during adolescence, as well as increased parental control and decreased parental support, were associated with increased delinquency in early adulthood. (C) 1999 The Association for Professionals in Services for Adolescents.

关键词：罪行/预防和控制罪行/心理学随访研究体内外控制青少年犯罪/预防和控制青少年犯罪/心理学荷兰行使父母职责/心理学囚犯/心理学危险因素暴力/预防和控制暴力/心理学青少年成年人女(雌)性人类男(雄)性

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Dangerous offender statutes in the United States and Canada - Implications for risk assessment

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 1999年第3-4期22卷 393-415页

作者： Heilbrun, K Ogloff, JRP Picarello, K Med Coll Penn & Hahnemann Univ Dept Clin & Hlth Psychol Law Psychol Program Philadelphia PA 19102 USA Simon Fraser Univ Vancouver BC Canada

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Reductions in criminality subsequent to group, individual, and family therapy in adolescent residential and day treatment settings

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GROUP PSYCHOTHERAPY 1999年第3期49卷 307-322页

作者： Byrnes, EI Hansen, KG Malloy, TE Carter, C Curry, D Univ Utah Inst Social Res Grad Sch Social Work Salt Lake City UT 84112 USA Valley Mental Hlth Inc Salt Lake City UT USA Univ Utah Dept Psychol Salt Lake City UT 84112 USA

The complete population of adolescents in a residential and day-treatment program over a 4-year-period, 532 youths, served in two studies. Along With residential and day-treatment settings, predictive variables of interest were the number of hours spent in group, individual, and family therapy. A total of 227 adolescents qualified for Study 1 which found a reduction of rates of criminal charges from pre- to posttreatment Study 1 also found that hours in group therapy explained the most variance in the reduction in rates of criminal charges,followed closely by hours in individual therapy. Hours in family therapy was not a significant predictor. A total of 430 adolescents qualified for Study 2, which found that residential treatment was associated with greater reductions in adult correctional commitments than day treatment. Implications stress the need for further research examining the relationships between therapeutic components of residential treatment and behavioral outcomes.

关键词：青春期心理学认知疗法罪行/预防和控制犯罪心理学数据收集日间住院医疗/方法家庭心理疗法青少年犯罪/预防和控制青少年犯罪/康复心理疗法分组复发地区医疗规划/统计学和数值数据寄托治疗/方法回顾性研究社会行为障碍/治疗治疗结果犹他青少年成年人儿童女(雌)性人类男(雄)性

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Illuminating crime - The impact of street lighting on calls for police service

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EVALUATION REVIEW 1998年第6期22卷 751-779页

作者： Quinet, KD Nunn, S Indiana Univ Bloomington IN 47405 USA

This study reports on an evaluation of the effects of street lights on crime in several Indianapolis neighborhood. Crime was measured in terms of calls for police service (CFS).. Using a quasiexperimental design, we performed analyses on four multiblock areas, three intersections, and two aggregated address groups. Two control areas were matched to two multiblock areas that received enhanced lighting. Of the nine target areas, six showed evidence of lower CFS volumes after more lighting. We analyzed the mean weekly CFS in the pre- and postinstallation periods. Two lighted areas had a lower mean weekly CFS after installation. The more illuminated target area experienced a greater reduction in average CFS for property and miscellaneous crimes than did the control area.

关键词：罪行/预防和控制罪行/统计学和数值数据数据收集发病率印第安纳采光警察/利用问卷调查参考值危险性评估统计数据女(雌)性人类男(雄)性

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CHALLENGES IN PREVENTING SUICIDE

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DEATH STUDIES 1994年第6期18卷 623-639页

作者： LESTER, D CTR STUDY SUICIDE BLACKWOOD NJ USA

The success of traditional suicide prevention efforts is evaluated and found wanting. Some encouraging recent developments are noted, and it is suggested that suicidologists might also profitably consider the strategi... 详细信息

关键词：社区精神卫生中心罪行/预防和控制卫生服务需求热线青少年犯罪/预防和控制大众媒体精神卫生服务/组织和管理一级预防/组织和管理物质相关性障碍/预防和控制自杀/预防和控制美国人类

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