检索结果-内蒙古大学图书馆

Three-dimensional echocardiography: assessment of inter- and intra-operator variability and accuracy in the measurement of left ventricular cavity volume and myocardial mass

引用

PHYSICS IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2000年第5期45卷 1255-1273页

作者： Nadkarni, SK Boughner, DR Drangova, M Fenster, A John P Robarts Res Inst Adv Imaging Res Labs London ON N6A 5K8 Canada Univ Western Ontario Dept Med Biophys London ON N6A 5C1 Canada London Hlth Sci Ctr London ON N6A 5A5 Canada

Accurate left ventricular (LV) volume and mass estimation is a strong predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. We propose that our technique of 3D echocardiography provides an accurate quantification of LV volume and mass by the reconstruction of 2D images into 3D volumes, thus avoiding the need for geometric assumptions. We compared the accuracy and variability in LV volume and mass measurement using 3D echocardiography with 2D echocardiography, using in vitro studies. Six operators measured the LV volume and mass of seven porcine hearts, using both 3D and 2D techniques. Regression analysis was used to test the accuracy of results and an ANOVA lest was used to compute variability in measurement. LV volume measurement accuracy was 9.8% (3D) and 18.4% (2D);LV mass measurement accuracy was 5% (3D) and 9.2% (2D). Variability in LV volume quantification with 3D echocardiography was %SEMinter = 13.5%, %SEMintra = 11.4%, and for 2D echocardiography was %SEMinter = 21.5%, %SEMintra, = 19.1%. We derived an equation to predict uncertainty in measurement of LV volume and mass using 3D echocardiography, the results of which agreed with our experimental results to within 13%. 3D echocardiography provided twice the accuracy for LV volume and mass measurement and half the variability for LV volume measurement as compared with 2D echocardiography.

关键词：方差分析生物物理学现象生物物理学超声心动描记术/方法超声心动描记术/统计学和数值数据超声心动描记术三维/方法超声心动描记术三维/统计学和数值数据心脏/解剖学和组织学心室/解剖学和组织学图像处理计算机辅助/方法图像处理计算机辅助/统计学和数值数据观察者偏差猪动物人类

来源：评论

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Relation of fibrinogen to cardiovascular events is independent of preclinical cardiovascular disease: The Strong Heart Study

引用

AMERICAN HEART JOURNAL 2003年第3期145卷 467-474页

作者： Palmieri, V Celentano, A Roman, MJ de Simone, G Best, L Lewis, MR Robbins, DC Fabsitz, RR Howard, BV Devereux, RB Cornell Univ Weill Med Coll New York NY USA Univ Naples Federico II Naples Italy Missouri Breaks Ind Res Timber Lake SD USA Univ Vermont Coll Med Burlington VT USA Medstar Res Inst Washington DC USA Natl Heart Long Blood Inst Bethesda MD USA

Background It is unclear whether fibrinogen predicts cardiovascular events independently of echocardiographic cardiovascular abnormalities and traditional risk factors., Methods We studied 2671 American Indians who participated in the second Strong Heart Study examination (19931995) and were observed for an average of 50 - 6 months. Participants with baseline overt coronary artery disease or. a plasma creatinine level greater than or equal ***/dL were excluded. Left ventricular hypertrophy, elevated arterial stiffness, and subnormal myocardial contractility were assessed by echocardiography. Results Prevalences of echocardiographic abnormalities and cardiovascular event rates were higher with higher fibrinogen levels. Incident cardiovascular events (n = 158) and deaths (n = 64) were more frequent in participants with elevated fibrinogen levels (>400 mg/dL) than in participants with lower fibrinogen levels, as was the prevalence of echocardiographic abnormalities (both P < .01). Incident cardiovascular fatal and nonfatal events and cardiovascular deaths were 4 and 8 times higher, respectively, in participants with both elevated fibrinogen levels and echocardiographic abnormalities than in participants with neither echocardiographic abnormalities nor elevated fibrinogen levels. However, participants with fibrinogen levels >400 mg/dL had a 2 times greater relative risk of cardiovascular events or mortality, independent of both risk factors and echocardiographic abnormalities. Conclusions in a population-based sample of adults without clinical evidence of coronary artery disease at, baseline, fibrinogen levels predicted cardiovascular events independent of traditional risk factors, left ventricular hypertrophy, elevated arterial stiffness, and subnormal myocardial. systolic function.

