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中国临床康复 2005年第44期9卷 124-125页

作者：李国岩王爱华徐岩烟台师范学院体育学院篮球教研室山东省烟台市264025

目的:为保证运动员合理的训练和保持良好体能,实现对运动的科学医务监督,追踪检查了烟台师范学院男、女蓝球队运动员的心电图。方法:于2002-09/2004-11对烟台师范学院男、女篮球队全体运动员25人(男13人,女12人)进行了心电图的检查分析... 详细信息

目的:为保证运动员合理的训练和保持良好体能,实现对运动的科学医务监督,追踪检查了烟台师范学院男、女蓝球队运动员的心电图。方法:于2002-09/2004-11对烟台师范学院男、女篮球队全体运动员25人(男13人,女12人)进行了心电图的检查分析。采用日本三导心电图机,记录运动员安静心图,不同强度负荷训练中的心电图及比赛前后心电图。取卧位描记Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,aVR,aVL,aVF,V1,V3,V5等常规导联,部分运动员描记全部12导联。观察其心率、心律、传导及异常变化及心率特点,分析心电图变化与训练年限、运动强度的关系。结果:参加心电图测试者25人,全部结果入分析。①通过两年的跟踪检查,共测心电图125人次。先后出现异常9例,占36%;正常者占64%。其中窦性心动过缓16例,占64%;窦性心律不齐8例,占32%;房性早搏1例,占4%;室性早搏3例,占12%;Ⅰ度房室传达室导阻滞2例,占8%;异位早搏1例,占4%;左心室高电压2例,占8%。②参与检查的运动员平均心率为55.3次/min,男女运动员之间没有差异(56.7,53.9次/min;t=1.03,P>0.05)随训练年限的增加运动员的心率有减缓的趋势(训练1～2年的平均心率为58次/min,3～4年的平均心率为54次/min,5～6年平均心率为47次/mint=3.062,P<0.05)。③训练强度的大小及递增的快慢都能影响到心电图的变化,一般强度较小变化不大,但是中等强度及大强度影响较大,训练强度越大或递增速度过快而心电图变化越多[房性室性早搏:1(4%),3(12%);Ⅰ度房室性传导阻滞:0,2(8%);左室高电压:1(4%),1(4%)]。结论:训练强度和运动员的疲劳状态对心电图有直接的影响,在运动训练及比赛中应加强运动员心血管系统的医务监督,心电图是一个比较科学的监控指标。

关键词：学生心电描记术心率体育和训练运动活动/生理学篮球

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A simple latency-dependent spiking-neuron model of cricket phonotaxis

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BIOLOGICAL CYBERNETICS 2000年第3期82卷 247-269页

作者： Webb, B Scutt, T Univ Nottingham Dept Psychol Nottingham NG7 2RD England Univ Nottingham ICL Inst IT Nottingham NG7 2RD England

A simple hypothesis regarding the recognition behaviour of crickets for conspecific songs is implemented in a dynamic simulation of spiking neurons and tested on a robot base. The model draws on data from cricket neurophysiology but requires only four neurons to reproduce a wide range of the observed behaviour. The directional response depends on relative latencies in firing onset, and the 'recognition' emerges from the implicit filtering properties of leaky-integrate-and-fire neurons. Experimental conditions reproduced include tests of syllable rate preference, song from above with sound from one side, and choice between songs. The robot produces behaviour closely comparable to the cricket in all but a 'split-song' condition. A number of properties can be observed in the neural circuit that correspond to cricket neurophysiology including apparent 'recognition neurons'. Limitations of the model, extensions and alternative models are discussed.

关键词：动作电位/生理学动物交往计算机模拟蟋蟀科/生理学模型神经学运动活动/生理学神经元/生理学反应时间/生理学机器人声定位/生理学种特异性动物女(雌)性男(雄)性

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A Central pattern generator to control a pyloric-based system

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BIOLOGICAL CYBERNETICS 2000年第1期82卷 85-94页

作者： Huerta, R Sánchez-Montañes, MA Corbacho, F Sigüenza, JA Univ Autonoma Madrid ETS Ingn Informat Grp Neucomputac Biol E-28049 Madrid Spain Univ Calif San Diego Inst Nonlinear Sci La Jolla CA 92093 USA

A central pattern generator (CPG) is built to control a mechanical device (plant) inspired by the pyloric chamber of the lobster. Conductance-based models are used to construct the neurons of the CPG. The plant has an associated function that measures the amount of food flowing through it per unit of time. We search for the best set of solutions that give a high positive flow of food in the maximization function. The plant is symmetric and the model neurons are identical to avoid any bias in the space of solutions. We find that the solution is not unique and that three neurons are sufficient to produce positive how. We propose an effective principle for CPGs (effective on-off connectivity) and a few predictions to be corroborated in the pyloric system of the lobster.

