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Elevation of nasal mucosal temperature increases the ability of the nose to warm and humidify air

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RHINOLOGY 2001年第1期15卷 41-45页

作者： Abbott, DJ Baroody, FM Naureckas, E Naclerio, RM Univ Chicago Sect Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg Chicago IL 60637 USA

The nose functions to warm and humidify inspired air. The factors that influence these functions have been studied to a limited degree. We have developed a method for measuring the temperature and relative humidity of the air before and after nasal conditioning to study nasal function. In this experiment we studied the effects of raising the mucosal surface temperature by immersion of the feet in warm water. Six subjects (avg. age = 27.0 years) were randomized to immersion of the feet in 30 degreesC and 40 degreesC water. The nasal mucosal temperature increased significantly from the 32.2 +/- 1.3 degreesC during immersion in the 30 degreesC water to the 33. 1 +/- 1.2 degreesC during immersion in 40 degrees water (p < 0.05). No significant difference in nasal volume was noted between the 30 (17.8 +/- 4.5 cc) and the 40 degrees (17.7 +/- 5.3 cc) immersions. There was a significant increase in the conditioning capacity of the nose (as measured by total water content of inspired air) in response to cold-air challenge during the 40 degrees immersion (1699 +/- 312 mg water) when compared to the 30 degrees immersion (1324 +/- 152 mg water). From these data we deduce that warming of the nasal mucosa improves the ability of the nose to condition inspired air without a significant change in the volume of the nasal cavity.

关键词：声学空气空气调节方差分析体温足/生理学热湿度鼻腔/解剖学和组织学鼻腔/生理学鼻黏膜/解剖学和组织学鼻黏膜/生理学随机分配成年人女(雌)性人类男(雄)性

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Nasal nitric oxide is independent of nasal cavity volume

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AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RHINOLOGY 1999年第3期13卷 179-184页

作者： Chatkin, JM Djupesland, PG Qian, W McClean, P Furlott, H Gutierrez, C Zamel, N Haight, JS Univ Toronto Div Resp Med Toronto ON Canada

This study was performed to evaluate the relationship between nasal nitric oxide (NO) and changes in nasal cavity volume resulting from the topical application of xylometazoline and saline and between upright and supine posture. Nasal NO was measured using a fixed high flow technique that avoids contamination with lower airways NO. in nine healthy subjects nasal NO concentration was measured by a rapid response chemiluminescent analyzer. A tapered tube was inserted in one nostril, into which room air was insufflated to produce a constant flow of 100 mL/second;another tube was inserted into the opposite nostril for NO sampling (air exit side). Subjects were instructed to keep the vellum closed while NO was sampled through a sideport connected to the analyzer. Nasal cavity volume was measured by acoustic rhinometry from a segment of the acoustic pathway, 2 to 5 cm from the nostril. Nasal cavity volume and NO measurements were made at baseline, 15 minutes, and 60 minutes after intervention (administration of saline 0.9%, xylometazoline or posture changes on 3 consecutive days). Xylometazoline produced a significant increase in nasal cavity volume, together with a significant reduction in NO level at 15 and 60 minutes after intervention. In addition, the change from seated to supine position decreased the total nasal volume significantly, but without changes in nasal NO. No correlation was found between the magnitudes of changes in nasal NO and the changes in nasal volume. Topical application of xylomethazoline resulted in increased nasal cavity volume and reduced NO output. In contrast to previous published reports, a technique using high flow rate insufflation demonstrated an abscence of correlation between the magnitudes of changes in nasal NO and nasal cavity volume brought about by decongestant, saline, or posture.

关键词：声刺激咪唑类/药理学测压法/方法鼻腔/解剖学和组织学鼻腔/化学鼻腔/药物作用鼻充血减轻剂/药理学一氧化氮/分析体位统计数据成年人女(雌)性人类男(雄)性中年人

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The four components of the nasal valve

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AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RHINOLOGY 2003年第2期17卷 107-110页

作者： Cole, P Univ Toronto St Michaels Hosp Dept Otolaryngol Toronto ON M5B 1W8 Canada