关键词：心血管疾病/血液心血管疾病/流行病学心血管疾病/死亡率超声心动描记术/统计学和数值数据纤维蛋白原/分析心脏病/血液心脏病/流行病学心脏病/死亡率肥大左心室/血液肥大左心室/流行病学肥大左心室/死亡率印第安人北美洲纵向研究危险因素心室功能障碍左/血液心室功能障碍左/流行病学心室功能障碍左/死亡率人类

来源：评论

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Augmented reality simulator for training in two-dimensional echocardiography

引用

COMPUTERS AND BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH 2000年第1期33卷 11-22页

作者： Weidenbach, M Wick, C Pieper, S Quast, KJ Fox, T Grunst, G Redel, DA Univ Bonn Dept Pediat Cardiol D-5300 Bonn Germany GMD Natl Res Ctr Informat Technol St Augustin Germany EnTec GmbH St Augustin Germany

In two-dimensional echocardiography the sonographer must synthesize multiple tomographic slices into a mental three-dimensional (3D) model of the heart. Computer graphics and virtual reality environments are ideal to visualize complex 3D spatial relationships. In augmented reality (AR) applications, real and virtual image data are linked, to increase the information content. In the presented AR simulator a 3D surface model of the human heart is linked with echocardiographic volume data sets. The 3D echocardiographic data sets are registered with the heart model to establish spatial and temporal congruence. The heart model, together with an animated ultrasound sector represents a reference scenario, which displays the currently selected two-dimensional echocardiographic cutting plane calculated from the volume data set. Modifications of the cutting plane within the echocardiographic data are transferred and visualized simultaneously and in real time within the reference scenario. The trainee can interactively explore the 3D heart model and the registered 3D echocardiographic data sets by an animated ultrasound probe, whose position is controlled by an electromagnetic tracking system. The tracking system is attached to a dummy transducer and placed on a plastic puppet to give a realistic impression of a two-dimensional echocardiographic examination. (C) 2000 Academic Press.

关键词：计算机制图计算机模拟计算机辅助教学超声心动描记术/统计学和数值数据模型解剖学模型心血管用户计算机接口人类

来源：评论

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Doppler myocardial imaging in patients with heart failure receiving biventricular pacing treatment

引用

AMERICAN HEART JOURNAL 2001年第5期142卷 881-896页

作者： Ansalone, G Giannantoni, P Ricci, R Trambaiolo, P Laurenti, A Fedele, F Santini, M San Filippo Neri Hosp Dept Heart Dis Rome Italy Sandro Pertini Hosp Div Cardiol Rome Italy Univ Roma La Sapienza Dept Cardiac & Resp Sci Rome Italy

Background In patients with heart failure, biventricular pacing (BIV) improves left ventricular (LV) performance by counteracting LV unsynchronized contraction caused by the presence of left bundle branch block (LBBB). However, no data are yet available on regional long-axis function in patients with LBBB or on BIV effectiveness in improving such a function in patients with heart failure and LBBB. Methods and Results We studied with standard 2D echocardiography and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) 21 nonischemic patients in New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III-IV, with LBBB and QRS greater than or equal to 120 ms, receiving BIV. To assess long-axis function, TDI qualitative analysis at the basal level of each LV wall was performed in M-mode color and pulsed wave Doppler modalities before and after BIV. By analysis of the interventricular septum, the inferior, posterior, lateral, and anterior walls, of 105 basal segments, the following electromechanical patterns were identified: normal (pattern I), mildly unsynchronized (pattern IIA), severely unsynchronized (pattern IIB), reversed early in systole (pattern IIIA);reversed late in systole (pattern IIIB), and reversed throughout all the systole (pattern IV). After BIV, (1) 49 (46.7%) of 105 segments showed unsynchronized contraction of the same degree as before;(2) 36 (34.3%) of 105 and 20 (19%) of 105 showed unsynchronized contraction of lesser and greater degree, respectively, than before;and (3) a preexcitation pattern was found in 1 1 (10.5%) of 105, but no segment with pattern IV was observed. According to TDI analysis, patients were divided into group 1 (10 of 21), with less severe LV asynchrony than before BIV, and group 2 (11 of 21), with no change or more severe LV asynchrony than before BIV. In group 1, (1) the LV ejection fraction increased significantly (P = .01);(2) the exercise tolerance, expressed as time and work capacity on the bicycle stress testing, increased significantly (P = .01, P = .003, resp

