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INPUT TO PRIMATE MOTOR CORTEX FROM POSTERIOR PARIETAL CORTEX (AREA 5) .1. DEMONSTRATION BY RETROGRADE TRANSPORT

BRAIN RESEARCH 1978年第2期157卷 325-330页

作者： STRICK, PL KIM, CC NIMH NEUROPHYSIOL LAB BETHESDA MD 20014 USA SUNY UPSTATE MED CTR DEPT NEUROSURG SYRACUSE NY 13210 USA SUNY UPSTATE MED CTR DEPT PHYSIOL SYRACUSE NY 13210 USA

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EVIDENCE FOR 2 ORGANIZATIONAL PLANS WITHIN THE SOMATIC SENSORY-MOTOR CORTEX OF THE RAT

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JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY 1979年第3期183卷 647-663页

作者： DONOGHUE, JP KERMAN, KL EBNER, FF Neuroscience Section Brown Unversity Providence Rhode Island 02912

Previous electrophysiological mapping of somatic sensory (SI) and motor (MI) cortex in the rat showed that these functional regions are completely overlapping in the hindlimb (HL) area, partially separate in the forelimb area and completely separate in the face area. How the sensory and motor thalamic relay nuclei project onto separate or overlapping subdivisions of SI and MI cortex was shown. The experimental sequence involved physiological mapping of 1 subdivision of SI or MI cortex and then injecting horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as a retrograde cell marker to back-fill the thalamic neurons that project to the identified area of cortex. The central issue was to compare the projections of the lemniscal-recipient ventrobasal nucleus (VB) and the cerebellar-recipient ventrolateral nucleus (VL) to the hindlimb and face subdivisions of SI and MI cortex. Various workers have divided the ventral nucleus differently using Nissl-stained transverse sections through the thalamus. 3H-amino acids were also injected into the deep cerebellar nuclei and the distribution of cerebellar fiber terminals in the ventral nucleus was used as another criterion to identify the border between VB and VL. Following HRP injections in physiologically identified HL cortex, labeled neurons were present in both VB and VL. Face area SI injections back-filled cells in VB (but not VL), while face area MI injections back-filled cells in VL (but not VB). Neurons in the intralaminar nuclei and the posterior nuclear complex were labeled after all injections. SI and MI cortex in the rat shows a combination of overlapping and separated plans of organization. In the Virginia opossum overlap is present in all subregions of SI and MI cortex, while the rhesus monkey shows separation of these areas. Different mammals have evolved different degrees of separation of SI and MI cortex. In every case where there is evidence of sensory and motor overlap, there is anatomical convergence of VB and VL projections to tha

关键词：脑图小脑核/解剖学和组织学面部/神经支配类人猿亚目后肢/神经支配哺乳动物/解剖学和组织学运动皮质/解剖学和组织学神经通路/解剖学和组织学躯体感觉皮质/解剖学和组织学丘脑核/解剖学和组织学动物大鼠

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SPATIAL-ORGANIZATION OF PRECENTRAL CORTEX IN AWAKE PRIMATES .3. INPUT-OUTPUT COUPLING

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JOURNAL OF NEUROPHYSIOLOGY 1978年第5期41卷 1132-1139页

作者： MURPHY, JT KWAN, HC MACKAY, WA WONG, YC UNIV TORONTO DEPT PHYSIOL TORONTO M5S 1A8 ONTARIO CANADA

Experiments involving sensory inputs to loci in the forelimb region of precentral cortex and motor outputs from these same loci were performed in awake monkeys [Macaca arctoides]. The sensory inputs involved extracellular unit responses of single neurons to cutaneous stimulation or to passive rotations of limb parts about joints. Motor outputs were determined in terms of movement of limb parts about joints in response to low-current (< 30 .mu.A) intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) with the same electrode used for recording. With only extremely rare exceptions, a homonymous relationship existed between input and output. A negative correlation existed between direction of ICMS effect and direction of effective passive joint rotation. ICMS of cortical sites induced movement either toward or away from the cutaneous receptive field of that site, with about equal frequency. Vertical aggregates of cells with similar input-output properties existed in a direction parallel to the radial fibers and orthogonal to the cortical surface. The conjugation of all clusters functionally related to single joints produces ring or crescent-shaped zones. Specific sensory inputs can apparently assist the central facilitation of neuronal clusters in precentral cortex, thereby playing a role in the sequencing of movement vectors during execution of behavioral action.

