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EFFECTS OF ALPHA-MSH ON MOTIVATION, VIGILANCE AND BRAIN RESPIRATION

PHARMACOLOGY BIOCHEMISTRY AND BEHAVIOR 1976年第Suppl 1期5卷 59-64页

作者： PANKSEPP, J REILLY, P BISHOP, P MEEKER, RB VILBERG, TR KASTIN, AJ BOWLING GREEN STATE UNIV DEPT PSYCHOLBOWLING GREENOH 43403 VET ADM HOSP MED SERVENDOCRINOL SECTNEW ORLEANSLA 70146 TULANE UNIV SCH MEDDEPT MEDNEW ORLEANSLA 70122

In a series of experiments designed to assess the effects of alpha-MSH on various motivational processes, it was observed that the hormone can slightly decrease food intake and increase water consumption during the first hr after administration in rats. alpha-MSH also modified avoidance behavior in 1- and 3-day-old chicks, but there were no reliable effects on activity, distress vocalizations and the tonic immobility response. alpha-MSH appeared to modulate the sleep-waking activity of rats, and the most prominent effect was an increase of slow wave sleep during the 2-3 rd hr after treatment. A possible second effect was a homogenization of sleep patterns--with poor sleepers exhibiting increases of activated sleep and good sleepers a reduction. Measurement of in vitro brain oxygen consumption indicated that mice treated with alpha-MSH exhibit an 18% reduction in respiration of the brain stem section which includes the locus coeruleus, but did not reliably change respiration in forebrain cortices. alpha-MSH also produced a modest 14% increase of plasma glucose. These results are discussed in terms of possible modulation by alpha-MSH of activity in central autonomic cell groups such as the locus coeruleus.

关键词：动物新生回避学习/药物作用行为动物/药物作用脑/药物作用脑干/药物作用脑干/代谢大脑皮质/药物作用大脑皮质/代谢鸡饮行为/药物作用脑电描记术摄食行为/药物作用黑素细胞刺激激素类/药理学动机器官特异性氧耗量/药物作用睡眠/药物作用睡眠期/药物作用觉醒状态/药物作用动物男(雄)性小鼠大鼠

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Adenosinergic modulation of rat basal forebrain neurons during sleep and waking: neuronal recording with microdialysis

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JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LONDON 1999年第3期521卷 679-690页

作者： Alam, MN Szymusiak, R Gong, H King, J McGinty, D Vet Affairs Greater Los Angeles Hlth Care Syst North Hills CA 91343 USA Univ Calif Los Angeles Sch Med Dept Med Los Angeles CA 90033 USA Univ Calif Los Angeles Dept Psychol Los Angeles CA 90033 USA

1. The cholinergic system of the basal forebrain (BF) is hypothesized to play an important role in behavioural and electrocortical arousal. Adenosine has been proposed as a sleep-promoting substance that induces sleep by inhibiting cholinergic neurons of the BF and brainstem. However, adenosinergic influences on the activity of BF neurons in naturally awake and sleeping animals have not been demonstrated. 2. We recorded the sleep-make discharge profile of BF neurons and simultaneously assessed adenosinergic influences on wake- and sleep-related activity of these neurons by delivering adenosinergic agents adjacent to the recorded neurons with a microdialysis probe. Discharge rates of BF neurons were recorded through two to three sleep-wake episodes during baseline (artificial cerebrospinal fluid perfusion), and after delivering an adenosine transport inhibitor (s-(p-nitrobenzyl)-6-thioinosine;NBTI), or exogenous adenosine, or a selective adenosine A1. receptor antagonist (8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine;CPDX). 3. NBTI and adenosine decreased the discharge rate of BF neurons during both waking and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. In contrast, CPDX increased the discharge rate of BF neurons during both waking and NREM sleep. These results suggest that in naturally awake and sleeping animals, adenosine exerts tonic inhibitory influences on BF neurons, supporting the hypothesized role of adenosine in sleep regulation. 4. However, in the presence of exogenous adenosine, NBTI or CPDX, BF neurons retained their wake- and sleep-related discharge patterns, i.e. still exhibited changes in discharge rate during transitions between waking and NREM sleep. This suggests that other neuro transmitters/neuromodulators also contribute to the sleep-wake discharge modulation of BF neurons.

关键词：腺苷/生理学脑电描记术肌电描记术微透析神经元/药物作用神经元/生理学前脑/解剖学和组织学前脑/细胞学前脑/生理学大鼠 Sprague-Dawley 睡眠/药物作用睡眠/生理学觉醒状态/药物作用觉醒状态/生理学动物男(雄)性大鼠

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Evidence that wakefulness and REM sleep are controlled by a GABAergic pontine mechanism

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JOURNAL OF NEUROPHYSIOLOGY 1999年第4期82卷 2015-2019页

作者： Xi, MC Morales, FR Chase, MH Univ Calif Los Angeles Sch Med Dept Physiol Los Angeles CA 90095 USA Univ Calif Los Angeles Sch Med Brain Res Inst Los Angeles CA 90095 USA

The pontine microinjection of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA and its agonist induced prolonged periods of wakefulness in unanesthetized, chronic cats. Conversely, the application of bicuculline, a GABA(A) antagonist, resulted in the occurrence of episodes of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep of long duration. Furthermore, administration of antisense oligonucleotides against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) mRNA into the same area produced a significant decrease in wakefulness and an increase in REM sleep. Microinjections of glycine, another major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS, and its antagonist, strychnine, did not have any effect on the behavioral states of sleep and wakefulness. These data argue forcibly that 1) GABAergic neurons play a pivotal role in determining the occurrence of both wakefulness and REM sleep and 2) the functional sequelea of inhibitory GABA actions within the pontine reticular formation are excitatory directives and/or behaviors.