The nasal valve consists of four distinct airflow-resistive components. (i) The vestibule terminates in an airflow-resistive aperture between the septum and the caudal end of the upper lateral cartilage. Its cross-sectional area is stabilized by the cartilaginous structures and by inspiratory isometric contractions of alar dilator muscles. Its walls are devoid of erectile tissues that might otherwise affect its cross-sectional area and airflow resistance. By contrast, (ii) the bony entrance to the cavum is occupied by erectile tissues of both (iii) lateral (turbinate) and (iv) septal nasal walls that modulate the cross-sectional area of the airway and airflow resistance. The body of the cavum offers little resistance to airflow. Valve constrictions induce "orifice flow" of inspiratory air as it enters the body of the cavum, disrupting laminar characteristics and thereby enhancing exchanges with the nasal mucosa of heat, water, and contaminants. Acoustic rhinometric and rhinomanometric measurements show the sites, dimensions, and resistances of the valve constrictions and indicate that it is seldom necessary to extend septal and/or turbinate surgery far beyond the piriform aperture in the treatment of nasal obstruction.

关键词：气道阻塞/病理生理学气道阻力/生理学鼻腔/解剖学和组织学鼻腔/生理学鼻黏膜/解剖学和组织学鼻黏膜/生理学人类

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THE OCCURRENCE OF INCLUSION BODIES IN THE EPITHELIUM OF THE NASAL AND URETHRAL MUCOUS MEMBRANES OF TRACHOMATOUS PATIENTS - A PRELIMINARYREPORT

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AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 1953年第7期36卷 947-956页

作者： ABUJAUDEH, CN Beirut Lebanese Republic

The incidence and distribution of inclusion bodies in the tissues of 137 patients inhabiting localities where trachoma is endemic have been presented. Contrary to the accepted concept, trachoma is not a local disease of the conjunctiva, but rather a widespread affection involving most of the epithelial surfaces of the body. On the basis of clinical and microscopic evidence, trachomatous rhinitis, and possibly urethritis, should be recognized as clinical entities. The similar behavior of the viruses of trachoma and inclusion blennorrhea with respect to their distribution in the eyes, upper respiratory, and genital tracts is further evidence that the two viruses are identical. Trachoma appears to be transmitted in three ways: (1) by infected conjunctival secretions, (2) by droplet infection through sneezing, and (3) by sexual contact. A healthy patient with no signs or symptoms of trachoma may act as a carrier by harboring trachoma bodies in his eyes, nose, or urethra. Since trachoma seems to be a widespread infection, involving most of the mucous membranes of the body, the treatment of choice should be some form of medication given internally and exerting a systemic effect throughout the tissues of the body. Local treatment of the conjunctiva cannot be expected to effect a cure. Six case histories with special features are presented. © 1953.

关键词：鼻腔/解剖学和组织学沙眼尿道

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Reproducibility of acoustic rhinometry and rhinomanometry in normal subjects

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AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RHINOLOGY 1999年第2期13卷 131-135页

作者： Silkoff, PE Chakravorty, S Chapnik, J Cole, P Zamel, N Univ Toronto Mt Sinai Hosp Dept Otolaryngol Toronto ON M5G 1X5 Canada Univ Toronto Mt Sinai Hosp Dept Med Toronto ON Canada

The reproducibility of nasal patency measurements was assessed by acoustic rhinometry and active rhinomanometry using previously described Toronto methodologies. Sh subjects with normal upper airways were tested with both procedures on sh separate occasions within a 2-month period. Topical decongestant was applied to minimize the effects of mucosal variarion on the nasal airway. The mean coefficients of variation (mean +/- s.d. %) over time of the measurements were 8.1 +/- 4.1 and 9.7 +/- 5.2 for minimal unilateral cross-sectional area and 4.8 +/- 1.8 and 5.5 +/- 3.5 for nasal volume (0-5 cm) of the right and left sides, respectively. For active rhinomanometry, the mean coefficients of variation (mean +/- s.d.;%) over rime of the measurements were 15.9 +/- 7.3, 12.9 +/- 4.6, and 8.5 +/- 2.8 for right, left and combined nasal airflow resistance. The intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.76, 0.70, and 0.96 for right, left, and combined nasal resistance, 0.91 and 0.87 for right and left minimal cross sectional area, and 0.86 and 0.69 for right and left nasal volumes, respectively, also confirming a high level of reproducibility for both methods. In conclusion, performed by nit experienced operator under controlled circumstances, the reproducibility of both methods of nasal patency assessment compared favourably with many widely accepted clinical rests.