关键词：脑图电刺激前肢/神经支配额叶/生理学直鼻猴亚目关节/神经支配猕猴属运动皮质/解剖学和组织学运动皮质/生理学运动(Movement) 肌/神经支配神经通路/生理学神经元/生理学皮肤/神经支配躯体感觉皮质/解剖学和组织学躯体感觉皮质/生理学觉醒状态/生理学动物

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Mesial motor areas in self-initiated versus externally triggered movements examined with fMRI:: Effect of movement type and rate

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JOURNAL OF NEUROPHYSIOLOGY 1999年第6期81卷 3065-3077页

作者： Deiber, MP Honda, M Ibañez, V Sadato, N Hallett, M NINDS Human Motor Control Sect Med Neurol Branch NIH Bethesda MD 20892 USA Ctr Explorat & Rech Med Emiss Positons INSERM F-69003 Lyon France Fukui Med Sch Dept Radiol Fukui 91011 Japan

The human frontomesial cortex reportedly contains at least four cortical areas that are involved in motor control: the anterior supplementary motor area (pre-SMA), the posterior SMA (SMA proper, or SMA), and, in the anterior cingulate cortex, the rostral cingulate zone (RCZ) and the caudal cingulate zone (CCZ). We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine the role of each of these mesial motor areas in self-initiated and visually triggered movements. Healthy subjects performed self-initiated movements of the right fingers (self-initiated task, SI). Each movement elicited a visual signal that was recorded. The recorded sequence of visual signals was played back, and the subjects moved the right fingers in response to each signal (visually triggered task, VT). There were two types of movements: repetitive (FIXED) or Sequential (SEQUENCE), performed at two different rates: SLOW or FAST. The four regions of interest (pre-SMA, SMA, RCZ, CCZ) were traced on a high-resolution MRI of each subject's brain. Descriptive analysis, consisting of individual assessment of significant activation, revealed a bilateral activation in the four mesial structures for all movement conditions, but SI movements were more efficient than VT movements. The more complex and more rapid the movements, the smaller the difference in activation efficiency between the SI and the VT tasks, which indicated an additional processing role of the mesial motor areas involving both the type and rate of movements. Quantitative analysis was performed on the spatial extent of the area activated and the percentage of change in signal amplitude. In the pre-SMA, activation was more extensive for SI than for VT movements, and for fast than for slow movements;the extent of activation was larger in the ipsilateral pre-SMA. In the SMA, the difference was not significant in the extent and magnitude of activation between SI and VT movements, but activation was more extensive for sequential than for fi

关键词：脑图指/神经支配指/生理学功能偏侧化/生理学磁共振成像模型神经学运动皮质/解剖学和组织学运动皮质/生理学运动(Movement)/生理学精神运动性行为/生理学成年人女(雌)性人类男(雄)性中年人

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Evidence for altered fragile-x mental retardation protein expression in response to behavioral stimulation (vol 73, pg 87, 2000)

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NEUROBIOLOGY OF LEARNING AND MEMORY 2000年第1期74卷 80-93页

作者： Irwin, SA Swain, RA Christmon, CA Chakravarti, A Weiler, IJ Greenough, WT BeckmanInstitute UniversityofIllinoisUrbana61801USA.

The Fragile-X mental retardation protein, the protein absent in Fragile-X syndrome, is synthesized near synapses upon neurotransmitter activation. Humans and mice lacking this protein exhibit abnormal dendritic spine lengths and numbers. Here we investigated Fragile-X protein levels in animals exposed to behavioral paradigms that induce neuronal morphological change. Fragile-X protein immunoreactivity was examined in visual cortices of rats reared in a complex environment for 10 or 20 days, motor cortices of rats trained on motor-skill tasks for 3 or 7 days, and either visual or motor cortices of inactive controls. Rats exposed to a complex environment for 20 days or trained for 7 days on motor-skill tasks exhibited increased Fragile-X protein immunoreactivity in visual or motor cortices, respectively. These results provide the first evidence for a behaviorally induced alteration of Fragile-X protein expression and are compatible with previous findings suggesting synaptic regulation of its expression. These results also strengthen the association of Fragile-X mental retardation protein expression with the alteration of synaptic structure. (C) 2000 Academic Press.