关键词：束支传导阻滞/诊断束支传导阻滞/病理生理学束支传导阻滞/治疗心脏起搏人工/方法超声心动描记术/统计学和数值数据超声心动描记术多普勒/统计学和数值数据心电描记术/统计学和数值数据运动试验/统计学和数值数据心脏/病理生理学心肌收缩/生理学心室功能障碍/诊断心室功能障碍/病理生理学心室功能障碍/治疗人类

来源：评论

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Acute myocardial infarction with isolated ST-segment elevation in posterior chest leads V_7-9 -: "Hidden" ST-segment elevations revealing acute posterior infarction

引用

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CARDIOLOGY 1999年第3期34卷 748-753页

作者： Matetzky, S Freimark, D Feinberg, MS Novikov, I Rath, S Rabinowitz, B Kaplinsky, E Hod, H Chaim Sheba Med Ctr Inst Heart IL-52621 Tel Hashomer Israel Tel Aviv Univ Sackler Fac Med IL-69978 Tel Aviv Israel

OBJECTIVES This study was done to determine whether electrocardiographic (ECG) isolated ST-segment elevation (ST up arrow) in posterior chest leads can establish the diagnosis of acute posterior infarction in patients with ischemic chest pain and to describe the clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of these patients. BACKGROUND The absence of ST up arrow on the standard 12-lead ECG in many patients with acute posterior infarction hampers the early diagnosis of these infarcts and thus may result in inadequate triage and treatment. Although 4% of all acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients reveal the presence of isolated ST up arrow in posterior chest leads, the significance of this finding has not yet been determined. METHODS We studied 33 consecutive patients with ischemic chest pain suggestive of AMI without ST up arrow in the standard ECG who had isolated ST up arrow in posterior chest leads V-7 through V-9. All patients had echocardiographic imaging within 48 h of admission, and 20 patients underwent coronary angiography. RESULTS Acute myocardial infarction was confirmed enzymatically in all patients and on discharge ECG pathologic Q-waves appeared in leads V-7 through V-9 in 75% of the patients. On echocardiography, posterior wall-motion abnormality was visible in 97% of the patients, and 69% had evidence of mitral regurgitation (MR), which was moderate or severe in one-third of the patients. Four patients (12%), all with significant MR, had heart failure, and one died from free-wall rupture. The circumflex coronary artery was the infarct related artery in all catheterized patients. CONCLUSIONS Isolated ST up arrow in leads V-7 through V-9 identify patients with acute posterior wall myocardial infarction. Early identification of those patients is important for adequate triage and treatment of patients with ischemic chest pain without ST up arrow on standard 12-lead ECG. (J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;34:748-53) (C) 1999 by the American College of Cardiolog

关键词：冠状血管造影术/统计学和数值数据超声心动描记术/仪器和设备超声心动描记术/方法超声心动描记术/统计学和数值数据心电描记术/仪器和设备心电描记术/方法心电描记术/统计学和数值数据电极心肌梗死/诊断成年人老年人女(雌)性人类男(雄)性中年人

来源：评论

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Effect of intravenous contrast for left ventricular opacification and border definition on sensitivity and specificity of dobutamine stress echocardiography compared with coronary angiography in technically difficult patients

引用

AMERICAN HEART JOURNAL 2001年第5期142卷 908-915页

作者： Dolan, MS Riad, K El-Shafei, A Puri, S Tamirisa, K Bierig, M St Vrain, J McKinney, L Havens, E Habermehl, K Pyatt, L Kern, M Labovitz, AJ St Louis Univ Hlth Sci Ctr Dept Internal Med Div Cardiol St Louis MO 63110 USA

Background The study evaluates whether Optison used during dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) will improve endocardial border definition and whether this will translate to an improvement in sensitivity and specificity of the test in patients with poor echocardiographic windows. DSE is extremely valuable in the workup of patients with coronary artery disease. The test is limited in patients with suboptimal endocardial border visualization. Frequent studies have demonstrated improved endocardial border visualization with intravenous contrast agents at rest. Methods and Results We studied 229 patients: 112 had good rest echocardiography with no contrast and 117 had poor rest echocardiography with Optison injection during DSE. Percentage of endocardial border visualization, wall thickening, sensitivity, and specificity were compared in both groups, as was interobserver variability. Both groups were matched with respect to age, percentage of previous myocardial infarctions, resting wall motion abnormality, percentage of coronary stenosis, and number of diseased coronary arteries. Optison significantly improved endocardial border visualization, especially at peak stress. The ability to measure wall thickening was significantly higher in the contrast DSE group with suboptimal images versus the noncontrast group with optimal images (89% ability to measure wall thickening vs 71%, P = .01). This resulted in a comparable sensitivity (79% vs 71%, P = not significant [NS]), specificity (76% vs 82%, P = NS), and diagnostic accuracy (80% vs 76%, P = NS). Agreement on test interpretation was higher among 3 observers in contrast DSE versus noncontrast DSE groups (79% vs 69%, P = .01). Conclusions In patients with poor echocardiographic windows, the use of Optison during DSE improves endocardial border visualization, which translates to a comparable sensitivity and specificity to noncontrast DSE tests in patients with good echocardiographic windows.

