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作者：舒斯云包新民吴永明邹飞王鲁宁温志波李耀宇宁群江刚常铉王虹傅求真张魁华杨文科刘永红珠江医院中国人民解放军总医院

1987年8月1日-2004年3月1日，由5个国家自然科学基金及1个广东省自然科学基金等6个项目资助，进行了研究。一、概况：学习记忆功能是人类维持正常生活和工作必不可少的脑功能， 1957年后，方证明脑内有特殊的学习记忆脑区，海马、杏仁... 详细信息

标准号: 0602150001

1987年8月1日-2004年3月1日，由5个国家自然科学基金及1个广东省自然科学基金等6个项目资助，进行了研究。一、概况：学习记忆功能是人类维持正常生活和工作必不可少的脑功能， 1957年后，方证明脑内有特殊的学习记忆脑区，海马、杏仁核、梅氏基底核和前额叶等四个脑区，先后被证明是有学习记忆功能的脑区。自1988年发现脑纹状体边缘区有一个学习记忆功能的脑区后，15年来对该脑区的结构和功能进行了系列的研究。二、结果：(一)1988年在大鼠脑内发现、命名并在国际上的英文杂志，报道了新发现的一个脑区-纹状体边缘区(The marginal division of the striatum)。(二)结构研究。用免疫细胞化学、分子原位杂交和免疫电镜等技术，证明边缘区主要由密集平行排列的梭形细胞构成，并含有多种神经肽类等递质，超微结构复杂。用计算机三维重建法显示边缘区是一个扁盘状结构。并证明边缘区普遍存在于哺乳动物脑内，动物越高级越发达。(三)功能研究。在动物用行为学结合损毁和反义寡核苷酸封闭的方法证明边缘区和联合型学习及陈述性记忆有关。用迷宫强化训练和学习记忆分子表达法相结合的方法，在生理条件下证明了边缘区有学习记忆功能。用行为学结合膜片钳和长时程增强等生理学方法也证明边缘区有学习记忆功能。人用功能磁共振(fMRI)技术,证明其和前额叶共同参加了听觉数字工作记忆。临床边缘区损伤的病例用简易智能状态检查量表(MMSE)法检测，发现学习记忆功能下降，进一步确认了边缘区的学习记忆功能。用免疫细胞化学、电生理、分子生物学及行为学等方法证明边缘区和脑内其他学习记忆相关结构间有联系，并对它们的功能有调控作用，由此推测边缘区是脑学习记忆环路中的一个重要枢纽。三、特点：(一)从传统上认为与运动有关的脑纹状体内发现了一个重要的有学习记忆功能的脑区。由此推论帕金森病的晚期除运动障碍外，还有智力减退，扩充了对纹状体功能的认识，为研究临床痴呆疾病和帕金森病的机理和诊治提供了新的理论依据，并为开发益智抗衰老药物、戒毒药物提供了思路。(二)证实边缘区是脑内学习记忆环路中的一个重要中枢，对其他学习记忆中枢的功能有调控作用，为研究脑的学习记忆与认知功能提供了线索，为探索学习记忆有关基因及有关物质提供了数据。(三)鉴于边缘区是由中国人发现的学习记忆脑区，被国外学者称为舒氏边缘区，并被国外专家的专著进行了介绍。四、推广应用：共发表英文论文17篇，在SCI上被收录15篇，引用145次，发表论文的杂志最高影响因子为8.927。该成果已得到国内外著名专家的认同，国际上两位著名的神经科学家，分别在两本专著列专章节介绍了边缘区的内容。我国教育部出版的李继硕教授主编的《神经科学基础》和韩济生院士主编的《神经科学原理》专著，均以边缘区为题专门进行了介绍。成果第一完成人舒斯云教授应邀到美国斯坦福、英国牛津大学、加拿大麦克基尔大学和香港大学等12所著名大学作报告，介绍边缘区，受到一致好评。国外学者不但证实边缘区的存在，并且也发现它和脑的认知功能等有关。

关键词：脑/生理学脑/解剖学和组织学学习/生理学记忆/生理学

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Cortical control of spatial memory in humans:: The visuooculomotor model

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ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY 2002年第1期52卷 10-19页

作者： Pierrot-Deseilligny, C Müri, RM Rivaud-Pechoux, S Gaymard, B Ploner, CJ Assistance Publ Hop Paris Serv Neurol 1 Paris France Hop La Pitie Salpetriere Inst Natl Sante & Rech Med 289 Paris France Inselspital Bern Eye Movement Res Lab Bern Switzerland Inselspital Bern Dept Neurol Bern Switzerland Neurol Clin Charite Berlin Germany