关键词：脆性X智力低下蛋白质基因表达调控/生理学运动皮质/解剖学和组织学神经组织蛋白质类/遗传学神经元可塑性/遗传学 RNA结合蛋白质类大鼠 Long-Evans 社会环境突触传递/遗传学视皮质/解剖学和组织学动物男(雄)性大鼠

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SPATIAL-ORGANIZATION OF PRECENTRAL CORTEX IN AWAKE PRIMATES .2. MOTOR OUTPUTS

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JOURNAL OF NEUROPHYSIOLOGY 1978年第5期41卷 1120-1131页

作者： KWAN, HC MACKAY, WA MURPHY, JT WONG, YC UNIV TORONTO DEPT PHYSIOL TORONTO M5S 1A8 ONTARIO CANADA

By means of low-current (< 30 .mu.A) intracortical microstimulation (ICMS), the output organization of the forelimb control area in the precentral cortex of awake monkeys [Macaca arctoides] was investigated. Movement about a joint was selected as the index of response. Cortical zones were designated by the joint about which movements occurred. Cortical zone controlling movements of a more distal joint was partly enclosed by a zone controlling a more proximal joint. This resulted in a nested organization with the finger zone in the center, successive enclosures by the wrist and elbow zones, and a shoulder zone at the perimeter. Zones for contiguous joints had extensive overlap, whereas those of noncontiguous joints had minimal or no overlap. This overlapping, nested organization spanned areas 4 and 6 with no apparent discontinuity. The same movement about a joint was in general represented in more than one cortical location within a joint zone. All possible movements about a joint were represented within its control zone. Lowest threshold ICMS loci were predominantly distributed over the caudal portion (area 4) of the precentral cortex. In general, loci in distal joint zones had lower ICMS thresholds than did proximal ones, irrespective of rostrocaudal position.

关键词：脑图电刺激肌电描记术前肢/神经支配额叶/生理学直鼻猴亚目关节/神经支配运动皮质/解剖学和组织学运动皮质/生理学运动(Movement) 肌/神经支配躯体感觉皮质/解剖学和组织学躯体感觉皮质/生理学动物

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PEROXIDASE LABELING OF MOTOR CORTEX NEURONS PROJECTING TO VENTROLATERAL NUCLEUS IN CAT

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BRAIN RESEARCH 1975年第3期83卷 469-473页

作者： ROMAGNANO, MA MACIEWICZ, RJ ALBERT EINSTEIN COLL MED DEPT NEUROSCIBRONXNY 10461 ALBERT EINSTEIN COLL MED ROSE F KENNEDY CTR RES MENTAL RETARDATION & HUMAN DEVBRONXNY 10461

Single injections of 0.05 μl of a 50% horseradish peroxidase (Sigma type VI) solution were made stereotaxically in both ventrolateral (VL) nuclei in each of 4 cats. The demonstration that medium sized pyramids of layers Vb and VI of motor cortex (MC) project to VL is evidence that these cells may be the only MC efferents terminating in VL. As the pyramidal tract is known to contribute collaterals to VL these results suggest that such fibers arise from medium sized pyramidal tract neurons and not from the giant Betz cells. However, it appears to be a general experience that not all neurons projecting to a given region are clearly labeled with the retrograde transport method used, and hence the conclusions drawn from the present findings can only be considered tentative. At the very least, however, it is clear that layers Vb and VI of the MC are a major source of the corticothalamic pathway to VL.