关键词：冠状血管造影术/统计学和数值数据冠心病/诊断冠心病/病理生理学冠心病/放射摄影术多巴酚丁胺/投药和剂量多巴酚丁胺/诊断应用超声心动描记术/统计学和数值数据运动试验/方法运动试验/统计学和数值数据心室/生理学心室/病理生理学心室/放射摄影术图像处理计算机辅助输注静脉内心肌收缩/生理学敏感性与特异性心室功能障碍左/诊断心室功能障碍左/病理生理学心室功能障碍左/放射摄影术成年人老年人老年人 80以上女(雌)性人类男(雄)性中年人

来源：评论

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Prognostic implications of myocardial contractile reserve in patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction

引用

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CARDIOLOGY 1999年第3期34卷 730-738页

作者： Chaudhry, FA Tauke, JT Alessandrini, RS Vardi, G Parker, MA Bonow, RO Northwestern Univ Sch Med Feinberg Cardiovasc Res Inst Chicago IL 60611 USA Northwestern Univ Sch Med Div Cardiol Chicago IL 60611 USA

OBJECTIVES This study was performed to assess the prognostic implications of myocardial contractile reserve (MCR) in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and left ventricular (LV) dysfunction. BACKGROUND MCR during dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) identifies viable myocardium that may improve in function after revascularization. Whether revascularization influences prognosis of patients with MCR has not been determined. METHODS We performed DSE in 80 patients with CAD and LV dysfunction (ejection fraction less than or equal to 40%). Viable myocardium was defined in dysfunctional myocardial segments as enhanced thickening and contraction during low-dose dobutamine (5 to 10 mcg/kg/min). Serial prospective follow-up was obtained in all patients (mean follow-up 2.2 +/- 1.1 years). RESULTS Among 52 patients treated medically, there were 20 cardiac deaths. By multivariate analysis, the number of dysfunctional segments demonstrating MCR was the strongest predictor of survival (p < 0.03). Patients with MCR had better initial survival during medical therapy than did those without MCR, but this survival advantage was not maintained beyond three years. In contrast, survival was excellent in patients with MCR who underwent myocardial revascularization. Among 58 patients with MCR in greater than or equal to 5 myocardial segments, survival at three years was 93 +/- 6% in the 24 patients who were revascularized but only 49 +/- 15% in the 34 treated medically (p < 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Myocardial contractile reserve is a significant predictor of survival in patients with CAD and LV dysfunction undergoing medical therapy. Although patients with MCR have an initial survival advantage, this advantage is lost over the course of three years. In contrast, survival in patients with significant MCR is enhanced by revascularization. (J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;34:730-8) (C) 1999 by the American College of Cardiology.

关键词：强心药/投药和剂量慢性病冠心病/诊断显像冠心病/病理生理学冠心病/治疗多巴酚丁胺/投药和剂量超声心动描记术/方法超声心动描记术/统计学和数值数据随访研究输注静脉内心肌收缩/生理学预后前瞻性研究心室功能障碍左/诊断显像心室功能障碍左/病理生理学心室功能障碍左/治疗成年人老年人老年人 80以上女(雌)性人类男(雄)性中年人

来源：评论

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Secundum atrial septal defect is a dynamic three-dimensional entity

引用

AMERICAN HEART JOURNAL 1999年第6期137卷 1075-1081页

作者： Dall'Agata, A McGhie, J Taams, MA Cromme-Dijkhuis, AH Spitaels, SEC Breburda, CSM Roelandt, JRTC Bogers, AJJC Erasmus Med Ctr Rotterdam Dept Cardiothorac Surg Rotterdam Netherlands Erasmus Med Ctr Rotterdam Dept Cardiol Rotterdam Netherlands Erasmus Med Ctr Rotterdam Dept Pediat Cardiol Rotterdam Netherlands