关键词：模型生物学模型理论运动活动/生理学海螯虾科幽门/生理学动物

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Pairings of a distinctive chamber with the aftereffect of wheel running produce conditioned place preference

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APPETITE 2000年第1期34卷 87-94页

作者： Lett, BT Grant, VL Byrne, MJ Koh, MT Mem Univ Newfoundland Dept Psychol St Johns NF A1B 3X9 Canada

Wheel running reinforces behavior that precedes it. Also, wheel running can produce activity anorexia, a marked suppression of feeding in food-restricted rats. Some authors propose that the activity anorexia effect is produced by activation of the same reward system that mediates the reinforcing effect. One hypothesis is that such activation persists after wheel running stops and results in a rewarding aftereffect that suppresses feeding. Alternatively, such activation may give rise to an opponent process, an aversive aftereffect that suppresses feeding. The method of place conditioning was used to test whether the aftereffect of wheel running is rewarding or aversive. Food-deprived rats received pairings of a distinctive chamber with the aftereffect of wheel running. In Experiment 1, 2 h in a running wheel followed by 30 min in a distinctive chamber produced conditioned place preference. In Experiment 2, 22-22.5 h in a running wheel was followed by 30 min in the chamber and then a 60-min feeding test. Wheel running suppressed feeding and produced conditioned place preference. The conditioned place preference indicates that the aftereffect of wheel running is reinforcing rather than aversive. This finding supports the idea that the activation of the reward system persists after wheel running stops, thereby suppressing food intake. (C) 2000 Academic Press.

关键词：进食/生理学摄食行为动物房运动活动/生理学大鼠 Sprague-Dawley 动物男(雄)性大鼠

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Effects of red nucleus microstimulation on the locomotor pattern and timing in the intact cat: A comparison with the motor cortex

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JOURNAL OF NEUROPHYSIOLOGY 1999年第5期81卷 2297-2315页

作者： Rho, MJ Lavoie, S Drew, T Univ Montreal Dept Physiol Montreal PQ H3C 3J7 Canada

To determine the extent to which the rubrospinal tract is capable of modifying locomotion in the intact cat, we applied microstimulation (cathodal current, 330 Hz;pulse duration 0.2 ms;maximal current, 25 mu A) to the red nucleus during locomotion. The stimuli were applied either as short trains (33 ms) of impulses to determine the capacity of the rubrospinal tract to modify the level of electromyographic (EMG) activity in different flexors and extensors at different phases of the step cycle or as long trains (200 ms) of pulses to determine the effect of the red nucleus on cycle timing. Stimuli were also applied with the cat at rest (33-ms train). This latter stimulation evoked short-latency (average = 11.8-19.0 ms) facilitatory responses in all of the physiological flexor muscles of the forelimb that were recorded;facilitatory responses were also common in the elbow extensor, lateral head of triceps but were rare in the physiological wrist and digit extensor, palmaris longus. Responses were still evoked in most muscles when the current was decreased to near threshold (3-10 mu A). Stimulation during locomotion with the short trains of stimuli evoked shorter-latency (average = 6.0-12.5 ms) facilitatory responses in flexor muscles during the swing phase of locomotion and, except in the case of the extensor digitorum communis, evoked substantially smaller responses in stance. The same stimuli also evoked facilitatory responses in the extensor muscles during swing and produced more complex effects involving both facilitation and suppression in stance. Increasing the duration of the train to 200 ms modified the amplitude and duration of the EMG activity of both flexors and extensors but had little significant effect on the cycle duration. In contrast, whereas stimulation of the motor cortex with short trains of stimuli during locomotion had very similar effects to that of the red nucleus, increasing the train duration to 200 ms frequently produced a marked reset of the s

关键词：电刺激/方法肌电描记术四肢运动活动/生理学运动皮质/生理学肌骨骼/生理学红核/生理学休息时间因素动物猫男(雄)性

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Fetal alcohol-exposed fats exhibit differential response to cholinergic drugs on a delay-dependent memory task

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NEUROBIOLOGY OF LEARNING AND MEMORY 1999年第3期72卷 230-243页