关键词：猫/解剖学和组织学运动皮质/解剖学和组织学运动神经元/细胞学神经通路过氧化物酶类立体定位技术丘脑核/解剖学和组织学动物

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INPUT TO PRIMATE MOTOR CORTEX FROM POSTERIOR PARIETAL CORTEX (AREA 5) .2. IDENTIFICATION BY ANTIDROMIC ACTIVATION

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BRAIN RESEARCH 1978年第2期157卷 331-335页

作者： ZARZECKI, P STRICK, PL ASANUMA, H ROCKEFELLER UNIV NEW YORKNY 10021

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Localization of area prostriata and its projection to the cingulate motor cortex in the rhesus monkey

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CEREBRAL CORTEX 2000年第2期10卷 192-203页

作者： Morecraft, RJ Rockland, KS Van Hoesen, GW Univ S Dakota Sch Med Div Basic Biomed Sci Sect Neurol Sci Vermillion SD 57069 USA Univ Iowa Coll Med Dept Anat & Cell Biol Iowa City IA 52242 USA

Area prostriata is a poorly understood cortical area located in the anterior portion of the calcarine sulcus. It has attracted interest as a separate visual area and progenitor far the cortex of this modality. In this report we describe a direct projection from area prostriata to the rostral cingulate motor cortex (M3) that farms the fundus and lower bank of the anterior part of the cingulate sulcus. Injections of retrograde tracers in M3 resulted in labeled neurons in layers Ill, V and VI of prostriate cortex. However, injections of anterograde tracers in M3 did not demonstrate axon terminals in area prostriata. This connection was organized topographically such that the rostral part of M3 received input from the dorsal region of prostriate cortex, whereas middle and caudal levels of M3 received input from more ventral locations. Injections of retrograde and anterograde tracers in the caudal cingulate motor cortex (M4) did not produce labeling in prostriate cortex. Cytoarchitectural analysis confirmed the identity of area prostriata and further clarified its extent and borders with the parasubiculum of the hippocampal formation rostrally, and V1. of the visual cortex caudally. This linkage between cortex bordering V1 and cortex giving rise to a component of the corticofacial and corticospinal pathways demonstrates a more direct visuomotor route than visual association projections coursing laterally.

关键词：轴突运输扣带回/解剖学和组织学扣带回/生理学恒河猴/解剖学和组织学运动皮质/解剖学和组织学运动皮质/生理学神经通路/解剖学和组织学神经通路/生理学视皮质/解剖学和组织学视皮质/生理学动物

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Activation of the dorsal premotor cortex and pre-supplementary motor area of humans during an auditory conditional motor task

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JOURNAL OF NEUROPHYSIOLOGY 2000年第3期84卷 1667-1672页

作者： Kurata, K Tsuji, T Naraki, S Seino, M Abe, Y Hirosaki Univ Sch Med Dept Physiol Hirosaki Aomori 0368562 Japan Hirosaki Univ Sch Med Dept Radiol Hirosaki Aomori 0368562 Japan Hirosaki Univ Hosp Div Radiol Hirosaki Aomori 0368562 Japan

Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we measured regional blood flow to examine which motor areas of the human cerebral cortex are preferentially involved in an auditory conditional motor behavior. As a conditional motor task, randomly selected 330 or 660 Hz tones were presented to the subjects every 1.0 s. The low and high tones indicated that the subjects should initiate three successive opposition movements by tapping together the right thumb and index finger or the right thumb and little finger, respectively. As a control task, the same subjects were asked to alternate the two opposition movements, in response to randomly selected tones that were presented at the same frequencies. Between the two tasks, MRI images were also scanned in the resting state while the tones were presented in the same way. Comparing the images during each of the two tasks with images during the resting state, it was observed that several frontal motor areas, including the primary motor cortex, dorsal premotor cortex (PMd), supplementary motor area (SMA), and pre-SMA, were activated. However, preferential activation during the conditional motor task was observed only in the PMd and pre-SMA of the subjects' left (contralateral) frontal cortex. The PMd has been thought to play an important role in transforming conditional as well as spatial visual cues into corresponding motor responses, but our results suggest that the PMd along with the pre-SMA are the sites where more general and extensive sensorimotor integration takes place.

关键词：声刺激联想学习/生理学血流速度/生理学脑图脑血管循环/生理学条件反射(心理学)/生理学提示磁共振成像运动活动/生理学运动皮质/解剖学和组织学运动皮质/血液供给运动皮质/生理学精神运动性行为/生理学成年人女(雌)性人类男(雄)性

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