关键词：荷包牡丹碱/投药和剂量荷包牡丹碱/药理学卡巴胆碱/药理学 GABA-A受体拮抗剂基因表达调控酶学/药物作用谷氨酸脱羧酶/遗传学甘氨酸/药理学微量注射寡脱氧核糖核苷酸类反义/药理学脑桥/药物作用脑桥/生理学蛋白质生物合成睡眠快速眼运动/药物作用睡眠快速眼运动/生理学士的宁/药理学硫代核苷酸类/药理学觉醒状态/药物作用觉醒状态/生理学 γ氨基丁酸/投药和剂量 γ氨基丁酸/药理学 γ氨基丁酸/生理学动物猫

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EFFECTS OF LITHIUM-CHLORIDE ON SLEEP PATTERNS IN RAT

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PHARMACOLOGY BIOCHEMISTRY AND BEHAVIOR 1976年第5期5卷 547-550页

作者： DANGUIR, J NICOLAIDIS, S PERINOMARTEL, MC COLL FRANCE NEUROBIOL REGULAT LAB F-75231 PARIS 5 FRANCE

Continuous EEG recordings were performed in rats both after saline injections (control days) and after LiCl treatments. LiCl administration was always followed by an initial period of general distress and sleep inhibition during 2-3 h after low toxic doses (1.5 meq/kg) and a much longer period (10 h) after high toxic doses (3 meq/kg). Once this state was overcome, the pharmacological effect of lithimia seemed to potentiate sleep and particularly paradoxical sleep (PS). This potentiation of PS appears to occur once lithimia reaches levels used in human therapeutics.

关键词：昼夜节律脑电描记术学习/药物作用锂/药理学睡眠/药物作用睡眠剥夺觉醒状态/药物作用动物男(雄)性大鼠

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Phillip Gett Memorial Lecture. Awareness in anaesthesia

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Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 1975年第4期3卷 334-340页

作者： Utting, J.E. United Kingdom

An attempt is made to assess the importance of awareness and dreaming in patients subjected to light anaesthesia with muscle relaxants. Frank awareness is probably an uncommon event if the anaesthetic be given compete... 详细信息

关键词：麻醉全身麻醉吸入梦/药物作用肌松弛药中枢性氧化亚氮硫喷妥钠筒箭毒碱通气机机械觉醒状态/药物作用人类

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Diazepam prophylaxis for lignocaine induced convulsions

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Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 1975年第4期3卷 331-333页

作者： Jain, P.D. Pandey, K. Chandra, H.K. India

The effectiveness of intraperitoneal phenobarbitone (4 mg/kg), pentobarbitone (6 mg/kg) and diazepam (2.5, 5 and 7.5 mg/kg) in preventing lignocaine induced seizures was studied in rats. Although the barbiturates exerted a marked depressant action on wakefulness and gait of the rats, they were still associated with a very high incidence of convulsions and deaths following 100 mg/kg intraperitoneal lignocaine hydrochloride. Diazepam, however, even in doses (2.5 and 5 mg/kg) which did not produce marked sedation was able to completely prevent convulsions. Mortality was not completely prevented as one animal in each of the groups receiving these doses died without convulsing. Diazepam in the dose of 7.5 mg/kg completely prevented the seizures as well as the mortality but exerted a more profound effect on wakefulness and gait of the animals. The effectiveness of diazepam pretreatment in preventing lignocaine induced seizures in rats is confirmed.

关键词：地西泮/投药和剂量步态注射腹腔内利多卡因/副作用利多卡因/拮抗剂和抑制剂苯巴比妥/投药和剂量发作/化学诱导发作/预防和控制觉醒状态/药物作用动物大鼠

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Melatonin for the treatment of handicapped children with severe sleep disorders

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PEDIATRIC NEUROLOGY 2000年第3期23卷 229-232页

作者： Jan, MMS King Abdulaziz Univ Hosp Dept Pediat Div Neurol Jeddah 21452 Saudi Arabia Coll Med & Allied Hlth Sci Jeddah Saudi Arabia

Sleep disorders are common in children with mental retardation and neurologic disorders. Melatonin, a recently developed natural compound, has been used successfully in sleep disorders. I report my experience with melatonin in an open, prospective trial to treat circadian rhythm sleep disorder in handicapped children. The sleep disorder had been present for at least 6 months and had not responded to at least one hypnotic drug. The therapeutic response was recorded according to the average number of hours asleep per 24 hours, average number of awakening per night, average number of nights with delayed sleep onset, and average number of nights with early morning arousals. Ten consecutive children (four males, six females;age range = 1-11 years, mean 5.4) were included. Nine children had documented mental retardation that was severe in six (67%). Most had epilepsy and visual impairment (70%). All children were monitored for 4-12 months (mean 7.5 months) after the initiation of 3-mg bedtime melatonin. Most (80%) had a dramatic response to melatonin. No side effects were reported. Melatonin is a well-tolerated, safe, relatively inexpensive, and effective drug, with minimal side effects, for the treatment of severe circadian rhythm sleep disorder in handicapped children. Wider use of this drug is recommended. (C) 2000 by Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词：昼夜节律/药物作用残疾儿童用药计划表褪黑激素/投药和剂量精神发育迟滞/药物疗法精神发育迟滞/病因学前瞻性研究睡眠障碍昼夜节律性/药物疗法睡眠障碍昼夜节律性/病因学觉醒状态/药物作用儿童儿童学龄前女(雌)性人类婴儿男(雄)性

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