关键词：声学气道阻力测压法/方法鼻腔/解剖学和组织学鼻腔/生理学耳鼻咽喉科学/方法参考值可重复性结果敏感性与特异性成年人女(雌)性人类男(雄)性中年人

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Detection of the nasal cycle

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AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RHINOLOGY 2001年第1期15卷 35-39页

作者： Moinuddin, R Mamikoglu, B Barkatullah, S Corey, JP Univ Chicago Dept Surg Sect Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg Chicago IL 60637 USA

The nasal cycle is a fluctuation of nasal patency due to the stages of congestion and decongestion of the nasal mucosa on both the light and left nasal conchae. We compared the effectiveness of the rhinostereometer in detecting the presence of a nasal cycle with the acoustic rhinometer whose effectiveness we have demonstrated in previous studies. The rhinostereometer measures the horizontal range of the most anterior portion of the inferior turbinate. The acoustic rhinometer measures the volume and various cross-sectional areas of the nostril using a pulse emitted from a sound tube. Among some of the subjects tested, it was found that rhinostereometer and acoustic rhinometer measurements of nasal patency correlated reasonably well with r values up to 0.78. The overall correlation between rhinostereometry and acoustic rhinometry was not as strong at r = 0.36. Observed variations between rhinostereometry and acoustic rhinometry could be a result of certain confounding variables that may have altered the nasal cycle between measurements.

关键词：声学/仪器和设备人体测量术/仪器和设备人体测量术/方法偏倚(流行病学) 混杂因素(流行病学) 诊断技术呼吸系统/仪器和设备诊断技术呼吸系统/标准显微镜检查/仪器和设备显微镜检查/方法显微镜检查/标准鼻腔/解剖学和组织学鼻腔/生理学鼻塞/病理学鼻塞/病理生理学耳鼻咽喉科学/仪器和设备耳鼻咽喉科学/方法耳鼻咽喉科学/标准周期性敏感性与特异性人类

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Modelling the reproducibility of acoustic rhinometry

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STATISTICS IN MEDICINE 2000年第9期19卷 1179-1189页

作者： Nurminen, M Hytönen, M Sala, E Finnish Inst Occupat Hlth Dept Epidemiol & Biostat FIN-00250 Helsinki Finland Univ Helsinki Cent Hosp Dept Otorhinolaryngol FIN-00290 Helsinki Finland Univ Turku Cent Hosp Dept Otorhinolaryngol FIN-20520 Turku Finland

This paper presents an application of a linear model with correlated errors to the assessment of the precision of acoustic rhinometry in clinical medicine. The design of the reproducibility study involved 20 healthy subjects measured by five investigators with three replicate measurements of four variates taken from the right and left nasal cavities, altogether 2400 measurements. The parametric model may be structured to account for random variation between subjects, serial correlation within subjects and measurement error. The model-based reproducibility correlation coefficient was estimated to be fair both for the nasal volume measurements and for the nasal minimal cross-sectional area measurements with an overall average of 0.65. An alternative measure, the within-subject coefficient of variation, averaged 15 per cent. The choice between the measures of reproducibility depends on the degree of heterogeneity of the studied populations, the presence of time trend and the scale of measurement of the rhinometric variates. In clinical practice, repeated measurements should always be made to attain a reasonable level of reproducibility in acoustic rhinometry. Copyright (C) 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

关键词：线性模型纵向研究模型生物学模型统计学鼻腔/解剖学和组织学鼻腔/生理学结果可重复性鼻炎/诊断成年人女(雌)性人类男(雄)性中年人

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Comparison of feline nasal cavity dimensions measured by acoustic rhinometry and nasal casts

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AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RHINOLOGY 2003年第4期17卷 233-239页

作者： Straszek, SP McLeod, RL Hey, JA Mosekilde, L Pedersen, OF Aarhus Univ Dept Environm & Occupat Med DK-8000 Aarhus Denmark Aarhus Univ Dept Cell Biol Inst Anat DK-8000 Aarhus Denmark Schering Plough Corp Res Inst Kenilworth NJ 07033 USA