作者： Nagahara, AH Handa, RJ Loyola Univ Stritch Sch Med Dept Cell Biol Neurobiol & Anat Maywood IL 60153 USA

Fetal alcohol exposure in human and rodents produces a number of cognitive deficits including impairments in learning and memory. Recent evidence in our laboratory has shown that fetal alcohol-exposed (FAE) rats respond differently to systemic administration of cholinergic drugs when tested for vigilance and locomotor activity. The present study examined the effects of muscarinic and nicotinic agonists and antagonists on memory performance in a delayed alternation task. Subjects went male offspring of Sprague-Dawley rats fed a 35% ethanol-derived caloric diet, pair-fed with sucrose, or chow-fed with lab chow during the last 2 weeks of gestation. Rats (3 months old) were food-deprived prior to training in the T-maze. Rats were first trained in the alternation task at no delay for five sessions. Rats were then trained at longer delays (20, 60, 180 s) until all groups showed similar performance for two consecutive sessions. Each animal was then tested following systemic injections of the cholinergic antagonists scopolamine and mecamylamine (60-s delay) and the cholinergic agonists pilocarpine and nicotine (180-s delay). Rats received saline injections on alternate days of testing. The results revealed that FAE rats exhibited no impairments in alternation performance at the no delay and 20-s delay, but showed impairments on both the 60- and 180-s delays during the initial sessions. However, with additional training. FAE rats showed performance similar to that of control groups at these delays. Following both pilocarpine and nicotine injections, control groups, but not the FAE group, showed significant memory enhancement in the alternation task. Following scopolamine injections, the FAE rats showed a significant impairment, while control groups showed a nonsignificant decrease in performance. All three groups showed impairments in the alternation task following administration of mecamylamine compared to saline treatment. These findings suggest that alterations in the cho

关键词：觉醒/药物作用觉醒/生理学脑/药物作用脑/病理生理学胆碱能药/药理学胆碱能纤维/药物作用胆碱能纤维/生理学胎儿酒精综合征/病理生理学回忆/药物作用回忆/生理学运动活动/药物作用运动活动/生理学定向力/药物作用定向力/生理学大鼠 Sprague-Dawley 记忆保持力(心理学)/药物作用记忆保持力(心理学)/生理学动物人类男(雄)性大鼠

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Role for GDNF in biochemical and behavioral adaptations to drugs of abuse

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NEURON 2000年第1期26卷 247-257页

作者： Messer, CJ Eisch, AJ Carlezon, WA Whisler, K Shen, L Wolf, DH Westphal, H Collins, F Russell, DS Nestler, EJ Yale Univ Sch Med Lab Mol Psychiat New Haven CT 06508 USA Yale Univ Sch Med Yale Ctr Genes & Behav New Haven CT 06508 USA Connecticut Mental Hlth Ctr New Haven CT 06508 USA NIH Lab Mammalian Genes & Dev Bethesda MD 20892 USA Amgen Inc Thousand Oaks CA 91320 USA

The present study examined a role for GDNF in adaptations to drugs of abuse. Infusion of GDNF into the ventral tegmental area (VTA), a dopaminergic brain region important for addiction, blocks certain biochemical adaptations to chronic cocaine or morphine as well as the rewarding effects of cocaine. Conversely, responses to cocaine are enhanced in rats by intra-VTA infusion of an anti-GDNF antibody and in mice heterozygous for a null mutation in the GDNF gene. Chronic morphine or cocaine exposure decreases levels of phosphoRet, the protein kinase that mediates GDNF signaling, in the VTA. Together, these results suggest a feedback loop, whereby drugs of abuse decrease signaling through endogenous GDNF pathways in the VTA, which then increases the behavioral sensitivity to subsequent drug exposure.

关键词：行为成瘾/药物疗法行为成瘾/代谢可卡因/药理学多巴胺摄取抑制剂/药理学胶质细胞源性神经营养因子小鼠基因敲除吗啡/药理学运动活动/药物作用运动活动/生理学麻醉品/药理学神经生长因子类神经组织蛋白质类/代谢神经组织蛋白质类/药理学神经组织蛋白质类/治疗应用神经保护药/代谢神经保护药/药理学神经保护药/治疗应用大鼠 Sprague-Dawley 江湖药/代谢腹侧被盖区/药物作用腹侧被盖区/代谢动物男(雄)性小鼠大鼠

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Whiskers, barrels, and cortical efferent pathways in gap crossing by rats