We review current knowledge of the cortical control of spatial memory, studied using visuooculomotor paradigms. Spatial memory is an essential cognitive process that can be involved in preparing motor responses. Our knowledge of spatial memory in humans recently has progressed thanks to the use of ocular saccades as a convenient model of motor behavior. Accuracy of memory-guided saccades, made to the remembered locations of visual targets, is a reflection of spatial memory. For the performance of memory-guided saccades with brief delays (up to 15-20 seconds), that is, involving short-term spatial memory, lesion studies have shown that the posterior parietal cortex, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and the frontal eye field play significant roles. Studies of memory-guided saccades using transcranial magnetic stimulation have suggested that the right posterior parietal cortex is involved at the initial stage (<300 milliseconds) of visuospatial integration, whereas the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in both hemispheres controls the following phase of short-term memorization, the frontal eye field mainly serving to trigger saccades. The new concept of a medium-term spatial memory has emerged from a behavioral study of memory-guided saccades in normal subjects, showing a paradoxical spontaneous improvement of spatial memory after delays of approximately 20 seconds. Lesion studies have shown that the parahippocampal cortex could specifically control this medium-term spatial memory. Last, different experimental and clinical arguments suggest that, after a few minutes, the hippocampal formation finally takes over the control of spatial memory for long-term spatial memorization. Therefore, spatial memory involved in the memorization of visual items could be successively controlled by the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (short-term spatial memory), the parahippocampal cortex (medium-term spatial memory), and the hippocampal formation (long-term spatial memory), depending on

关键词：大脑皮质/生理学记忆/生理学模型神经学运动皮质/生理学视皮质/生理学动物人类

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Verbal memory in left temporal lobe epilepsy: Evidence for task-related localization (vol 51, pg 442, 2002)

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ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY 2002年第6期51卷 799-799页

作者： Weintrob, DL Saling, MM Berkovic, SF Berlangieri, SU Reutens, DC Department of Psychology University of Melbourne Melbourne Vic. Australia Department of Medicine University of Melbourne Melbourne Vic. Australia Department of Neuropsychology Melbourne Vic. Australia Department of Neurology Melbourne Vic. Australia Centre for PET Austin and Repatriation Medical Centre Melbourne Vic. Australia Department of Neurology Austin and Repatriation Medical Centre Heidelberg Vic. 3084 Australia Department of Neurology Austin and Repatriation Med. Centre Heidelberg Vic. 3084 Australia

We explored the hypothesis that components of verbal memory are subserved by separate temporal lobe structures in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Uptake of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) measured by positron emission tomography, hippocampal volume, and memory for arbitrarily and semantically related verbal paired associates were examined in 27 patients with left temporary lobe epilepsy. Scores from memory tests performed outside the scanner were regressed against normalized resting FDG uptake at each voxel. Significant regression was seen in the left perirhinal cortex (Talaraich coordinates x, y, z: -29, 10, -34;p<0.05) for arbitrarily related word pairs. For semantically related paired associates, significant regression was present in the left inferior temporal gyrus (x, y, z: -48, -18, -24;p<0.05). In subsequent analyses, mean FDG uptake within a spherical region of interest centered on the perirhinal peak predicted performance on both tasks. Mean FDG uptake in a region of interest centered on the inferior temporal peak made an additional, independent contribution to memory for semantically related pairs. Hippocampal volumes did not explain any additional variance in memory scores. Our findings indicate heterogeneity in the left temporal lobe structures mediating verbal memory function, and support the view that the perirhinal cortex is an important mnemonic substrate.

关键词：联想学习脑图半球优势大脑癫痫颞叶/病理生理学癫痫颞叶/放射性核素显像氟脱氧葡萄糖F18/诊断应用海马/细胞学海马/生理学记忆/生理学神经通路放射性药物/诊断应用颞叶/细胞学颞叶/生理学体层摄影术发射型计算机言语学习青少年成年人女(雌)性人类男(雄)性中年人

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自发性高血压大鼠学习记忆功能的观察比较

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中国病理生理杂志 2002年第13期18卷 1738页

作者：吴永杰上海上海第二医科大学附属瑞金医院上海市高血压研究所 200025

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Regular exercise improves cognitive function and decreases oxidative damage in rat brain

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NEUROCHEMISTRY INTERNATIONAL 2001年第1期38卷 17-23页

作者： Radák, Z Kaneko, T Tahara, S Nakamoto, H Pucsok, J Sasvári, M Nyakas, C Goto, S Semmelweis Univ Sch Sport Sci Exercise Physiol Lab H-1123 Budapest Hungary Tokyo Metropolitan Inst Gerontol Tokyo Japan Toho Univ Sch Pharmaceut Sci Dept Biochem Toho Japan OSEI Budapest Hungary Semmelweis Univ Sch Hlth Sci Cent Res Lab H-1123 Budapest Hungary