Background: The goal of this study was to evaluate the relationship between feline nasal cavity geometry determined in vivo by acoustic rhinometry (AR(in vivo)) and by nasal cavity casts. Cast cross-sectional areas were measured by acoustic rhinometry (AR(cast)), a fluid-displacement method (FDM), and slicing. A volume comparison between AR(in vivo) and AR(cast) was studied in cats with varying degrees of nasal obstruction after application of phenylpropanolamine, saline, or compound 48/80. Method: After measurements of AR(in vivo), impression material was injected into the nasal cavity to produce casts. Subsequently, the cross-sectional areas of the nasal impressions were measured by AR(cast) and FDM using ethanol. All casts were weighed to determine exact volume. Six casts also were sliced into segments of equal thickness for determination of cross-sectional area. Results: Cast volume determined by AR(cast) was consistent with results obtained using FDM and weight. Volumes of the first 3 cm determined by AR(in vivo) ranged between 78 +/- 9% of cast volumes determined by AR(cast) for decongested cavities and 16 +/- 15% for congested cavities. Conclusion: AR(in vivo) does not reflect cast geometry, probably because of (1) underestimation by AR because of methodological problems caused by the cavity geometry, (2) deformation of compliant structures within the nasal passageways resulting from the casting procedure, and/or (3) the casting material reaches parts of the nasal cavity not accessible to sound, e.g., sinuses or recesses. Nevertheless, this study does not preclude the use of AR as a sensitive method suited to evaluate relative changes in nasal volume caused by experimental challenges of the nasal mucosa. Compared with AR(in vivo), casts still may be of use but it is less sensitive to measure relative changes after experimental challenge.

关键词：石膏外科鼻腔/解剖学和组织学回归分析鼻测量声学/方法动物猫

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Acoustic rhinometry of the oriental nose

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AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RHINOLOGY 1999年第5期13卷 407-410页

作者： Burres, SA Univ Calif Los Angeles Div Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg Los Angeles CA USA

Most studies have established normal values for acoustic rhinometric (AR) analysis of the nasal passage based on a primarily caucasian or mixed population. Because consistent anatomic differences do occur in anthropomorphic measurements of the nose of different races, AR analysis was performed on. an Asian population to determine whether differences occurred in. the minimum cross-sectional area (MCA). AR with expanded testing was performed on a non-Asian control group and an Asian study population containing 28 subjects, with 56 half-cavities (F:20;M:8;age range 21-58), including 16 Vietnamese, 8 Korean, 4 Thai, all of whom and physically typical mesorrhine noses. In the Asian population, the mean MCA of each half-cavity was 0.56 +/- 0.16 cm(2), and 39.3% of subjects had significant asymmetry between their two half-cavities. The mean MCA increased to 0.67 +/- 0.12 cm(2) after the placement of a Breathe Right Strip Dilator (BRSD) over the nasal bridge, which was a significant increase in 32% of subjects, and to 0.68 +/- 0.14 cm(2) after the application of 1% Neosinephrine, a significant increase in 34% of those tested compared to the resting state. The combination of BRSD and Neosinephrine produced an MCA of 0.72 +/- 0.11 cm(2), which was a statistically significant increase in 24 half-cavities (43%). Compared to our non-Asian population, the Asian group had fewer subjects with significant asymmetry (39% versus 59%) before expanded testing and fewer responders to BRSD (48% versus 79%).

关键词：声学/仪器和设备亚裔美国人/统计学和数值数据扩张术/仪器和设备朝鲜/人种学鼻腔/解剖学和组织学鼻充血减轻剂/诊断应用耳鼻咽喉科学/仪器和设备耳鼻咽喉科学/方法耳鼻咽喉科学/统计学和数值数据苯福林/诊断应用参考值泰国/人种学越南/人种学成年人女(雌)性人类男(雄)性中年人

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鼻内镜下重塑鼻腔结构治疗结构性鼻炎

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中国耳鼻咽喉颅底外科杂志 2005年第4期11卷 253-255页

作者：张天振张庆泉王锡温朱宇宏张杰文真山东省烟台市毓璜顶医院耳鼻咽喉科山东烟台264000

目的探讨鼻内镜下重塑鼻腔结构治疗结构性鼻炎的可行性。方法对68例结构性鼻炎病人进行鼻内镜下选择性多结构手术治疗,随访6个月至2年,评估疗效。结果56例治愈,10例有效,2例无效,有效率97.1%(66/68)。结论鼻内镜下重塑鼻腔结构治疗结构... 详细信息

目的探讨鼻内镜下重塑鼻腔结构治疗结构性鼻炎的可行性。方法对68例结构性鼻炎病人进行鼻内镜下选择性多结构手术治疗,随访6个月至2年,评估疗效。结果56例治愈,10例有效,2例无效,有效率97.1%(66/68)。结论鼻内镜下重塑鼻腔结构治疗结构性鼻炎是一种值得推荐的方法。

关键词：鼻炎僧疗内镜手术鼻腔/解剖学和组织学

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