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JOURNAL OF NEUROPHYSIOLOGY 2000年第4期84卷 1781-1789页

作者： Jenkinson, EW Glickstein, M UCL Dept Anat & Dev Biol London WC1E 6BT England

Rats can readily be trained to jump a gap of around 16 cm in the dark and a considerably larger gap in the light for a food reward. In the light, they use vision to estimate the distance to be jumped. In the dark, they use their vibrissae at the farthest distances. Bilateral whisker shaving or barrel field lesions reduce the gap crossed in the dark by about 2 cm. Information from the barrel fields reaches motor areas via cortico-cortical, basal ganglia, or cerebellar pathways. The cells of origin of the ponto-cerebellar pathway are segregated in layer Vb of the barrel field. Efferent axons of Vb cells occupy a central position within the basis pedunculi and terminate on cells in the pontine nuclei. Pontine cells, in turn, project to the cerebellar cortex as mossy fibers. We trained normal rats to cross a gap in the light and in a dark alley that was illuminated with an infra-red source. When the performance was stable, we made unilateral lesions in the central region of the basis pedunculi, which interrupted connections from the barrel field to the pons while leaving cortico-cortical and basal ganglia pathways intact. Whisking was not affected on either side by the lesion, and the rats with unilateral peduncle lesions crossed gaps of the same distance as they did pre-operatively. Shaving the whiskers on the side of the face that retains its input to the pontine nuclei reduced the maximal gap jumped in the dark by the same amount as bilateral whisker shaving. Performance in the light was not affected. Regrowth of the shaved whiskers was associated with the recovery of the maximum distance crossed in the dark. In control cases, shaving the whiskers on the other side of the face did not reduce the distance jumped in the dark or in the light. These results suggest that the cerebellum must receive whisker information from the barrel fields for whisker-guided jumps.

关键词：小脑/生理学大脑皮质/生理学黑暗传出通路/生理学光运动活动/生理学脑桥/生理学大鼠近交系空间知觉/生理学触须/生理学动物大鼠

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Experience-dependent development of spinal motor neurons

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NEURON 2000年第2期26卷 299-305页

作者： Inglis, FM Zuckerman, KE Kalb, RG Yale Univ Sch Med Dept Neurol New Haven CT 06520 USA Yale Univ Sch Med Dept Pharmacol New Haven CT 06520 USA

Locomotor activity in many species undergoes pronounced alterations in early postnatal life, and environmental cues may be responsible for modifying this process. To determine how these events are reflected in the nervous system, we studied rats reared under two different conditions-the presence or absence of gravity-in which the performance of motor operations differed. We found a significant effect of rearing environment on the size and complexity of dendritic architecture of spinal motor neurons, particularly those that are likely to participate in postural control. These results provide evidence that neurons subserving motor function undergo activity-dependent maturation in early postnatal life in a manner analogous to sensory systems.

关键词：畜牧业动物新生/生理学树突/超微结构引力运动活动/生理学运动神经元/生理学运动神经元/超微结构脊髓/细胞学脊髓/生理学脊髓/超微结构失重动物大鼠

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Stretch reflex distinguished from pre-programmed muscle activations following landing impacts in man

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JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LONDON 2000年第2期526卷 457-468页

作者： Duncan, A McDonagh, MJN Univ Birmingham Sch Sport & Exercise Sci Appl Physiol Res Grp Birmingham B15 2TT W Midlands England

1. Electromyographic activity and joint rotation were measured whilst human subjects jumped clown to land on a solid surface 0.45 m below them and then to a false collapsible surface at the same level. The collapsible surface did not produce ankle joint rotation. Objective: evidence from post-take-off EMG onset latencies showed that the subjects were surprised by the false surface. 2. Following landing on the solid surface, the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles showed peak responses at latencies of 53 and 56 ms, respectively, and the antagonist m. tibialis. anterior showed an early peak response with a latency of 26 ms. These responses occurred following landing on the solid surface but not following passage through the false surface. 3. The rectus femoris and biceps femoris muscles showed no clear reflex activity with this fall distance but pre-programmed activity was clearly present following impact. 4. It is: concluded that the post-landing activity in m. soleus and m. gastrocnemius is a short-latency spinal reflex triggered by ankle joint rotation.

关键词：踝关节/生理学膝关节/生理学小腿/生理学运动活动/生理学运动(Movement)/生理学肌骨骼/生理学反应时间反射牵张/生理学成年人女(雌)性人类男(雄)性

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