Background The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic relevance of 3-dimensional (3D) echocardiography in the assessment of secundum atrial septum defect (ASD2). Methods and Results Twenty-three patients (age 2 to 58 years) with an ASD2 were studied by transthoracic (n = 9) or transesophageal (n = 14) echocardiography for the acquisition of a 3D data set before undergoing surgical repair. Qualitative (location, shape, and structure) and quantitative (largest and smallest anteroposterior and superoinferior diameters) characteristics were analyzed and compared with surgical findings. Intraobserver and interobserver variability were assessed. The gross anatomy of the ASD2, shown by the 3D images, was confirmed by the surgeon in 21 of 23 patients, but the presence of membranous or fenestrated remnants of the valvula foramina ovalis in the defect was not optimally visualized in 7 patients. Three-dimensional echocardiography revealed changes in diameter and shape of the ASD2 during the cardiac cycle. The measured largest and smallest anteroposterior diameters and their intraobserver and interobserver agreement were 274 +/- 12 mm, r = 0.95 (P <.001), r = 0.92 (P <.001), and 194 +/- 9 mm, r = 0.96 (P <.001), r = 0.94 (P <.001), respectively. The measured largest and smallest superoinferior diameter and their intraobserver and interobserver agreement were 304 +/- 26 mm, r = 0.90 (P <.001), r = 0.97 (P <.001), and 204 +/- 10 mm, r = 0.83 (P <.001), r = 0.84 (P <.001), respectively. The correlation coefficient between 2D and 3D echocardiography for the largest anteroposterior and superoinferior diameter was r = 0.69 (P <.001) and r = 0.68 (P =.05), respectively. The correlation coefficient between the measurements from 3D reconstructions and direct surgical measurements was r = 0.20 (P = not significant) and r = 0.57 (P <.05), whereas between 2D and surgery was r = 0.50 (P <.05) and r = 0.26 (P = not significant). Conclusions ASD2 has a complex morphology. Three-dime

关键词：超声心动描记术/方法超声心动描记术/统计学和数值数据超声心动描记术三维/方法超声心动描记术三维/统计学和数值数据房间隔缺损/外科学房间隔缺损/超声检查心间隔/外科学心间隔/超声检查线性模型观察者偏差青少年成年人儿童儿童学龄前女(雌)性人类男(雄)性中年人

来源：评论

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Comparison of the right and left ventricle as a systemic ventricle during exercise in patients with congenital heart disease

引用

AMERICAN HEART JOURNAL 1999年第6期137卷 1185-1194页

作者： Ohuchi, H Hiraumi, Y Tasato, H Kuwahara, A Chado, H Toyohara, K Arakaki, Y Yagihara, T Kamiya, T Natl Cardiovasc Ctr Dept Pediat Suita Osaka 565 Japan Natl Cardiovasc Ctr Dept Thorac Surg Suita Osaka 565 Japan

Background Few studies have investigated the clinical advantages of surgical correction with the morphologic left ventricle (MLV) instead of the morphologic right ventricle as a systemic ventricle (SV) in patients with congenital heart disease. Methods Twenty-four healthy control subjects (group A1), 6 patients with isolated congenitally corrected transposition of the greet arteries (TGA) (group A2), 16 patients with TGA who had undergone an arterial switch operation (group B1), 18 patients with TGA who had undergone a venous switch operation (group B2), 9 patients with atrioventricular and ventriculoarterial discordance who had undergone a double switch operation (group C1), and 6 patients with atrioventricular and ventriculoarterial discordance who had undergone a conventional external conduit operation From the MLV to the pulmonary artery (group C2), performed treadmill exercise testing. Their heart rate (HR), oxygen uptake ((V)over dotO(2)), and oxygen pulse (O-2 pulse), which reflects individual stroke volume, were measured, and contractile function was assessed by echocardiography. Results The peak HR for the patients after a definitive operation were significantly lower than that in group Al and was correlated with peak(V)over dotO(2) (r = .67 P < .0001). The peak(V)over dotO(2) and peak O-2 pulse for the groups A2 and B2 were significantly lower than those for the groups Al and B1, respectively. The peak O-2 pulse data were strongly correlated with those of peak(V)over dotO(2) (r = 0.91, P < .0001). The left ventricular ejection fraction was significantly lower in groups B1 and C1 than in group Al and was correlated with peak(V)over dotO(2) (r = .50, P < .01). No significant differences in (V)over dotO(2), HR, and O-2 pulse at peak exercise were observed between groups C1 and C2. Conclusions Chronotropic incompetence and an impaired response of the stroke volume of the MRV during exercise are partly responsible for the reduced exercise capacity in groups A2