The biochemical mechanisms by which regular exercise significantly benefits health and well being, including improved cognitive function, are not well understood. Four-week-old (young) and 14-month-old (middle aged) Wistar rats were randomly assigned to young control and young exercised, middle-aged control and middle-aged exercised groups. Exercise groups were exposed to a swimming regime of 1 h a day, 5 days a week for 9 weeks. The passive avoidance test showed that middle-aged exercised rats had significantly (P < 0.05) better short- (24 h) and long-term (72 h) memory than aged-matched control rats. Conditioned pole-jumping avoidance learning was improved markedly in both age groups by exercise. Brain thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and 8-hydroxy-2'deoxyguanosine content in the DNA did not change significantly, while the protein carbonyl levels decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in both exercised groups. This decrease was accompanied by an increase in the chymotrypsin-like activity of proteasome complex in the exercised groups, whereas trypsin-like activity did not differ significantly between all groups. The DT-diaphorase activity increased significantly (P < 0.05) in the brain of young exercised animals. These data show that swimming training improves some cognitive functions in rats, with parallel attenuation of the accumulation of oxidatively damaged proteins. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词：年龄因素回避学习/生理学脑化学柠檬酸(si)-合酶/代谢认知/生理学半胱氨酸内肽酶类/代谢脂质过氧化作用记忆/生理学多酶复合物/代谢神经组织蛋白质类/代谢氧化性应激身体条件作用动物蛋白酶体内肽酶复合物随机分配大鼠 Wistar 游泳硫巴比妥酸反应物/分析动物男(雄)性大鼠

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Food for thought

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AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION 2001年第5期74卷 567-568页

作者： Morley, JE St Louis Univ Sch Med Div Geriatr Med St Louis MO 63104 USA St Louis VA Med Ctr GRECC St Louis MO USA

Son of man, eat that thou findest; eat this roll, and go speak unto the house of Israel. . . . Son of man, cause thy belly to eat, and fill thy bowels with this roll that I give thee. (Ezekiel 3:1–3:3) The concept that ingestive processes may be linked to memory stretches back to biblical times. However, only in the last decade has a concerted effort been made to understand the mechanisms by which food may modulate memory. In this issue of the Journal, Kaplan et al (1) showed that protein, fat, and carbohydrates can acutely enhance memory processing in older people. Such memory enhancement may occur through the release of gastrointestinal peptides, such as cholecystokinin. In animals, cholecystokinin enhances memory retention by stimulating ascending vagal fibers (2). These vagal fibers then transmit messages to the nucleus tractus solitarius and from there to the amygdala and hippocampus. The amygdala and hippocampus are parts of the brain circulatory system responsible for laying down and recalling memories. Like humans, mice had enhanced recall of memories related to food ingestion. In mice, this enhanced recall was attenuated by the use of a cholecystokinin antagonist (3). Several other gastrointestinal peptides such as gastrin-releasing peptide (4) and amylin (5) also improve memory in rodents. Perhaps of more interest is the ability of glucose to modulate memory. Increasing glucose concentrations in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer's type improves their cognition (6). This improvement in cognition appears to be dependent on the increase in insulin concentrations produced by elevated glucose concentrations. In contrast with the acute enhancement of memory function by glucose, studies in animals and humans showed that poor glucose control in diabetics is associated with impaired cognition (7). When the glucose concentration returns to normal, cognition improves. This shows that hyperglycemia per se can have a deleterious effect on cognition. In addition,

关键词：阿尔茨海默病/膳食疗法阿尔茨海默病/预防和控制维生素缺乏症/病理生理学认知膳食碳水化合物/投药和剂量膳食脂肪类/投药和剂量膳食蛋白质类/投药和剂量疾病模型动物进食/生理学脂肪酸类/治疗应用记忆/生理学蛋白质能量营养不良/病理生理学动物人类

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Level discrimination of sinusoids as a function of duration and level for fixed-level, roving-level, and across-frequency conditions

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JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2000年第3期107卷 1605-1614页

作者： Oxenham, AJ Buus, S Northeastern Univ Inst Hearing Speech & Language Boston MA 02115 USA Northeastern Univ Dept Speech Language Pathol & Audiol 133FR Boston MA 02115 USA Northeastern Univ Digital Signal Proc Ctr Dept Elect & Comp Engn 442DA Inst Hearing Speech Language Commun Boston MA 02115 USA

The ability of listeners to detect level differences between two sinusoidal stimuli in a two-interval forced-choice procedure was measured as a function of duration and level in three conditions: (I) the pedestal was fixed in level and the stimuli in the two intervals had the same frequency of either 1 or 2 kHz (fixed-level condition);(2) the pedestal was roved in level over a 20-dB range from trial to trial, but the stimuli still had the same frequency of either 1 or 2 kHz (roving-level condition);and (3) the pedestal was roved in level over a 20-dB range and the two stimuli differed in frequency, such that one was around 1 kHz while the other was around 2 kHz (across-frequency condition). In the fixed-level conditions, difference limens decreased (improved) with both increasing duration and level, as found in previous studies. In the roving-level conditions, difference limens increased and the dependence on duration and level decreased. Difference limens in the across-frequency conditions were generally highest and showed very little dependence on either stimulus duration or level. The results may be understood in terms of different internal noise components with additive variances: In the fixed-level conditions, sensation noise, which is dependent on stimulus attributes such as duration and level, is dominant. In more difficult conditions, where trace-memory and/or across-channel comparisons are required, a more central, stimulus-independent noise dominates. (C) 2000 Acoustical Society of America. [S0001-4966(00)02502-9].

