Background Arterial remodeling has been shown to be responsible for lumen narrowing after nonstent interventions. Methods To examine the impact of deep vessel wall injury (DI) after balloon angioplasty on the subseque...
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Background Arterial remodeling has been shown to be responsible for lumen narrowing after nonstent interventions. Methods To examine the impact of deep vessel wall injury (DI) after balloon angioplasty on the subsequent vessel remodeling process, we performed serial intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) analysis in 47 native coronary artery lesions that underwent balloon angioplasty. An IVUS study was performed before and after balloon angioplasty and repeated at follow-up. Vessel and lumen area were measured at the narrowest site before intervention. Plaque area was calculated as vessel area minus lumen area. DI was defined as the presence of plaque/vessel wall fracture deep in the medial layer (sonolucent zone by IVUS) after angioplasty. Results After angioplasty, DI was present in 18 (38%, DI group) and absent in 29 (62%, non-DI group) of lesions. During follow-up, changes in vessel area in the DI group were significantly larger than in the non-DI group (P = .007). There were no significant differences in changes in plaque area. A trend toward greater late lumen loss was observed in the non-DI group (P = .05). In the DI group, changes in lumen area correlated better with changes in vessel area (r = 0.81, P < .0001) than with changes in plaque area (r = 0.32, P = .20). However, in the non-DI group, changes in lumen area correlated with changes in plaque area (r = -0.55, P = .002), but not with changes in vessel area (r = 0.30, P = .11). Conclusions Deep vessel wall injury after balloon angioplasty is associated with the magnitude of the subsequent vessel remodeling process. The differences in the remodeling process may have implications regarding adjunctive therapies to prevent restenosis after balloon angioplasty.
Approximately 22 million children are injured in the United States annually. Children are uniquely susceptible to craniofacial trauma because of their greater cranial-mass-to-body ratio. The pediatric population susta...
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Approximately 22 million children are injured in the United States annually. Children are uniquely susceptible to craniofacial trauma because of their greater cranial-mass-to-body ratio. The pediatric population sustains 1% to 14.7% of all Facial fractures. The majority of these injuries are encountered by boys (53.7% - 80%) who are involved in motor vehicle accidents (up to 80.2%). The incidence of other systemic injury concomitant to facial trauma is significant (10.4% - 88%). The management of the pediatric patient with maxillofacial injury should take into consideration the differences in anatomy and physiology between children and adults, the presence of concomitant injury, the particular stage in growth and development (anatomic, physiologic, and psychologic), and the specific injuries and anatomic sites that the injuries affect. This comprehensive review, based on the last 25 years of the world's English-speaking surgical literature, presents current thoughts on the anatomic and physiologic differences between adults and children, a synopsis of childhood growth and development, and an overview of state-of-the-art management of the pediatric patient who has sustained maxillofacial injury.
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