关键词：方差分析超声心动描记术/统计学和数值数据运动试验/统计学和数值数据随访研究心脏缺损先天性/病理生理学心脏缺损先天性/外科学心脏缺损先天性/超声检查心室/病理生理学手术后期间肺换气回归分析呼吸功能试验/统计学和数值数据心室功能左心室功能右青少年儿童儿童学龄前人类婴儿

来源：评论

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Efficacy and time-efficiency of a "sonographer-driven" contrast echocardiography protocol in a high-volume echocardiography laboratory

引用

AMERICAN HEART JOURNAL 2003年第3期145卷 535-541页

作者： Castello, R Bella, JN Rovner, A Swan, J Smith, J Shaw, L Univ Hosp Cleveland Dept Med Div Cardiol Cleveland OH 44106 USA Case Western Reserve Univ Sch Med Cleveland OH USA Emory Univ Atlanta GA 30322 USA

Background Contrast echocardiography (CE) has not gained widespread use despite numerous studies, demonstrating its efficacy in the assessment of left ventricular (LV) function. Methods We sought to determine whether CE could be used in a high-volume echocardiography laboratory in a clinically effective and time efficient manner. We implemented a protocol with a feasibility phase and an established phase. Cost-benefit analyses were done on the basis of time use. Results During the feasibility and established phases, data on 119 and 672 patients, respectively, were obtained. After a "sonographer-driven" protocol, contrast studies represented 7% to 8% of the total number of routine transthoracic and stress studies: Stress studies accounted for only 15% of the total number of contrast studies. Obesity was the most common indication for contrast use. LV visualization indices and wall thickening assessment, as evaluated by 2 blinded readers, were significantly improved with CE compared with second harmonic imaging alone. The time to make the decision to use CE and the time taken to administer contrast decreased significantly from the feasibility phase to the established phase (8.3 +/- 5 vs 7.6 +/- 5 min, P < .01, and 13.4 +/- 10 vs 10.2 +/- 5 min, P < .001, respectively). On the basis of,time use only, a cost analysis indicated that savings were obtained at a 10-minute reduction in study time. Conclusions A "sonographer-driven" CE protocol for LV assessment is feasible in high-volume echocardiography laboratories. It is clinically effective because it significantly improves LV global and regional wall motion visualization. A "sonographer-driven" CE protocol can reduce decision and administration times substantially, thus making CE time-efficient.

关键词：白蛋白类/投药和剂量白蛋白类/经济学卫生保健辅助人员/心理学医务工作者的态度临床方案造影剂/投药和剂量造影剂/经济学费用效益分析超声心动描记术/经济学超声心动描记术/方法超声心动描记术/统计学和数值数据超声心动描记术压力/方法可行性研究氟碳化合物/投药和剂量氟碳化合物/经济学实验室技术和方法/经济学实验室技术和方法/统计学和数值数据肥胖症/超声检查俄亥俄心室功能左/生理学人类

来源：评论

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

建议与咨询留下您的常用邮箱和电话号码，以便我们向您反馈解决方案和替代方法

时间限定

文献类型

馆藏选择

核心期刊

语言

文献类型

帮助

文字说明：

检索规则说明：

检索范例：

分类表

所选分类

限定检索结果

文献类型

馆藏范围

日期分布

学科分类号

主题

机构

作者

语言

请选择保存的检索档案：

请选择收藏分类：

通借通还

建议与咨询 留下您的常用邮箱和电话号码，以便我们向您反馈解决方案和替代方法

时间限定

文献类型

馆藏选择

核心期刊

语言

文献类型

帮助

文字说明：

检索规则说明：

检索范例：

分类表

所选分类

限定检索结果

文献类型

馆藏范围

日期分布

学科分类号

主题

机构

作者

语言

请选择保存的检索档案： 新增检索档案 确定 取消

请选择收藏分类： 新增自定义分类 确定 取消

通借通还

建议与咨询留下您的常用邮箱和电话号码，以便我们向您反馈解决方案和替代方法

请选择保存的检索档案：

请选择收藏分类：