关键词：听阈/生理学记忆/生理学时间因素成年人女(雌)性人类

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The role of spatial selective attention in working memory for locations: Evidence from event-related potentials

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JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE 2000年第5期12卷 840-847页

作者： Awh, E Anllo-Vento, L Hillyard, SA Univ Oregon Dept Psychol Eugene OR 97403 USA Univ Calif San Diego San Diego CA 92103 USA

We investigated the hypothesis that the covert focusing of spatial attention mediates the on-line maintenance of location information in spatial working memory. During the delay period of a spatial working-memory task, behaviorally irrelevant probe stimuli were flashed at both memorized and nonmemorized locations. Multichannel recordings of event-related potentials (ERPs) were used to assess visual processing of the probes at the different locations. Consistent with the hypothesis of attention-based rehearsal, early ERP components were enlarged in response to probes that appeared at memorized locations. These visual modulations were similar in latency and topography to those observed after explicit manipulations of spatial selective attention in a parallel experimental condition that employed an identical stimulus display.

关键词：注意力/生理学提示诱发电位/生理学记忆/生理学光刺激/方法空间知觉/生理学视野/生理学成年人女(雌)性人类男(雄)性

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The effects of divided attention on encoding- and retrieval-related brain activity: A PET study of younger and older adults

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JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE 2000年第5期12卷 775-792页

作者： Anderson, ND Iidaka, T Cabeza, R Kapur, S McIntosh, AR Craik, FIM Univ Toronto Toronto ON Canada Baycrest Ctr Geriatr Care Rotman Res Inst Toronto ON Canada Fukui Med Univ Fukui Japan Univ Alberta Edmonton AB T6G 2M7 Canada

Divided attention (DA) disrupts episodic encoding, but has little effect on episodic retrieval. Furthermore, normal aging is associated with episodic memory impairments, and when young adults are made to encode information under DA conditions, their memory performance is reduced and resembles char of old adults working under full attention (FA) conditions. Together, these results suggest a common neurocognitive mechanism by which aging and DA during encoding disrupt memory performance. In the current study, we used PET to investigate younger and older adults' brain activity during encoding and retrieval under FA and DA conditions. In FA conditions, the old adults showed reduced activity in prefrontal regions that younger adults activated preferentially during encoding or retrieval, as well as increased activity in prefrontal regions young adults did not activate. These results indicate that. prefrontal functional specificity of episodic memory is reduced by aging. During encoding, DA reduced memory performance, and reduced brain activity in left-prefrontal and medial-temporal lobe regions for both age groups, indicating that DA during encoding interferes with encoding processes that lead to better memory performance. During retrieval, memory performance and retrieval-related brain activity were relatively immune to DA for both age groups, suggesting that DA during retrieval does not interfere with the brain systems necessary for successful retrieval. Finally, left inferior prefrontal activity was reduced similarly by aging and by DA during encoding, suggesting that the behavioral correspondence between these effects is the result of a reduced ability to engage in elaborate encoding operations.

关键词：衰老/生理学注意力/生理学脑/生理学脑/放射性核素显像脑图认知/生理学记忆/生理学体层摄影术发射型计算机成年人老年人女(雌)性人类男(雄)性中年人

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MICROSCOPY RESEARCH AND TECHNIQUE 2000年第1期51卷 6-28页

作者： Friedman, D Johnson, R New York Psychiat Inst Cognit Electrophysiol Lab Unit 6 New York NY 10032 USA CUNY Queens Coll Dept Psychol Flushing NY 11367 USA

As event-related brain potential (ERP) researchers have increased the number of recording sites, they have gained further insights into the electrical activity in the neural networks underlying explicit memory. A review of the results of such ERP mapping studies suggests that there is good correspondence between ERP results and those from brain imaging studies that map hemodynamic changes. This concordance is important because the combination of the high temporal resolution of ERPs with the high spatial resolution of hemodynamic imaging methods will provide a greatly increased understanding of the spatio-temporal dynamics of the brain networks that encode and retrieve explicit memories. Microsc. Res. Tech. 51:6-28, 8000, (C) 2000 Wiley-Liss. Inc.

关键词：脑/生理学诱发电位/生理学记忆/生理学回忆/生理学人类

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